question

Which is not one of the four ways by which evolution occurs?

answer

Heritability

question

Individuals do not evolve, _______________ do.

answer

populations

question

Which of the following is not a source of evidence demonstrating the occurrence of evolution?

answer

biogeography molecular biology the fossil record comparative anatomy and embryology comparative anatomy and embryology

question

During gene flow, where do the genes flow to?

answer

The genes flow into and out of the population due to migration of individuals from one population to another.

question

The migration of reproductive individuals between populations results in a movement of alleles called:

answer

gene flow

question

Individuals with more favorable traits for a given environment will be more _________ and thus ___________ more than those with less favorable traits.

answer

fit, reproduce

question

Which of the following is the best measure of an organism's fitness?

answer

the number of fertile offspring it produces

question

All of the following are types of natural selection EXCEPT:

answer

interruptive selection

question

The origin of all genetic variation is

answer

mutation.

question

Three conditions are necessary for natural selection to occur. They are:

answer

Variation in traits, inheritability of variation, differential reproductive success

question

Which is not one of the four ways by which evolution occurs?

answer

Heritability

question

Individuals do not evolve, _______________ do.

answer

populations

question

Which of the following is not a source of evidence demonstrating the occurrence of evolution?

answer

Biogeography Molecular biology The fossil record Comparative anatomy and embryology **All of the above

question

During gene flow, where do the genes flow to?

answer

The genes flow into and out of the population due to migration of individuals from one population to another.

question

The migration of reproductive individuals between populations results in a movement of alleles called:

answer

Gene flow

question

Individuals with more favorable traits for a given environment will be more _________ and thus ___________ more than those with less favorable traits.

answer

fit, reproduce

question

Which of the following is the best measure of an organism's fitness?

answer

The number of fertile offspring it produces

question

All of the following are types of natural selection EXCEPT:

answer

Interruptive selection

question

The origin of all genetic variation is

answer

Mutation.

question

Three conditions are necessary for natural selection to occur. They are:

answer

Variation in traits, inheritability of variation, differential reproductive success

question

natural selection

answer

Differential reproductive success caused by the environment

question

fitness

answer

An organism's contribution to the next generation

question

acquired trait

answer

Trait that is not determined by genes

question

biogeography

answer

Study of geographical distribution of organisms

question

fossil

answer

Trace of long-dead organism

question

principle of superposition

answer

The lowest stratum in a sequence of strata is the oldest

question

convergent evolution

answer

Process in which many related species evolved from a single ancestral species

question

adaptive radiation

answer

Process in which many related species evolved from a single ancestral species

question

phylogeny

answer

Relationships among groups of organisms

question

adaptation

answer

Trait that makes an individual successful

question

vestigal structure

answer

Whale pelvis

question

absolute age

answer

Determined by radiometric dating

question

the realtive age of fossils

answer

Can be generally determined about fossils in a sequence of sedimentary rocks

question

analogous features

answer

Look similar but have dissimular embryological origins

question

birds and bats have similar body shapes necessary for powered flight

answer

Convergent evolution

question

divergent evolution

answer

the pattern of evolution that is usually a response to different habitats

question

an acquired human characteristic

answer

large muscles from weight lifting

question

an impediment to understanding the evolutionary history of all organisms

answer

lack of transitional fossils

question

evolution is defined as an ongoing process that occurs when

answer

the genetic makeup of a population changes

question

what does the presence of a vestigal structure in a modern organism indicate?

answer

the structure probably was functoinal in some ancestor of the modern organism

question

the most precise information abot the evolution of life is contained within

answer

molecules of DNA

question

in order to be considered an evolutionaryily favorable trait for an organism, a trait must increase the individual's

answer

success at leaving healthy offspring

question

Lamrock's theory of evolution

answer

(correct)Believed environment effects change. Organisms cahnge overtime.(incorrect)Traits can be acquired & passed down

question

2 of Darwin's observations made during the voyage of the Beagle that led to his hypothesis of species modification over time

answer

observed many different speicies in their environment:similar body forms in similar environments, differences in body forms in different environments

question

how is the breeding of domestic animals such as dogs similar or dissimilar to natural selection?

answer

artificial selectrion-human selectrion natural selectrion-environmental selection

question

"descent with modification"

answer

environment selects traits that increase fitness (reproductive success)

question

what similarities between bats & rats would cause scientists to infer that these two organisms share an evolutionary history?

answer

body shape, back bone, eyes, homologous skeleton

question

Biology is ______.

answer

The study of living things

question

Biological literacy is the ability to:

answer

-use the process of scientific inquiry to think creatively about real- world issues that have a biological component - communicate ideas about biology to others - integrate ideas about biology into your decision making

question

Science is self- correcting. This means that :

answer

Science actively seeks to disprove its own theories and hypothesis

question

A null hypothesis:

answer

is the premise that no difference exists between a treatment and control groups

question

The proposal explanation for a phenomenon is BEST described as:

answer

A hypothesis

question

A scientific theory is one that:

answer

is the result of all scientific experiments

question

Which of the following is the BEST description of a control group in an experiment?

answer

The control group is identical to each test group except for one variable

question

An element:

answer

is a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substance

question

The four most abundant elements in living organisms are:

answer

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

question

Which of the following elements have four elections in their outer shells?

answer

Carbon and silicon

question

If you were going to build a large macromolecule or polymer it needs to be strong. What type of chemical bond do you think would work best for building macromolecules?

answer

Covalent

question

Carbohydrates

answer

-Act as a relatively quickly available source of fuel -serve as carbon skeletons that can be rearranged to form other molecules that are essential for biological structures and functions like nucleic acids. -on the plasma membrane serve as cell recognition signals

question

Which of the following is not an important biological function of lipids?

answer

-Insulation -regulation of growth and development -energy storage -protection of internal organs and tissues

question

The message on a DNA molecule is

answer

used to make proteins

question

Which of the following statement about enzymes is NOT true?

answer

Enzymes are permanently changed when they take place in a chemical reaction

question

Which of the following nucleotide bases are present in equal amounts of DNA?

answer

Adenine and Thymine

question

Prokaryotic organisms lack:

answer

organelles

question

According to the theory of endosymbiosis, the origin of chloroplasts probably involved:

answer

engulfing of small photosynthetic prokaryotes by larger cells

question

Which of the following statements about chitin is incorrect?

answer

Humans easily digest chitin as a quick form of energy

question

Which of the following is the most important factor governing a cell's particular type of interaction with other cells

answer

The pattern of proteins on the cell's surface

question

Which of the following BEST summarizes the differences between osmosis and diffusion?

answer

Osmosis deals only with water

question

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the cell's surface membrane interacts with the exterior environment?

answer

The cellular surface organizes the interior organelle organization of the cell

question

What cell type in animals has a flagellum?

answer

The sperm cell

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plant vacuole?

answer

Photosynthesis

question

Which one of the following statements best represents the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis?

answer

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.

question

Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy?

answer

A covalent bond linking phosphate molecules

question

Every time a source of energy is converted from one form to another:

answer

Some of the energy is converted to heat, which is one of the least usable forms of kinetic energy

question

Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis?

answer

Carbon Dioxide

question

Chlorophyll b and the carotenoids are important as receptors of light energy because they:

answer

respond to wavelengths different from the wavelengths that chlorophyll a responds to

question

Aerobic training can cause our bodies to produce more mitochondria in cells. Why is this beneficial?

answer

Chemical reactions in the mitochondria provide energy for exercise

question

Bubbles come from the leaves of an Elodea plant when it is put under water because:

answer

oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis

question

The carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis enters the plant through the:

answer

Stomata

question

Cellular respiration is the process by which:

answer

energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules is captured by an organism

question

Animal fats and plant oils are sometimes used as sources of fuel for automobile engines. How is energy harvested from these molecules?

answer

They contain long chains of hydrocarbons that, when broken, release the energy stored in the bonds linking the atoms together.

question

Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from:

answer

carbohydrates, proteins, fats.

question

Fermentation reactions generally occur under conditions of:

answer

low oxygen concentrations

question

A ______ is a pill that looks identical to a pill that contains the active ingredient in a scientific trial, but contains no active ingredient itself.

answer

placebo

question

All matter on earth, both biotic and abiotic, is made up of:

answer

Atoms

question

An atom can be changed into an ion by adding or removing:

answer

An electron

question

There are three principal types of bonds that hold multiple atoms together. These are:

answer

Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

question

Which of the following facts supports the claim that the mitochondria developed from bacteria that were long ago phagocytosed into eukaryotic cells?

answer

Mitochondria have their own DNA

question

Which of the following is NOT an important structural feature on the surface membrane of an animal cell?

answer

Cell Wall

question

Which of the following BEST defines diffusion?

answer

net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

question

Sugar and CO2 are dissolved in water to make carbonated soft drinks. Which of the following is the solute?

answer

The sugar and the CO2

question

_____ are found in all metabolically active cells and are involved primarily in transporting materials within, into, and out of cells.

answer

Vesicles

question

Life gains most of its energy from:

answer

sunlight

question

Photosystems:

answer

are arrangements of light-catching pigments within chloroplasts

question

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

answer

in the cellular cytoplasm

question

If a marathon runner is in the last 2 miles of a full-length marathon, the runner is most likely making ATP by:

answer

anaerobic cellular respiration

question

Alcoholic beverages are produced as a result of

answer

glucose breakdown by yeast occurring in the absence of oxygen

question

DNA is now often used as evidence in criminal trials. It is particularly useful because it can be found in

answer

Hair, Saliva, Bone, Dead skin cells

question

In any DNA molecule, the number of guanine bases will :

answer

always be equal to the number of cytosine bases

question

The complementary base pairs in a DNA molecule are stabilized by:

answer

-the electrostatic interactions of the charged backbone -a covalent bond

question

from DNA to protein involves which series of events?

answer

Transcription; translation

question

One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA is replaced by a different base in RNA. Which base is it, and what is it replaced by?

answer

Thymine, replaced by Uracil

question

An important difference between mRNA and DNA is

answer

mRNA contains uracil instead of thymine, which is found in DNA

question

Which of the following molecules is NOT DIRECTLY involved in translation?

answer

DNA

question

In asexual reproduction, daughter cells inherit their DNA from ____.

answer

A single parent

question

The purpose of mitosis is to enable existing cells

answer

to generate new, genetically identical cells

question

Somatic cells can include

answer

Kidney cells, heart cells, liver cells

question

Using a light microscope, it is easiest to see chromosomes:

answer

during mitosis and meiosis because the condensed chromosomes are thicker and therefore more prominent

question

The human genome is made up of:

answer

46 Chromosomes

question

Crossing over takes place during

answer

meiosis

question

The egg cells of a horse contain 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the horse's somatic cells?

answer

64

question

Whether it is egg or sperm being produced through meiosis, under normal circumstances, each gamete ends up with:

answer

Equal amounts of cytoplasm

question

Which of the following statements is NOT correct of human sex chromosomes?

answer

All diploid cells have both an X and a Y chromosome

question

In some species, sex is determined by environmental, rather than genetic factors. this is true of:

answer

sea turtles

question

How many human traits are controlled by a single gene?

answer

over 9,000

question

Which of the following did Gregor Mendel never see?

answer

a chromosome

question

The law of segregation states that

answer

alleles for a given trait segregate into different gametes

question

Which of the following statements about dominant traits is correct?

answer

They usually suppress the expression of the recessive trait

question

An individual with two individual alleles for a particular gene is said to be:

answer

homozygous for that gene

question

The test- cross

answer

-makes it possible to determine the genotype of an individual of unknown genotype who exhibits the dominant version of a trait - is a cross of an individual whose genotype for a trait is not known with an individual homozygous- recessive for the trait - sometimes requires the production of multiple offspring in order to reveal the genotype of an individual whose genotype is unknown

question

A situation in which the heterozygote offspring of two homozygous individuals show a phenotype intermediate between those of the parents is called:

answer

incomplete dominance

question

A population is

answer

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same general location and have the potential to interbreed

question

Evolution is defined as:

answer

a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time

question

The appropriate unit for defining and measuring genetic variation is the:

answer

population

question

All of the following statements are true about mutations EXCEPT

answer

the mutation rate can be affected by genetic drift

question

A storm washed five female and five male tiger beetles from the mainland to a small island that had no previous population of tiger beetles. In tiger beetles, having six spots (A) is dominant to having four spots (a). All ten beetles had six spots, bot one male and one female were heterozygous for the four-spot trait. If six of the beetles died randomly without reproducing, the ration of the genotype could be quite different in subsequent generations. This change in allele frequencies would be an example of:

answer

genetic drift

question

Select from the choices below the statement that best describes the effect of the migration of individuals into a population.

answer

Migration of individuals into a population generally increases the genetic variability within a population

question

For a population to evolve through natural selection:

answer

its members must possess inheritable variation

question

Which of the following is the best measure of an organisms' fitness?

answer

the number of fertile offspring it produces

question

Natural selection results from interactions

answer

individual organisms and their enviorment.

question

Artificial selection is likely to produce population- level changes most quickely in organisms with:

answer

A short generation time

question

Under the right conditions, which type of selection is most likely to lead to the formation of new species?

answer

disruptive

question

From an evolutionary perspective, behavior can be viewed best as:

answer

a trait that can be acted on by natural selection

question

Species that are only distantly related but occupy similar enviorments often come to resemble each other through a process known as:

answer

convergent evolution

question

Which of the following is NOT a topic in animal behavior

answer

communication, cooperation and sociality, courtship and mate choice, behavioral control of body temperature.

question

During the breeding season, the sight of a red belly on any other stickleback triggers aggressive behavior in a male stickleback. This is called:

answer

A fixed action pattern

question

Which of the following best illustrates an instinctive behavior in cats?

answer

hunting and killing

question

Kin selection is best defined as:

answer

selection for a behavior that lowers an individual's own chances of survival or production, but raises those of a relative

question

When one vervent monkey grooms another, the monkey being groomed has its fitness improved because

answer

the groomer is removing parasites

question

When individuals of any species find themselves in an enviorment that differs from the environment to which they are evolutionarily adapted, we observe that:

answer

They engage in behaviors better fit to the environment the species evolved in than the enviornment the individual organisms find themselves in

question

The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called:

answer

reproductive investment

question

Which of the following is the best way to distinguish male from female?

answer

Male produce motile gametes

question

The sex with the greater energetic investment in reproduction will be _____ when it comes to mating

answer

more discriminating

question

Chemicals released by an individual into the environment that trigger behavioral responses in other individuals are called

answer

Pheromones

question

Which of the following statements BEST describes the difference between artificial and natural selection?

answer

Natural selection acts without the input of humans; artificial selection requires human input.

question

Which of the following statments about Charles Darwin is FALSE?

answer

He was enthusiastic about unleashing his theory of natual selection on the world as soon as he though of it

question

"Survival of the fittest" may be a misleading phrase to describe the process of evolution by natural selection because:

answer

survival matters less to natural selection than reproductive success does

question

Phase 1 of the creation of life on earth was ____. Phase 2 was the formation of self-replication, information-containing molecules. Phase 3 was the development of a membrane, which enabled metabolism and created the first cells

answer

the formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen

question

The biological species concept is primarily based on

answer

reproductive isolation

question

Horses and Donkeys can breed and produce sterile offspring known as mules. Horses and donkeys remain separate species because of this hybrid sterility, which is:

answer

A postzygotic barrier to reproduction

question

_____ isolating mechanisms include hybrid mortality and hybrid infertility

answer

prezygotic

question

In captivity, tigers and lions have been known to interbreed producing hybrids, known as ligers. Why does this NOT make them the same species, according to the biological species concept?

answer

Captivity is not a natural condition

question

Wolves and bears are placed in the same taxonomic order. Therefore, they most also be classified in the same:

answer

Phylum

question

The morphological species concept:

answer

groups species based on similar phenotype

question

Speciation that occurs when there is a geographic isolation is called _____ speciation

answer

allopatric speciation

question

Which of the following senarios would best facilitate adaptive radiation?

answer

A population of birds becomes stranded on an island

question

All mammals have hair because they inherited that trait from a common ancestor. Features that are inherited from a common ancestor are called:

answer

homologous features

question

Analogous features are problematic when constructing evolutionary trees because:

answer

They are the result of natural selection rather than common ancestry

question

To which one of the following is the bat's wing NOT homologous?

answer

The dragonfly's wing

question

The pace of evolution in which there is little change for long periods of time interrupted by short periods with major changes is called

answer

punctuated equilibrium

question

____ produces new species and ____ takes them away.

answer

Speciation; exinction

question

Which of the following is NOT correct about all animals?

answer

all have true tissues

question

Why is the amniotic egg considered a key evolutionary innovation?

answer

It greatly increases the survival probabilities of eggs in a terrestrial environment

question

Which of the following are chordates

answer

frogs, humans, fish, lampreys

question

Sharks have ____ skeletons, while sunfish have _____skeletons

answer

cartilaginous; bony

question

Birds are _____, while turtles are _____.

answer

endotherms, ectotherms

question

Which of the following series of events correctly describes the evolutionary history of the vertebrates, from the earliest to latest in time?

answer

lungs - jaws - four limbs - hair

question

The most specious group of exant animals are the ______.

answer

invertebrates

question

What is the major developmental characteristic that shows the close relationship between echinoderms and chordates?

answer

in both groups, the gut develops back to front

question

The molluscan class Cephalopoda includes all of the following kinds of animals EXCEPT:

answer

cuttlefish

question

Two important features that distinguish mammals from any other type of animal are:

answer

hair and mammary glands

question

Which of the following is an example of echinoderm?

answer

Starfish

question

Members of which of the following groups exhibits radial symmetry?

answer

Cnidaria

question

As adults, sponges of the phylum Porifera are sessile, meaning that they ____.

answer

live attached to a solid structure and do not more around

question

The ferns possess all of the following EXCEPT

answer

Seeds

question

The most common term for the action of transerring pollen grains from an anther onto a stigma is

answer

pollination

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a gymnosperm?

answer

ferns

question

In angiosperms the _____ are the specialized reproductive organs whose main function is to bring together the sperm and egg

answer

flowers

question

The ____ are the most diverse group of plants living today

answer

angiosperms

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of an angiosperm

answer

pine trees

question

Flowering plants have evolved to attract animals to assist them in pollination. Which of the following animals is not a common pollinator of flowering plants?

answer

bats, hummingbirds, moths, bumblebees

question

Why are insectivorous plants (plants that eat insects) most common in boggy areas?

answer

because insects tend to live in boggy areas

question

The cell wall of fungi is made of _____

answer

chitin

question

Of the group mentioned below, the fungi are most closely related to:

answer

animals

question

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about microbes?

answer

Microbes are not genetically diverse

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the kingdoms included within the Eukarya domain?

answer

Archaea

question

Bacteria reproduce by ____, which creates ____ exact daughter cell clones of the original parent cell

answer

binary fission; two

question

Which of the following statements about the archaeal genome is correct?

answer

The archaeal genome is primarily composed of genes that cannot be found in either of the other domains of life, making them unique

question

How did mitochondria originate in protists?

answer

They derived from bacterial cells that were taken via in endocytosis and later specialized

question

The first eukaryotes were

answer

protists

question

The basic structure of a virus consists of:

answer

Genetic information in the form of DNA or RNA enclosed within a protein coat

question

Viral DNA is replicated by:

answer

using the host's metabolic machinery and energy

question

Many scientists do not consider viruses to be living organisms. Why is this?

answer

Because they are dependent on their host's metabolic machinery for replication

question

Which of the following types of organisms is immune to viral infection?

answer

Protists, Fungi, Birds, Plants

question

Prey reduce their risk of predation through physical and behavioral defenses. Which of the following is NOT a physical defense for the reduction of predation?

answer

the spiciness of a jalepeno pepper

question

Keystone species

answer

play an unusually important role in determining the species composition in a habitat

question

When preserving areas to act as reservoirs for biodiversity, corridors are important because

answer

they increase gene flow between the areas they connect

question

carrying capacity is

answer

stabilizing of population size to environmental resource gradients in a location

question

All of the following phrases could characterize a population EXCEPT

answer

Several species

question

The continued existence of as many species as possible providers what kinds of values to humans?

answer

economic value, spiritual value, medical value, ecosystem services

question

Which factor is MOST LIKELY to have a density- independent influence on population growth?

answer

extreme weather conditions

question

Life histories are based on:

answer

rate of growth and development, age at death, age of reproduction and number of reproductive events, the amount of energy available to and individual at birth

question

Which of the following mammals would you expect to have the shortest gestation period?

answer

a mouse

question

Mutations that cause sickness and death after reproduction:

answer

Can be passed on to future generations

question

"Ecology" is defined as:

answer

The study of the relationships between all living organisms and their enviorments

question

When more than two members of the same species live in the same place at the same time, they constitute:

answer

A population

question

the number of individuals that can be supported in a given habitat is the:

answer

Carrying capacity

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a density- dependent limiting factor that will influence carrying capacity?

answer

Flooding

question

A key factor in determining the longevity of an organism is:

answer

its age at reproduction & the hazards that an organism is subjected to on a daily basis

question

an ecosystem

answer

consists of all of the living and nonliving things functioning together in an area

question

The term biota refers to

answer

all living species of all kinds

question

Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor?

answer

mean annual rainfall in an ecosystem

question

Which of the following organisms would occupy a high trophic level (i.e. level in food chain)

answer

spider

question

Omnivores

answer

may exist at any trophic level

question

"food chains are an accurate representation of energy flow through an ecosystem" this statement is:

answer

true; however they do not represent the amount of energy flowering through an ecosystem

question

Roughly how much energy in a trophic level is available to the next trophic level?

answer

10%

question

The demographic transition:

answer

includes a decrease in the birth rate followed by a decrease in the death rate as a population becomes industrialized.

question

Which factor would MOST LIKELY influence an environments carrying capacity for field mice?

answer

food supply?

question

The "fundamental niche" of an organism is defined as:

answer

the range of environmental conditions under which the organism can survive and reproduce

question

The phenomenon in which species that live together in the same environment tend to diverge in those characters that overlap is known as

answer

character displacement

question

When two species battle for resources until one is driven locally extinct, the process is called:

answer

competitive exclusion

question

Conservation biology draws from all but which of the following disciplines?

answer

physical sciences, economics, social sciences, biological sciences

question

Biodiversity _____ have been identified based on high biodiversity and imminent threats caused by human activities

answer

hotspots

question

species richness tends to increase towards the

answer

equator

question

A species found ONLY within a certain region is said to be ____ to that region

answer

Endemic

question

According to island biogeography theory, the highest numbers of species would be found on islands that:

answer

are large in size and near to continents

question

Exponential growth can continue indefinitely only if:

answer

None of the above is correct, exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely.

question

What may may happen when a population exceeds its carrying capacity?

answer

-the population will slow decline until it reaches its carrying capacity and fluctuate about that number - the population may shoot past its carrying capacity too quickly and crash

question

The number of species on an island represents a balance between:

answer

The rate of immigration to the island by new species and the rate of extinction of species on the island

question

though still important, which of the following is NOT one of the leading causes of extinction?

answer

Greenhouse gas accumulation

question

Which of the following is currently the leading cause of extinction?

answer

habitat loss

question

Ecosystem disturbance may be reversible when:

answer

When it occurs very quickly

question

Fossil fuels are composed largely of

answer

Hydrogen and carbon

question

Which of the following is considered to be a greenhouse gas?

answer

Methane & Carbon Dioxide

question

_______is responsible for th greatest loss of tropical forests

answer

Agriculture

question

Classifying animals as endangered or threatened:

answer

-Makes legal tools available to help protect the species -describes the likelihood of a species continued survival

question

Which of the following attributes of a species might render it especially susceptible to extinction?

answer

It has a narrow dispersal range

question

What does it mean to say that a species is endangered?

answer

That species is in imminent danger of extinction

question

What does it mean to say a species is a "threatened" species?

answer

That species is not in immediate danger of extinction but is likely to be so in the near future

question

What does it mean in conservation biology to say a habitat is fragmented?

answer

That habitat exists in patches that are physically isolated from each other

question

A species that can engender significant public support for conservation of other species and the ecosystem they all inhabit is called

answer

flagship species

question

Population

answer

a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

question

Evolution

answer

the gradual change in a species over time

question

Evolutionary forces that can alter the allele frequencies of a population

answer

Mutation Migration Natural Selection Genetic Drift

question

What is the origin of all genetic variation

answer

Mutations

question

Mutagen

answer

any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation

question

Examples of Mutagens

answer

Radiation, chemicals like insecticides

question

In a particular population an Adenine was replaced by a Guanine at a particular non- coding locus in the DNA base sequence. What is responsible for the change

answer

Mutation

question

Is a mutation beneficial or harmful

answer

NEITHER

question

Migration

answer

an agent of evolutionary change by movement of individuals into or out of a population

question

Genetic Drift

answer

The gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events

question

Bottleneck Effect

answer

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.

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Why do bottlenecks and founder effects evolutionarily important

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They decrease or decrease the allele frequency in a population

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What are the types of Genetic Drifts

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bottleneck effect and founder effect

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Which environmental conditions are needed to demonstrate evolution by natural selection

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Variations in traits Inheritibility of variation Differential reproductive success

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Why are many insects resistant to pesticides what were historically effective

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Natural Selection and mutations

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Give examples of the mechanism of natural selection and mutations

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Bacterias becoming resistant to antibiotics Sickle Cell resistant to malaria

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What is artificial selection

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selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man that is not necessarily the best for their survival

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What is an example of artificial selection

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purebred animals

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"In this place it takes all the running you can do to stay in the same place" How is this statement logically connected with the idea of evolution by natural selection

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Continuing adaptation is needed in order for a species to maintain it's relative fitness among the systems being co-evolved with

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What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection

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Artificial the breeder selects the characteristics and natural the environment selects the adaptive characteristic

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Stabilizing selection

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intermediate phenotypes survive

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Examples of stabilizing selection

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In humans babies with intermed weight have higher survival rates. In chickens, eggs of intermed weight have higher hatching rate

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Disruptive selection

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natural selection that favors individuals with either extremes of a trait

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Examples of disruptive selection

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The galapagos finches or the african seed crackers

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What is directional selection

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Acts to eliminate a single phenotype by mostly artificial means

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Examples of directional selection

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The fruit flies that flew to the lights were eliminated. the others were bred for 20 generations.

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A breeder of throroughbreds selects only the fastest horse for breeding stock. What is this an example of?

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Directional selection

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The peppered moth's change of proportion of light and dark forms in the industrial revolution is an example of

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Natural Directional Selection

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Under the right conditions, which type of selection is most likely to lead the formation of new species

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Disruptive selection

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The fact that fish, penguins, and dolphins all have the same basic shape is an an example of what type of evolution?

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Convergent Evolution (the flippers)

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In order to undergo convergent evolution two species have to evolve in ?

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Similar UNRELATED environment

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Convergent Evolution

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process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

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Examples of convergent evolution

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Flippers on fish, penguins and dolphins. OR a man-made submarine

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Why is an Anatomical homology in vertebrate forelimbs considered to be evidence for evolution

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It suggests that we all evolved from a common ancestor

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What is a vestigial structure

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A anatomical structure once useful but which has lost it's function

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Examples of vestigial structures

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Appendix in humans, Molars in vampire bats, eye sockets in blind animals

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Life arose from non-life around _____ years ago

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3.8 billion years

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Which types of evidence are used to study the origin of life

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Fossil Records

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Biological species concept

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Populations of organisms that interbreed or possibly interbreed under certain conditions and cannot interbreed outside of their own group. Reproductive isolation

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What causes reproductive isolation

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pre & post zygotic barriers

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Prezygotic Barrier

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impossible for the egg to even get fertilized to begin with

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Postzygotic barrier

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the egg gets fertilized but the offspring is infertile. Example: a donkey and horse make a mule

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formerly interbreeding organisms are prevented from the production of fertile offspring

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reproductive isolation

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What explains that the nuclear DNA of house cats and African wild cats have a very high degree of similarity?

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They had a common ancestor

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Why is DNA sequencing from different organisms important in phylogenics?

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Because it maps common ancestors and related species

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Analogous features are problematic when constructing a phylogenic tree because?

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They are the result of convergent evolution rather than common ancestry

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Evolution occurring in spurts is called

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punctuated equilibrium

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Evolution occurring in a gradual, uniform way is called

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gradualism

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The honeycreepers are an example of

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adaptive radiation

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What is a cause for the current mass extinction of different species

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HUMANS

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Charles Darwin argued that evolution is accomplished by the process of natural selection. Which of the following is not important to the concept of natural selection?

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B. Phenotypic variation that an organism acquires in its lifetime is passed on to its offspring

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Natural selection varies the shape of the beaks among Darwin's finches in response to:

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A. the available food supply

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Industrial melanism is a term

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C. describing the evolutionary process in which initially light-colored organisms become dark as a result of natural selection.

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The shape of the beaks of Darwin's finches and industrial melanism are often cited as examples of the process of _______________ leading to evolutionary change.

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E. natural selection

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Natural selection has favored the dark form of the peppered moth in areas subject to severe air pollution, perhaps because on darkened trees moth-eating birds see them less easily. As pollution abated, the light forms were favored because

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A. they were less visible after the lichens returned.

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Domestication of dogs has led to

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B. a variety of phenotypes.

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In comparing artificial and natural selection, which of the following statements is true?

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C. Artificial selection can produce maladaptive structures, natural selection cannot.

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Considerably more phenotypic variation exists in domesticated varieties of species like dogs and cabbages than exists in non-domesticated species like lions and maple trees. Which one of the following statements best explains why this is true?

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D. Many domesticated varieties would not survive in the natural world.

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Some of the most dramatic evidence for evolution has come from human agriculture. One of the most highly artificially selected crop plants is

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D. corn.

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10. A technique used in dating a rock can be used to accurately predict the age of the fossils occurring in the rocks. This technique involves

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C. radioactive isotope decay.

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Today, the fossil record

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C. can be dated reasonably well using a variety of radioactive isotopes with known half-lives

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Progressive changes in fossils of different ages provides one of the strongest lines of evidence for

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B. evolution.

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In the case of the toothed whales, the fossil record

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C. shows they evolved from a land mammal with hooves.

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. Radioactive isotopes are used in dating materials from the distant past. Which of the following statements about radioactive dating techniques is true?

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D. It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured, the older the rock the more radioactive decay.

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A rock contains 18 mg of the radioactive isotope carbon-14. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. How many half-lives and years will it take before the carbon-14 decays to less than 4 mg?

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C. 3 half-lives; 16,800 years

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The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. A fossil that has one-eighth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is probably

answer

D. 16,800 years old.

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Which one of the following features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds?

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C. feathers

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When ancient rocks are arranged in the order of their age, a progressive series of changes are seen. This represents which of the following lines of evolutionary evidence?

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A. fossil record

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Evidence for evolution can be obtained by examining presently existing species through studies on each of the following except one. Select the exception.

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E. analogous structures

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Structures that are derived from the same body part in a common ancestor but may have different appearances and functions are called

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B. homologous structures.

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Many organisms possess structures that have no apparent function, but they resemble structures of presumed ancestors. This is the study of

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E. vestigial structures

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You see a sign on a door that reads "Homologous Structures Inside." You go in and find

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B. structures of animals that have difference appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.

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The side toes of a horse, the pelvis of the whale, and the human appendix are all examples

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C. vestigial structures.

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All vertebrates contain a similar pattern of organs, indicating that they are related to one another. This represents which of the following lines of evolutionary evidence?

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B. homology

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During growth in the mother's uterus, human embryos and fetuses exhibit characteristics of other vertebrates, suggesting that humans are related to the other forms. This represents which of the following lines of evolutionary evidence?

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E. development

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.The evolution of similar forms in different lineages when exposed to the same selective pressures is

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B. called convergence.

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The wings of birds and butterflies are examples of structures that resemble each other and have similar function, but are the result of parallel evolution in separate lineages. These structures are called

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A. analogous structures.

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The observation that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit plant and animal communities of similar appearance, even though the individual plants and animals are not closely related, is called

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C. convergent evolution.

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Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

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A. Australian marsupials and placental mammals of other continents

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A friend is trying to understand the concept of convergent evolution. Which one of the following statements best describes this concept?

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D. Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in different areas evolve similarities through natural selection acting on those characteristics

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Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?

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All of the above are examples of vestigial structures.

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What did Charles Darwin discover?

answer

The main mechanism by which evolution occurs.

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Artificial selection was used on corn to produce a single strain of corn with increased growth rates and greater resistance to a fungus. Although farmers have continued to select for these traits, however, the productivity of this strain is no longer increasing. This suggests that:

answer

all or most of the natural variation for these traits has been eliminated.

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Prior to the 19th century, most scholars thought that the world was less than 10,000 years old. Based on geological and radiometric evidence, however, scientists now believe the age of Planet Earth is closer to:

answer

approximately 4 billion years old

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Many vertebrate animals have the same arrangements of bones in their forelimbs. This is considered to be evidence for evolution because:

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similarities among vertebrate forelimbs suggest that they evolved from a common ancestor

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Everyone, including scientists, used to believe that the Sun and other planets revolve around the Earth. Why was this idea a hard one to drop when Copernicus and Gallileo found evidence that the sun was the center of the solar system?

answer

The original idea was consistent with ordinary observations of how the Sun looks as it rises and sets B) The evidence for a sun-centered solar system was complicated and indirect.D) The idea of an earth-centered solar system was consistent with the belief that humans were the most important thing in the universe.

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Natural selection can only act on traits

answer

that are heritable.

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Which of the following statements is NOT important to Darwin's theory of natural selection?

answer

Offspring tend to inherit characteristics acquired by their parents during their lifetimes

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An oak tree produces two kinds of leaves: large with shallow lobes and narrow with deep lobes. If this dimorphism is caused completely by environmental influences and there is no genetic difference between leaves that express either of the two forms, then:

answer

natural selection cannot act on the trait of leaf morphology.

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A population's environment sometimes changes too quickly for natural selection to adapt the individuals in the population to the environment. In these situations

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Extinction Happens.

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The longer two species have been evolving on their own, the greater the number of _____________________ that accumulate between them.

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genetic differences

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Evolution is defined as

answer

a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time.

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Which best describes the evidence for evolution?

answer

Scientists are continually finding new evidence for evolution, particularly in rapidly evolving organisms like bacteria.

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Which of the following traditional ideas were obstacles to thinking about evolution?

answer

That species never change. B) That the earth has always been exactly the same. C) That some species are more important than others. D) That the earth is not very old.

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The phenotype of an organism is:

answer

its physical characteristics.

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Evolutionary change as a result of natural selection ALWAYS leads to:

answer

Is not Not uniformity. higher gas mileage. increased complexity.perfection.

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Which of the following is the best measure of an organism's fitness

answer

the number of offspring it produces

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The contribution of a genotype or phenotype to the genetic composition of subsequent generations relative to other genotypes or phenotypes best describes which of the following concepts?

answer

fitness

question

"Survival of the fittest" may be a misleading phrase to describe the process of evolution by natural selection because:

answer

survival matters less to natural selection than reproductive success does.

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Which of the following traits CANNOT be modified through artificial selection on a laboratory population?

answer

None of the above; all could be modified through artificial selection

question

Many mosquito populations today are resistant to pesticides that were historically effective. This pesticide resistance arose in these populations because:

answer

some individuals were resistant to the pesticides before they were used, and those mosquitoes were more likely to survive and reproduce.

question

For a population to evolve through natural selection:

answer

its members must possess inheritable variation.

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From an evolutionary perspective, behavior can be viewed best as:

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a trait that has a biological basis, and thus can evolve.

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What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection?

answer

Artificial selection requires human intervention, whereas natural selection does not require human intervention.

question

A population is

answer

a group of individuals of the same species that have the potential to interbreed.

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