question

Which of the following people conducted the experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophages?

answer

Hershey and Chase

question

One type of virus that infects bacteria is called a

answer

phage

question

When a T2 bacteriophage infects an Escherichia coli cell, which part of the phage enters the bacterial cytoplasm?

answer

only the DNA

question

The way that genetic material of a bacteriophage enters a bacterium is most like the way that

answer

a drug is injected with a hypodermic needle

question

The monomers of DNA and RNA are

answer

nucleotides

question

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?

answer

DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose

question

Which of the following statements regarding RNA is false?

answer

RNA uses the sugar dextrose

question

The shape of a DNA molecule is most like

answer

a twisted rope ladder

question

Which of the following statements regarding a DNA double helix is true?

answer

the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.

question

DNA replication

answer

uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand

question

If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, then the corresponding strand would be

answer

GCCATG

question

The copying mechanism of DNA is most like

answer

taking a picture of yourself and of your reflection in a mirror

question

When one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecules, the new DNA contains

answer

50% of the parent DNA

question

Multiple origins of replication on the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells serve to

answer

shorten time necessary for DNA replication

question

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand?

answer

DNA polymerase

question

Why does a DNA strand grow only in the 5' to 3' direction?

answer

because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule

question

Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component?

answer

DNA ---> RNA ---> protein

question

The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called

answer

transcription

question

The "one gene-one polypeptide" theory states that

answer

the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide

question

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called

answer

a mutation

question

Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a base substitution mutation?

answer

The doe did not eat.

question

Consider the following sentence. "The dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a base frameshift mutation?

answer

The did idn ote at.

question

A physical or chemical agent that changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called a/an

answer

mutagen

question

A protein coat enclosing a viral genome is known as a/an

answer

capsid

question

Which of the following statements characterizes the lytic cycle of a viral infection?

answer

the cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell

question

Which of the following statements is false?

answer

the lysogenic cycle typically results in the rapid lysis of all infected cells

question

Viral DNA incorporated into host cell DNA is known as a/an

answer

prophage

question

The envelope of a mumps virus

answer

helps the virus enter the cell

question

Which of the following statements about herpesviruses is false?

answer

herpesviruses reproduce inside the host cell's mitochondria

question

Which of the following statements about plant viruses is false?

answer

there are many successful ways to rid infected plants of a virus

question

Which of the following statements regarding viral diseases is false?

answer

very new few human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great

question

The 2009 H1N1 flu virus

answer

evolved through the genetic reshuffling of viruses that infect humans, birds, and pigs

question

What kind of virus is HIV?

answer

a retrovirus

question

Which of the following enzymes does HIV use to synthesize DNA on an RNA template?

answer

RNA polymerase

question

HIV does the greatest damage to

answer

white blood cells

question

How do viroids harm the plants that are infected with them?

answer

by altering the plants' growth

question

Which of the following statements about treatment or prevention of a prion infection is true?

answer

there is no known treatment or cure for prion infections

question

In the 1920s, Frederick Griffith conducted an experiment in which he mixed the dead cells of a bacterial strain that can cause pneumonia with live cells of a bacterial strain that cannot. When he cultured the live cells, some of the daughter colonies proved able to cause pneumonia. Which of the following processes of bacterial DNA transfer does this experiment demonstrate?

answer

transformation

question

Transduction

answer

occurs when a phage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another

question

Conjugation

answer

is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another

question

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are all ways that bacteria

answer

increase their genetic diversity

question

A friend accidentally sends an email to you that contains a computer virus from his computer. Without knowing it, you infect your computer with the virus when you open the email. This process of spreading the computer virus via email is most like which of the following processes?

answer

transduction

question

When a bacterial cell with a chromosome-borne F factor conjugates with another bacterium, how is the transmitted donor DNA incorporated into the recipient's genome?

answer

it is substituted for the equivalent portion of the recipient's chromosome by the process of crossing over

question

In many bacteria, genes that confer resistance to antibiotics are carried on

answer

R plasmids

question

Which of the following human activities has contributed to an increase in the number of bacteria having R plasmids?

answer

heavy use of antibiotics in medicine and in agriculture

question

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA stand of the strand shown?

answer

TGACA

question

Biotechnology

answer

has been around since the dawn of civilization

question

When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as

answer

recombinant DNA

question

The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines

answer

gene cloning

question

In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid

answer

is used as the vector

question

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein,

answer

the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation

question

_____ are a major source of restriction enzymes.

answer

bacterial cells

question

Restriction enzymes

answer

cut DNA at specific sites

question

"Sticky ends" are

answer

DNA fragments with single-stranded ends

question

The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to

answer

form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA

question

After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme

answer

DNA ligase

question

Which of the following is the best definition of a genomic library?

answer

a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome

question

Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector?

answer

bacteriophages

question

The enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA is

answer

reverse transcriptase

question

The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is

answer

escherichia coli

question

The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that

answer

human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse, insulin

question

A vaccine works by

answer

stimulating the immune system

question

Which of the following statements about DNA technology is false?

answer

DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells

question

Golden Rice is golden in color because it is rich in

answer

beta-carotene

question

A transgenic animal is

answer

an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species

question

Which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers (at least, not yet)?

answer

transgenic rice with genes for milk proteins

question

Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms?

answer

the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage

question

In order for gene therapy to be permanent in the patient being treated,

answer

the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply

question

Genetically modifying _____ cells may directly affect future generations.

answer

gamete-forming

question

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

answer

DNA profiling

question

If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by _____, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.

answer

PCR

question

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

answer

size

question

Which of the following statements regarding repetitive DNA is false?

answer

Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans

question

What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile?

answer

20

question

Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness?

answer

a very close match in the DNA profile

question

Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false?

answer

Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes

question

Which of the following statements about genomics is false?

answer

DNA technology limits genomic studies to prokaryotes

question

Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?

answer

98.5%

question

The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with

answer

transposable elements

question

Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called

answer

transposable elements

question

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?

answer

long stretches of repetitive DNA are prominent at centromeres and ends of chromosomes

question

Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes?

answer

it is fast and inexpensive

question

Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is true?

answer

proteomics and genomics allow scientists to study life in an ever-increasing reductive approach

question

The number of proteins in humans

answer

is much greater than the number of genes

question

Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals

answer

could not speak

question

Approximately what percentage of the human genome is identical to that of a chimpanzee?

answer

98.8%

question

Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism?

answer

a human given a corrected human blood-clotting gene

question

Blue-footed boobies have webbed feet and are comically clumsy when they walk on land. Evolutionary scientists view these feet as

answer

the outcome of a trade-off: webbed feet perform poorly on land, but are very helpful in the diving for food

question

The core theme of biology, which explains both the unity and diversity of life, is

answer

evolution

question

Aristotle believed that

answer

species are fixed (permanent) and perfect

question

Darwin found that many of the species on the Galapagos islands

answer

were identical to south american species

question

Lyell's book Principles of Geology, which Darwin read on board the H.M.S. Beagle, argued in favor of which of the following concepts?

answer

earth's surface is shaped by natural forces that act gradually and are still acting

question

Who developed a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin's?

answer

Wallace

question

Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with?

answer

descent with modification occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics

question

During the 1950s, a scientist named Lysenko tried to solve the food shortages in the Soviet Union by breeding wheat that could grow in Siberia. He theorized that if individual wheat plants were exposed to cold, they would develop additional cold tolerance and pass it to their offspring. Based on the ideas of artificial and natural selection, do you think this project worked as planned?

answer

No, because there was no process of selection based on inherited traits. Lysenko assumed that exposure could induce a plant to develop additional cold tolerance and that this tolerance would be passed to the plant's offspring.

question

Broccoli, cabbages, and Brussels sprouts all descend from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. These varieties were produced by

answer

artificial selection

question

Which of the following best expresses the concept of natural selection?

answer

differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics

question

Which of the following assumptions or observations is not part of Darwin's idea of natural selection?

answer

Whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance.

question

Which of the following thinkers argued that much of human suffering was the result of human populations increasing faster than food supply, an argument that later influenced Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection?

answer

Thomas Malthus

question

A dog breeder wishes to develop a breed that does not bark. She starts with a diverse mixture of dogs. Generation after generation, she allows only the quietest dogs to breed. After 30 years of work she has a new breed of dog with interesting traits, but on average, the dogs still bark at about the same rate as other dog breeds. Which of the following would be a logical explanation for her failure?

answer

The tendency to bark is not a heritable trait.

question

Which of the following statements regarding natural selection is false?

answer

Natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organism's fitness.

question

Which of the following would prevent an organism from becoming part of the fossil record when it dies?

answer

It is fully decomposed by bacteria and fungi.

question

Which of the following statements regarding the currently available fossil record is false?

answer

The currently available fossil record shows that the first life-forms were eukaryotes.

question

Which of the following disciplines has found evidence for evolution based on the native distributions (locations) of living species?

answer

geographic distribution

question

Humans share several features with salamanders. Certain genes and proteins are nearly identical between the two species; both species have four limbs with a similar skeletal structure; the species' early embryos are very similar; and where the salamander has a functional tail, humans have a vestigial tailbone. In evolutionary terms, these are examples of

answer

homology

question

Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures?

answer

the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale

question

What evidence is used to determine the branching sequence of an evolutionary tree?

answer

anatomical or molecular homologous structures

question

Darwin was the first person to draw an evolutionary tree, a diagram that represents

answer

evidence-based hypotheses regarding our understanding of patterns of evolutionary descent

question

A population is

answer

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed

question

Microevolution, or evolution at its smallest scale, occurs when

answer

a population's allele frequencies change over a span of generations

question

The ultimate source of all new alleles is

answer

mutation

question

Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinberg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future generations in a population of a sexually reproducing species?

answer

little gene flow with surrounding populations

question

Imagine that you are studying a very large population of moths that is isolated from gene flow. A single gene controls wing color. Half of the moths have white-spotted wings (genotype WW or Ww) and half of the moths have plain brown wings (ww). There are no new mutations, individuals mate randomly, and there is no natural selection on wing color. How will p, the frequency of the dominant allele, change over time?

answer

p will neither increase nor decrease; it will remain more or less constant under the conditions described

question

Genetic drift resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size is called

answer

the bottleneck effect

question

In populations of the greater prairie in Illinois, genetic diversity was

answer

lost through genetic drift and restored by gene flow

question

A population of 1,000 birds exists on a small Pacific island. Some of the birds are yellow, a characteristic determined by a recessive allele. The others are green, a characteristic determined by a dominant allele. A hurricane on the island kills most of the birds from this population. Only 10 remain, and those birds all have yellow feathers. Which of the following statements is true?

answer

The hurricane has caused a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity

question

Thirty people are selected for a long-term mission to colonize a planet many light-years away from Earth. The mission is successful, and the population rapidly grows to several hundred individuals. However, certain genetic diseases are unusually common in this group, and the group's gene pool is quite different from that of the Earth population they have left behind. Which of the following phenomena has left its mark on this population?

answer

founder effect

question

Genetic differences between populations tend to be reduced by

answer

gene flow

question

Which of the following statements best describes the true nature of natural selection?

answer

Only the strongest survive

question

Which of the following will tend to produce adaptive changes in populations?

answer

natural selection

question

An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for this situation?

answer

stabilizing selection

question

A group of dog breeders is trying to design and develop an ideal dog. They want a dog with a gentle disposition, black fur, long ears, short legs, and a strong sense of smell. Which of the following comments from fellow dog breeders represents the biggest challenge they are likely to face?

answer

There are breeds with long ears and breeds with short legs, but no breeds with both.

question

A farmer decides to go into the business of raising trout for tourists who enjoy fishing. She builds six trout ponds and stocks each of them with trout from genetically identical stock. Her friends tell her that because she started each bond with just a few trout, she has created a bottleneck effect and her trout populations are likely to become genetically different rapidly. Which of the following statements about her trout is likely true?

answer

Because the ponds are different and the populations are likely to experience different mutations, the populations will likely diverge evolutionarily, but only over many generations.

question

Which of the following statements about adaptation is true?

answer

An individual that has learned how to survive cold winters has become adapted to the cold

question

Some butterflies can ingest toxic chemicals from the milkweed plants they feed on and then can store those chemicals in their body. Because toxins stored in the butterflies are toxic to birds, the birds avoid eating the butterflies. Which of the following is the best explanation for this situation?

answer

Any butterfly allele that allowed milkweed toxin storage would be likely to persist because butterflies that had it were more likely to survive.

question

Which of the following statements regarding fins on fishes is true?

answer

Fins are an adaptation that aid in swimming

question

A news article discussing the evolution of domestic dogs from wolves included this statement: "On its way from pack-hunting carnivore to fireside companion, dogs learned to love-or at least live on-wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes." What is a more scientifically accurate way to state what happened with dogs?

answer

Dogs mutated to be able to eat wheat, rice, barley, corn, and potatoes.

question

Which of the following statements represents a probable explanation for differences among pupfish populations?

answer

The isolated populations had restricted gene pools

question

The variation in gene pools among the 30 pupfish populations occurred through an evolutionary mechanism called

answer

the bottleneck effect

question

If, in one populations of pupfish all of the individuals have a blood pigment that is extraordinarily effective at carrying oxygen, but this trait is not seen in any of the other populations, what likely happened?

answer

Because oxygen was low where these pupfish lived, a new allele for an effective blood pigment arose.

BIOL 1408 Unit 5 Exam Study Guide Professor Petty – Flashcards

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