BIOL 100, UNIT 4: set #6: DNA technology – Flashcards
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Briefly describe "DNA technology" (a.k.a. "Biotechnology")
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methods for studying and manipulating genetic material; using these techniques allows for modification of specific genes and their movement between organisms - e.g., moving plant genes into bacteria
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Briefly describe "Genetic Engineering"
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the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
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Define "Recombinant DNA"
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combining nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule
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Recombinant DNA technology is widely used in ___
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genetic engineering
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Briefly describe a "vector" with respect to biotechnology
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a DNA carrier that moves genes from one cell to another
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Briefly describe "gene cloning" with respect to biotechnology
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the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA
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_(1)_ are the "workhorses" of modern biotechnology. Often plasmids, which are _(2)_, are used in combination with bacteria so that biotechnologists can produce large quantities of a desired _(3)_
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(1) bacteria (2) small circular DNA that are separate from the bacterial chromosome (3) proteins
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List two reasons why plasmids are useful for biotechnology applications
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(1) can easily incorporate foreign DNA (2) readily taken up by bacterial cells (3) act as VECTORS (4) are ideal for GENE CLONING
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Briefly describe a "genetically modified (GM) organism"
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produced by scientists, these organisms have acquired one or more genes by artificial means. Many foods ("GM foods") are derived from DNA technology rather than traditional plant-breeding programs
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List two characteristics of "Human Gene Therapy"
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* seeks to treat disease by altering the genes of an afllicted person * often replaces or supplements the mutant version of a gene with a properly functioning one
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Name the process that can be used to determine if two samples of genetic material are from a particular individual
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DNA profiling - a process that has rapidly revolutionized the field of forensics
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Briefly define "Forensics" with respect to DNA technology
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a field of science that uses "DNA profiling" to scientifically analyze evidence from crime scenes
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___ are sequences in the genome of individuals that vary from person to person
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genetic markers
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List three ways to use DNA profiling to scientifically analyze evidence from a crime scene (Forensics)
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*test guilt of suspects * identify tissue of victims *resolve paternity cases *identify contraband animal products
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Name one way that DNA profiling can be used to scientifically analyze evidence that is not associated with a crime scene
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*trace the evolutionary history of organisms
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_(1)_ is the science of studying complete sets of genes {which are also known as _(2)_}
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(1) genomics (2) genomes
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The successes in Genomics have encouraged scientists to study full protein sets {_(1)_} to understand the functioning of cells and organisms. This type of study is called _(2)_
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(1) proteomes (2) proteomics
