question

What fallacy best describes the flaw in reasoning of the following argument? My last doctor was arrogant and greedy since she overcharged me for all office visits. Thus, all doctors are arrogant and greedy.

answer

Hasty generalization

question

According to your instructor, people can be persuaded by 'bad' arguments that contain some type of fallacy.

answer

True

question

Logical argument and persuasion are essentially the same thing.

answer

False

question

That equals should be treated equally is a basic precept of the principle of autonomy

answer

False

question

Nonmaleficence is the bedrock precept of codes of conduct for health care professionals.

answer

True

question

What fallacy does the following argument commit? We cannot legalize marijuana for medical use. If we do so, everyone in the country will start getting high.

answer

Slippery slope

question

The principle of respect for autonomy places no restraints on what can be done to an autonomous person.

answer

False

question

if people's moral judgments differ from culture to culture, moral norms are relative to culture.

answer

False

question

All religious people accept the divine command theory

answer

False

question

Moral premises can be called into question by showing that they

answer

Conflict with credible principles, theories, or judgments

question

Classic utilitarianism depends heavily on a strong sense of impartiality.

answer

true

question

Any moral theory that is inconsistent with the facts of the moral life is

answer

Problematic

question

Consequentialist moral theories insist that the rightness of actions depends solely on

answer

The consequences or results

question

Natural law tradition resolves dilemmas through the principle of utility

answer

False

question

Kant's principle of respect for persons says that we should always treat persons

answer

Never merely as a means to an end

question

Underlying natural law theory is the belief that

answer

All of nature, including humankind, is teleological

question

Kant says that through reason and reflection we can derive our duties from

answer

The categorical imperative

question

Rule-utilitarianism is the idea that the rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions.

answer

False

question

which one of the following theories typically falls under the category of deontology?

answer

Natural law theory

question

Some people criticize utilitarianism for being too demanding because this theory reaches the conclusion that we ought to give up buying some luxury goods such as the next iPhone and, instead, to use that money to enhance the well-being of homeless animals or people

answer

True

question

Which of the following theorists would most strongly support a minimal conception of the state?

answer

Robert Nozick

question

According to your instructor, what is one of the advantages of Rawls' theory of justice?

answer

It would offset some of the impacts of the natural lottery.

question

According to Nozick, the subject of justice in holdings consists of three major topics. Which of the following is NOT one of those major topics?

answer

The appropriation of unheld things

question

The rationing of health care has never been tried in the United States.

answer

False

question

The utilitarian purpose behind using QALYs is ___________.

answer

To do the most good with the resources available

question

The theory of justice insisting that the benefits and burdens of society should be distributed through the fair workings of a free market and the exercise of liberty rights of noninterference is

answer

Libertarian

question

Norman Daniels believes that a strong right to health care can be derived from _________________.

answer

Fair equality of opportunity

question

Rationing on the level of the total health care system is known as

answer

Macroallocation

question

The theory of justice most likely to insist on a system of universal health care is

answer

Egalitarianism

question

Some argue that QALYs are unfair to

answer

Old people and the diabled

question

In general, Kantian ethics views paternalism as

answer

A violation of atonomy

question

A DNR is directive telling the medical staff to

answer

Forgo CPR on a patient

question

Generally, Kantian ethics rejects

answer

Paternalism

question

The issue of paternalism usually arises from conflicts between patients' autonomy and

answer

Physicians' duty of beneficence

question

According to Roman Catholic doctrine, a hopelessly ill patient has the right to refuse extraordinary life-sustaining treatments.

answer

True

question

The case of Elizabeth Bouvia concerned

answer

Refusal of treatment

question

Physicians are obliged to regard every patient request as legitimate

answer

False

question

The case of Helga Wanglie concerned what some have referred to as

answer

Medical futility

question

Since the 1970s, several children have died after their parents refused medical treatment because of religious beliefs

answer

True

question

The overriding of a person's actions or choices even though he or she is substantially autonomous is called

answer

Strong paternalism

question

Advocates of full disclosure insist that informed patients are

answer

Better patients

question

The law recognizes that the duty to respect confidentiality has exceptions.

answer

True

question

The main argument in favor of truth-telling rests on the physician's duty of beneficence.

answer

False

question

In the Hippocratic Oath, the physician's respect for confidentiality is

answer

Clearly expressed

question

The Hippocratic Oath insists on a strong duty of truth-telling

answer

False

question

The case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California concerned a conflict between

answer

A duty of confidentiality and a duty to warn

question

The physician's duties of confidentiality and preventing harm are

answer

Sometimes in conflict in HIV cases

question

The authority of persons to control who may possess and use information about themselves is considered

answer

A right to privacy

question

Many skeptics of full disclosure have argued that physicians have no duty to tell patients the truth because

answer

Patients are incapable of understanding the truth

question

Dan Ariely argues that while most people lie and cheat, they find ways to rationalize their dishonesty, and as a result, they are still able to think of themselves as 'honest' people.

answer

True

question

The requirement of informed consent can be derived directly from Kantian ethics.

answer

True

question

Many critics see huge discrepancies between the ethical ideal of informed consent and the laws or rules meant to implement it.

answer

True

question

From a strictly Kantian viewpoint, therapeutic privilege is

answer

Never permissible

question

Informed consent requires that patients understand all information given to them.

answer

False

question

The action of an autonomous, informed person agreeing to submit to medical treatment or experimentation is known as

answer

Informed consent

question

The patient's voluntary and deliberate giving up of the right of informed consent is called

answer

Waiver

question

Patients are legitimately judged incompetent in cases of

answer

Mental retardation and dementia

question

Physicians are often not obligated to provide disclosure in cases of

answer

Waiver

question

In their article, Faden and Beauchamp argue that Sense1 and Sense2 of informed consent are virtually synonymous.

answer

False

question

In Canterbury v. Spence, the court essentially adopted the transparency standard as the appropriate standard for disclosure regarding the risks and benefits of treatmen

answer

False

question

The infamous experiment to study the damaging effects of untreated syphilis in 600 poor black men is known as

answer

Tuskegee study

question

The first article of the Nuremberg Code concerns

answer

Informed consent

question

There is substantial agreement in bioethics on the general moral principles that should apply to human research

answer

True

question

An indispensible feature of most clinical trials is

answer

Blinding

question

Usually the safety and effectiveness of a treatment can be established by a single clinical trial

answer

False

question

The use of placebos in control groups is

answer

Often cause for serious moral concern

question

It is generally understood that consent to do research on children is not required.

answer

False

question

Out of the post-World War II trial of Nazi doctors came the Nuremberg Code.

answer

True

question

What was the main ethical criticism by opponents such as Marcia Angell of the AZT trials in Africa?

answer

Some of the participants were denied the standard of care since the control group was given a placebo.

question

What is NOT one of the three basic ethical principles covered in the Belmont Report?

answer

Utility

question

Cohen maintains that there should be a consistency between our beliefs and our behaviors. As a result, if we maintain that animal testing is wrong because it increases suffering, then we should also become vegetarians since slaughtering animals also causes them a lot of pain.

answer

True

question

Shanks, Greek & Greek argue that animal research must be stopped for ethical reasons.

answer

False

question

Hettinger claims that it is untenable to maintain that all humans have moral agency, but no animals do, because some animals have greater cognitive and intentional skills than do some humans such as the severely mentally impaired.

answer

True

question

Hettinger defines himself as a speciesist.

answer

False

question

Shanks, Greek and Greek use the drug Thalidomide to reinforce their claim that animal models are not predictive for humans responses.

answer

True

question

Singer maintains that equality depends on factual differences, and differences in ability or merit, for instance, justify differences in considering interests.

answer

False

question

What best characterizes the belief that humans are superior based on the fact that they are members of the species homo sapiens?

answer

Speciesism

question

What term captures the idea that we should, when possible, use alternative methods to animal testing?

answer

Subsitution

question

On what property does Singer base the equal consideration of interests?

answer

Sentience

question

If we took Singer's conclusion seriously, what of the following would be true?

answer

We would have to consider the interests of animals before making choices that affect them.

question

Peter Singer maintains it is morally impermissible to use IVF when we are dealing with issues such as over population and the fact that many abandoned children in foreign countries need to be adopted.

answer

False

question

Laura Purdy, arguing from a feminist perspective, maintains that paid surrogacy is akin to baby selling, and is a practice that exploits women

answer

False

question

The uniting of sperm and egg in a laboratory dish, instead of inside a woman's body, is called

answer

In vitro fertilization

question

Some have objected to IVF because of its potential for causing birth defects and disease in children.

answer

True

question

Some argue against surrogacy by claiming that it amounts to

answer

Baby-selling

question

IVF cycles pose health risks for both woman and child.

answer

True

question

Fertility clinics store frozen embryos but never destroy them.

answer

False

question

Surrogate arrangements are generally simple and legally straightforward.

answer

False

question

Mary Anne Warren argues that IVF comes with substantial risks and burdens and that women are too constrained or coerced by society to decide about the technology for themselves.

answer

False

question

According to John Robertson, procreative liberty entails certain privileges. According to his view, what is NOT one of them?

answer

According to John Robertson, procreative liberty entails certain privileges. According to his view, what is NOT one of them?

question

The use of genetic information by employers, insurance companies, and others to discriminate against or stigmatize people is known as

answer

Genetic Discrimination

question

Some argue that gene therapy should not be permitted because it amounts to

answer

Eugenics

question

Even when genetic tests correctly predict a genetic disorder, they usually cannot foretell how severe its symptoms will be or when they will appear.

answer

True

question

McMahan maintains that discrimination or disrespect for persons is not entailed by genetic testing.

answer

True

question

Many gene therapies have been approved for routine use.

answer

False

question

Those who believe that embryos have the moral status of persons are likely to view embryonic stem cell research as

answer

Immoral

question

Physicians have debated whether they should reveal to a patient the results of a genetic test showing that he or she is at high risk for an unpreventable, untreatable disease.

answer

True

question

Negative eugenics is widely regarded as

answer

Permissible or obligatory

question

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is

answer

Common

question

A common charge against genetic testing to prevent birth impairments is that it amounts to disrespect or discrimination against

answer

People with disabillities

question

Some argue against active voluntary euthanasia by advancing a distinction between intending someone's death and not intending but foreseeing it.

answer

True

question

The strongest argument offered to support active voluntary euthanasia is derived from

answer

The principle of autonomy

question

There is considerable agreement about the moral rightness of allowing a patient to die.

answer

True

question

Performing an action that directly causes someone to die—what most people think of as "mercy killing"—is called

answer

Active euthanasia

question

James Rachels argues that there is no morally significant difference between killing and letting die.

answer

True

question

Scientific research on whether policies permitting euthanasia or assisted suicide lead to unjustified killing is

answer

Scant

question

Proponents of active voluntary euthanasia believe that the right to die

answer

Does not compel others

question

Doctors are unanimous in their rejection of physician-assisted suicide.

answer

False

question

Most ethicists agree that the horrific suffering of dying patients can always be relieved without resort to lethal means.

answer

False

question

As mentioned in the lecture, what is one disadvantage of using the higher brain death criteria to determine death?

answer

Such individuals may be capable of spontaneous cardiopulmonary function.

question

Cullen and Klein maintain that if a person explicitly states that s/he does not wish to know the truth about his/her medical conditions, then the physician should respect the patient's wishes, and refrain from providing the unwanted information.

answer

True

question

Gerald Dworkin accepts Mill's harm principle. As a result, he believes that a government cannot ethically restrict a rational person's liberty for paternalistic reasons. State paternalism is only justified when it applies to children and other people who may be lacking in rationality.

answer

False

question

Using Rawls's theory of justice, Daniels creates an argument for a positive right to health care that aims to protect and to maintain normal species functioning. Considering this, what of the below scenarios is the most likely to be covered under such a right?

answer

The right of a person to receive assisted reproductive services due to infertility.

question

Using utilitarianism as a theory of justice, all economic or social inequalities would be deemed to be unjust.

answer

False

question

Using libertarianism, one could easily construct an argument against the right to universal health care funded by taxpayers' dollars.

answer

True

question

According to the first version of the categorical imperative, which is sometimes called the principle of universalizability, you should _________________________________.

answer

act only according to maxims that could be universal laws

question

According to virtue ethics, actions are right because____________.

answer

they would be performed by a moral exemplar such as the Dalai Lama

question

According to the second version of the categorical imperative often called the principle of respect for persons, it wrong to treat people solely as a means. This entails that medical research is wrong because these people are being used, even if they gave informed consent.

answer

False

question

From the below, choose the fallacy that best describes this type of reasoning: You shouldn't listen to Dr. Smith on the negative health effects of cigarette smoking. You know she is a smoker after all.

answer

Ad hominem

question

The following is a normative ethical claim: Mary is terminally ill and wants to die.

answer

False

question

According to Vaughan, the principle of nonmaleficence, which is captured in the maxim "Above all, do no harm", can be derived from the principle of beneficence.

answer

True

question

Kant would maintain that hiring a cab driver to take us across town violates the second version of the categorical imperative because it treats the cab driver as a means.

answer

False

question

Kant maintains that lying is prima facie wrong. However, he understands that there may be some situations such as the inquiring murderer where it is okay to lie with the intention to save another person's life.

answer

False

question

The following argument is valid: If I get 95% on this exam, I will get an A. I received an A. Thus, I received 95%.

answer

Fasle

question

An ethical relativist can consistently maintain that all people should be tolerant.

answer

False

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