question

An important function of membranes is to serve as barriers to separate and compartmentalize biological molecules and processes. However, at the same time, these barriers are _____

answer

selectively permeable

question

allow transport of specific molecules in and out of the cell through the membrane

answer

selectively permeable

question

membrane transport can be categorized as 2 main types

answer

passive transport and active transport

question

no energy is required for this type of transport

answer

passive transport

question

energy is required for this type of transport. Transport is against a concentration gradient

answer

active transport

question

ions and small molecules are transported through membranes via ____ and ____ during passive transport

answer

pores and channels

question

2 types of passive transport

answer

passive and facilitated

question

transport through the membrane via simple diffusion through a "hole." Type of passive transport

answer

passive diffusion

question

transport facilitated by binding a transporter protein in the membrane. Type of passive transport

answer

facilitated diffusion

question

At high concentrations of solute, the transporter protein becomes saturated w/ solute and cannot transport any faster.

answer

saturable transport system

question

The pathway of transport can be described in 3 ways. All of these describe both active and passive transport.

answer

uniport, symport, antiport,

question

one molecule is transported into or out of the cell

answer

uniport

question

2 molecules moving in the same direction, either in or out of the cell

answer

symport

question

2 molecules moving in different direction

answer

antiport

question

water transporters. It is an example of passive diffusion

answer

aquaporins

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As a consequence of the solute binding the transporter protein, facilitated transport is much _____

answer

faster

question

The exothermic reactions supply the energy for the endothermic reactions needed for solute transport. There are 3 exothermic reactions.

answer

ATP sunlight redox reactions

question

Two types of active transport

answer

primary and secondary active transport

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the exothermic reaction generating energy is directly coupled to the endothermic transport reaction

answer

primary active transport

question

The endergonic reaction of one transported solute is coupled to the exothermic reaction of another transported solute

answer

secondary active transport

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This is an example of primary active transport. It transports Na and K across cell membranes

answer

Na, K ATPase

question

virtually all animal cells internally maintain a lower concentration of Na and a higher concentration of K than is found in the surrounding medium. This process requires energy from ___.

answer

ATP

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both Na and K ions are transported ___ the concentration gradient in Na, K active transport

answer

against

question

This is an example of secondary active transport. It transports glucose in human erythrocytes. Glucose is transported into the cell to provide energy.

answer

glucose permease

question

glucose permease is coupled to the _______

answer

Na, K ATPase

question

membrane bound protein w/ a specific external binding site for the first messenger

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membrane receptor

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transports the signal to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane bound effector enzyme

answer

transducer

question

regulation of a reaction or biochemical pathway in the cytoplasm, nucleus or organelle

answer

cytoplasmic response

question

Many hormones regulating intracellular metabolism exert their effects through the _____

answer

G proteins

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Binding of ____ or ____ alters the conformation of the G proteins and either activates or inactivates the protein.

answer

GDP or GTP

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There are two forms of the G protein

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activating form and inactivating form

question

An ____ form coupled to the receptor that binds the stimulatory hormone

answer

activating

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The _____ form coupled to the receptor that binds the inhibitory hormone

answer

inactivating

question

The receptor, transducer, and effector functions of the tyrosine kinase pathway reside in a ______

answer

single membrane protein

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The hormone ____ utilizes tyrosine kinase pathway

answer

insulin

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___ is a peptide hormone consisting of two small peptide chains linked by disulfide bonds and synthesized in the pancrease. It causes cells to take up glucose from the blood

answer

insulin

question

results from the loss of control of insulin levels

answer

diabetes

question

insulin is no longer produced internally and requires administration of external insulin

answer

type I diabetes

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cells are often insulin resistant and suffer from insulin deficiencies. This can often be controlled by diet although some individuals require external insulin.

answer

type II diabetes

question

single (CH2O)n unit

answer

monosaccharides

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2-20 (CH2O)n units

answer

oligosaccharides

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> 20 (CH2O)n units

answer

polysaccharides

question

polysaccharides with identical sugars

answer

homoglycans

question

polysaccharides with different sugars

answer

heteroglycans

question

carbohydrates are classified by (2)

answer

type of carbonyl group and number of carbon atoms

question

type of carbonyl groups (2)

answer

aldoses and ketoses

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loss of electrons or the loss of hydrogens

answer

oxidation

question

carbon w/ asymmetric substitutions. 4 different bonded atoms/groups

answer

chiral carbon

question

require breaking carbon bonds

answer

configurations

question

require no breaking carbon bonds. Rotation of a functional group around a single bond

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conformations

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chiral carbons rotate _____

answer

plane polarized light

question

a triose sugar

answer

glyceraldehyde

question

the D and L configurations of glyceraldehyde are ______

answer

stereoisomers

question

naturally occurring sugars are _____

answer

D

question

Aldoses and ketoses typically possess between 3 and 9 carbons per monosaccharide unit. Is it possible to have a 2 carbon carbohydrate?

answer

yes

question

linearized presentation of monosaccharide structure

answer

fischer projection

question

circularized presentation of monosaccharide structure. It shows the naturally occurring structure of monosaccharides

answer

haworth projection

question

6 carbon sugar

answer

pyranose

question

5 carbon sugar

answer

furanose

question

The most oxidized carbon of a cyclized monosaccharide.

answer

anomeric carbon

question

primary structural linkage of all monosaccharide polymers. It is a covalent linkage between anomeric carbon of one monosaccharide and one of several possible hydroxyls of a second monosaccharide

answer

glycosidic bond

question

a glycosidic bond is designated by (2)

answer

alpha or beta configuration at the anomeric carbon and number of carbons of the glycosidic bond

question

monosaccharides and most disaccharides which possess a reactive carbonyl group

answer

reducing sugar

question

disaccharides with both anomeric carbons involved in glycosidic bond formation

answer

non reducing sugar

question

polymer chains of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides can define their directionality based upon their

answer

reducing and non reducing ends

question

carbohydrate energy storage for plants

answer

starch

question

A homopolysaccharide. glucose that has an alpha (1->4) linkage and is unbranched.

answer

amylose

question

A homopolysaccharide. Glucose that has a alpha (1->4) and beta (1->6) linkage and is branched.

answer

amylopectin

question

carbohydrate energy storage for animals. It's a homopolysaccharide. Glucose is alpha (1->4) and is branched.

answer

glycogen

question

structural carbohydrate for plants. It a homopolysaccharide. Glucose with a beta (1->4) linkage and is unbranched

answer

cellulose

question

It's the major component of rigid cell walls of many plant cells. It is insoluble in water. Mammals cannot digest this compound because they lack the enzyme to digest the beta linkage.

answer

cellulose

question

structural carbohydrate for animals. It is a homopolysaccharide. Glucose with a beta (1->4) linkage and is unbranched

answer

chitin

question

chitin is present in the cell walls of ____

answer

fungi

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