Biochemistry Exam 2 (Carbohydrates) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
The 2 f-groups in a sugar
answer
Hydroxyl and carbonyl
question
The 2 carbonyl groups in sugars
answer
Aldehyde and Ketone
question
Minimum number of carbons in an aldose
answer
3
question
Minimum number of carbons in a ketose
answer
4
question
What's the basis for defining a sugar?
answer
How it behaves in acid
question
Aldose vs. Ketose
answer
Aldose - aldehyde; ketose - ketone
question
Triose
answer
sugar with 3 carbons
question
Tetrose
answer
sugar with 4 carbons
question
Ultimate C
answer
The last C in a sugar
question
Penultimate C
answer
next to last C and last chiral center
question
In Fisher Projection formulas, what designates a D or L sugar?
answer
It is a D if the OH is to the right; it is an L if the OH is to the left
question
Characteristics of Glucose
answer
ALDOSE - most often in D form
question
Characteristics of Fructose
answer
KETOSE - most often in D form - has same sequence as glucose
question
Epimer
answer
Only 1 chiral carbon differs, rather than all
question
Write out the formation of a hemiacetal.
answer
DO IT.
question
Write out the formation of a hemiketal.
answer
DO IT.
question
The result of ring formation
answer
C1/2 (aldose/ketose) becomes chiral, anomeric
question
In Haworth formulas, what designates an alpha and beta sugar?
answer
Alpha: OH is down, same as acetal end; Beta: OH is up, opposite of acetal end
question
In Haworth formulas, what designates a D or L sugar?
answer
D: if the CH2OH is up; L: if the CH2OH is down
question
Anomers
answer
2 compounds with one or more chiral center that differ at the anomeric C
question
Anomerization
answer
The reaction that results in anomers from straight chain sugars
question
Furanose
answer
5-membered ring
question
Pyranose
answer
6-membered ring
question
Why is an aldose a reducing sugar?
answer
It contains a free CHO
question
Why is a ketose a reducing sugar?
answer
In the presence of base, the conversion from ketone carbonyl to aldehyde carbonyl occurs
question
Enediol intermediate
answer
The thing that turns a ketone carbonyl into an aldehyde carbonyl
question
Hemiacetal end is free/not free to open and close.
answer
Free
question
Acetal end is free/not free to open and close.
answer
Not free
question
Characteristics of D-Cellobiose
answer
Linkage: beta(1-4) Made up of glucose Formed from partial hydrolysis of cellulose
question
Cellulase
answer
Found in microbes that reside in termites and the rumen of cow's stomachs, related to cellobiose
question
Characteristics of D-Maltose
answer
Linkage: alpha(1-4) Made up of glucose Found in baby foods and malted milk
question
Maltase
answer
Found in body, converts maltose to 2 glucoses, does not break up linkages in ISOmaltose
question
Characteristics of D-Isomaltose
answer
Linkage: alpha(1-6) Made up of glucose
question
Characteristics of D-Gentiobose
answer
Linkage: beta(1-6) Made up of glucose
question
Characteristics of D-Trehalose
answer
Linkage: alpha1-1 Made up of glucose Non-reducing
question
Functions of D-Trehalose
answer
Major constituent in circulating fluid of insects, energy storage compound
question
Characteristics of D-Lactose
answer
Linkage: beta(1-4) Made up of galactose and glucose
question
Lactase
answer
Hydrolyzes D-Lactose, discriminating
question
Characteristics of D-Sucrose
answer
Linkage: Glu alpha(1-2)Fru Made up of Glucose and Fructose Non-reducing
question
2 Classification Systems of Polysaccharides
answer
Function and Number of monosaccs
question
Classes of Function of Polysaccs
answer
Structural and Storage
question
Structural Polysaccs
answer
Cellulose, hemicellulose
question
Storage Polysaccs
answer
Starch, glycogen
question
Classes of Number of Polysaccs
answer
Homo and Hetero
question
Homo Polysaccs
answer
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
question
Heterogenous group
answer
name of polysacc takes in a wide number of compounds
question
A polysacc name indicates..
answer
the linkage, not the number
question
Linkage in Cellulose
answer
Glu beta(1-4) Glu
question
MW: 50,000-500,000 300-2500 Glu
answer
Size of Cellulose
question
Linkage in Chitin
answer
NAG beta(1-4) NAG
question
Components of Hyaluronic Acid
answer
D-glucuronic acid and NAG
question
Linkage in Hyaluronic Acid
answer
GluCOOH beta(1-3) NAG beta (1-4)
question
Function of Hyaluronic Acid
answer
lubricant in synovial fluid, extracellular matrix, vitreous humor
question
Glucosaminoglycans
answer
family of linear polymers consisting of repeating disaccs
question
Examples of Glucosaminoglycans
answer
Hyaluronic acid, chonditrin sulfate, keratan sulfate
question
Proteoglycans
answer
Glucosaminos connected to extracellular proteins
question
Characteristics of Amylose
answer
Linear starch Linkage: Glu alpha(1-4) Helical structure!!
question
MW: 10,000-50,000 60-300 Glu/molecule
answer
Size of Amylose
question
Alpha amylases
answer
Attack amylose/amylopectin at random for a mixture of glucose and maltose
question
Beta amylases
answer
Attack amylose/amylopectin in organized fashion, yields only maltose
question
Characteristics of Amylopectin
answer
Branched starch Linkage: Glu alpha(1-4) and alpha(1-6) Frequency of branches: every 24-30 Glu
question
MW: 300,000 1800 Glu 60 branching points
answer
Size of Amylopectin
question
Dextrin
answer
Partially digested starch
question
Limit Dextrin
answer
Digested starch all the way to alpha(1-6) branches
question
Characteristics of Glycogen
answer
Animal starch Linkage: Glu alpha(1-4) and alpha (1-6) Frequency of branches: every 12-20
question
MW: 250,000-several million 1500-20,000 Glu
answer
Size of Glycogen
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New