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when cells reproduce for 1.growth and development 2.repair wounds 3.cell replacement

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Cell Division

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two daughters

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one parent cell divides into

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The ordered sequence of stages that a cell progresses through in order to divide during its life; stages include preparatory phases (G1, S, G2) and division phases (mitosis and cytokinesis).

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cell cycle

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the preparatory stage of the cell cycle. contains the phases G1 S G2

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interphase

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The cell enlarges, produces additional cytoplasm, and begins to produce new organelles

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G1 phases

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DNA replication takes place. Each chromosome is replicated to produce two identical sister chromatids.

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S phases

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Final prep stage, during which the cell prepares for division

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G2 phases

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The segregation and separation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division

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Mitosis

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1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

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order Stages of mitosis

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Chromosomes coil, spindles form, and nuclear membrane

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Prophase

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spindle fibers attach to centromeres and align chromosomes

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Metaphase

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spindle pull sister chromatids apart

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Anaphase

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Chromosomes reach poles, spindle disassembles, nuclear membranes form

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Telophase

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Cytoplasm divides two daughter cells each have a full set of chromosomes

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Cytokinesis

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When a normal cell sustains irreparable damage, it undergoes programmed cell death. prevents cells from producing more damaged daughter cells

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Define Apoptosis

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checkpoints regulate a cell's progress and prevent a cell from progressing to the next stage.

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Cell Cycle checkpoints

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A disease of unregulated cell division where cancer cells bypass cell cycle checkpoints.

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Define Cancer

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Metaphase

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Chromosomes line up in the middle of the nucleus during which phase of mitosis

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S phase

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During which stage of cell division do chromosomes replicate ?

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B. the cells have to have irreparable damage.

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Which of the following statements about apoptosis is FALSE? A. It is a type of programmed cell death. B. Cells with any type of damage will be triggered to undergo apoptosis. C. Cancer cells usually do not undergo apoptosis. D. It can be triggered at a cell cycle checkpoint. E. None of the

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Interphase

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Most of the cell cycle during which a cell prepares to divide is collectively called_______

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Both A. and C. are false

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Which of the following statements about cell division is/are FALSE? A. It only happens during development. B. Cell division is cellular reproducYon. C. During cell division, one old cell gives rise to one new cell. D. The new cell(s ) is/are idenYcal to the original parent cell. E. Both A and C are FALSE.

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E. A, B, and C are all correct

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Why does cell division occur? A. To make a whole organism during embryo development. B. To heal a wound. C. To replace dead or damaged cells. D. Only A and B are correct. E. A, B, and C are all correct

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E. None of the above?

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Which one of the following statements about cancer cells is FALSE? A. They often divide even without a signal. B. They often miss critical cell cycle checkpoints. C. They often divide even after DNA has been damaged during replication. D. They often bypass apoptosis. E. None of the above.

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nausea hair loss Vomiting Susceptibility to infection

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side effects of cancer treatment

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Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy

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Fighting Cancer methods

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A.both normal and cancerous rapidly dividing cells

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Chemotherapy and radiation treatments of cancer act by killing ________________. A. both normal and cancerous rapidly dividing cells B. only cancerous rapidly dividing cells C. only rapidly dividing B-‐cells D. both normal and cancerous cells that are no longer dividing E. only cancerous cells that are no lo

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B.They recognize anHgens on the surface of infected cells.

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Which one of the following statements about Killer T-‐cells is FALSE? A. They produce antibodies. B. They recognize antigens on the surface of infected cells. C. They destroy cells that have been marked as intruders. D. They are cells of the immune system. E. None of the above.

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B.It causes the overproduction of normal B-cells.

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Which one of the following statements about leukemia is FALSE? A. It causes the overproduction of abnormal B-‐cells. B. It causes the overproduction of normal B-‐cells. C. It reduces antibody production. D. It reduces immune system function. E. None of the above

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D. The gene is inserted into the B-‐cells of a patient.

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Which of the following statements about the chimeric antigen receptor gene is FALSE? A. It is a synthetic gene, constructed by humans. B. It encodes a protein that binds to the CD-‐19 protein. C. Its protein product essentially marks cells with CD-‐19 for destruction. D. The gene is inserted into the B-‐cells of a patient. E. None of the above

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B. It is a change in DNA sequence.

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What is the definition of a mutation? A. It is a cancer-‐causing agent like tobacco smoke. B. It is a change in DNA sequence. C. It is a change in a protein. D. It is an observable physical change in an organism. E. All of the above.

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All rapidly dividing cells are targeted for destruction.

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Which one of the following is only occurs in traditional treatments for leukemia, and not the gene therapy treatment for leukemia? A. Healthy B-‐cells are targeted for destruction. B. Cancerous B-‐cells are targeted for destruction. C. All rapidly dividing cells are targeted for destruction. D. The patient suffers from reduced immune system function. E. None of the above.

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E. That this woman has a higher statistical likelihood of developing cancer

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A woman has a muta-on in the BRCA2 gene, which is known to be associated with the development of breast cancer. This means: A. Nothing B. That this woman cannot get breast cancer C. That this woman will definitely develop breast cancer D. That this woman has inherited cancer from her mother E. That this woman has a higher statistical likelihood of developing cancer

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A. It is an unrepaired mistake made during DNA replication. B. It is a change in DNA sequence.

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Which of the following statements about a mutation is/ are TRUE? A. It is an unrepaired mistake made during DNA replication. B. It is a change in DNA sequence. C. It is always heritable. D. Both A and B are correct. E. A, B, and C are all co

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C. The defective allele originally arises in the germline of a parent. ?

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Which of the following statements about heritable cancers is FALSE? A. They are caused by an allele that renders a protein that normally protects against cancer non functional. B. The defective allele can be inherited from either parent. C. The defective allele originally arises in the germline of a parent. D. Once passed on to to an offspring, the defective allele is confined only to the germline of any individual who carries it. E. None of the above.

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D. Somatic; germline

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A mutation in a ______ cell will not be passed onto offspring, whereas a mutation in a ______ cell can be passed to offspring. A. Cancer; somatic B. Germline ; somatic C. Skin; somatic D. Somatic; germline E. Sperm; egg

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B. It repairs DNA damage.

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What is the function of the normal BRCA1 protein? A. It mutates DNA. B. It repairs DNA damage. C. It stimulates cell division. D. It fixes improper chromosome alignment. E. None of the above.

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C. germline mutation

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The mutation for lactase persistence can be passed on from a parent that has it to their child. What type of mutation is it? A. nonsense mutation B. somatic mutation C. germline mutation D. Both A and C are correct. E. None of the above

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B. Promoting cell division only under the correct circumstances

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A normal proto-oncogene protein functions by: A. Promoting cell division at all times B. Promoting cell division only under the correct circumstances C. Preventing cell division at all times D. Preventing cell division when damage is detected E. None of the above

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A. Promoting cell division at all times

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A normal tumor suppressor protein functions by: A. Promoting cell division at all times B. Promoting cell division only under the correct circumstances C. Preventing cell division at all times D. Preventing cell division when damage is detected E. None of the above

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E. None of the above

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Why do people with inherited high cancer-risk mutations develop cancer at an earlier age? A. People with inherited cancer‐risk mutations are born with cancer, but it takes a while to notice. B. People who have inherited high-risk mutations start life with at least one predisposing mutation, so they require fewer additional mutations. C. People with inherited cancer‐risk mutations also tend to be more exposed to carcinogens. D. Usually only one mutation is needed to develop cancer. E. None of the above

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E. None of the Above

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Which of the following statements about BRCA mutations is FALSE? A. They are linked to high cancer risk. B. They can cause cancer in men. C. They are found at frequencies of less than 1% in the general human popula.on. D. They can be detected with genetic screening. E. None of the above

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A. haploid germline cells

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The final result of one round of Meiosis in humans is: A. haploid germline cells B. haploid somatic cells C. diploid germline cells D. diploid somatic cells E. None of the above

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C. Chromosomes that contain the same genes

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What are homologous chromosomes? A. Only the X and Y chromosomes B. The single unique set of chromosomes of an organism C. Chromosomes that contain the same genes D. Chromosomes that must contain the exact same alleles E. All chromosomes in an species are homologous

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C. homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, 4 haploid

answer

In Meiosis I, ________________separate, and in Meiosis II, ________________separate, resul:ng in __________ gametes. A. homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids , 2 haploid B. sister chromatids , homologous chromosomes, 2 haploid C. homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids , 4 haploid D. sister chromatids , homologous chromosomes, 4 haploid E. homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids , 4 diploid

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A. It means that pairs of homologous chromosomes align independently of other pairs.

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Which of the following statements about independent assortment is FALSE ? A. It means that pairs of homologous chromosomes align independently of other pairs. B. It means that alleles on different chromosomes assort independently of each other. C. It creates over 8 million possible types of gametes from a single human individual. D. It occurs during Meiosis I E. It is the physical exchange of sections of DNA from maternal and paternal homologous chromosome

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E. Nearly infinite

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How many different genotypes of germline cells can be produced by a single human individual?

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B. homozygous recessive

answer

What is the genotype for the CF‐associated gene of a person affected by CF? A. homozygous dominant B. homozygous recessive C. heterozygous D. Either A or C E.Either A, B, or C

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D. Aa, AA, or aa

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A woman is heterozygous for the CF-‐associated gene, with its alleles represented by the lebers A and a. Which of the following genotype(s ) of eggs can she possibly produce? A. A only B. a only C. Either A or a D. Aa, AA, or aa E. Aa

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E. 75%

answer

If a mother and father are both carriers for cysPc fibrosis (CF), a recessive trait, what is the expected percentage of offspring who will be affected by CF? A. 0% B. 25% C. 33% D. 50% E. 75%

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B. 25%

answer

If a mother has 1 copy of a BRCA1 mutant allele (dominant), what is the expected percentage of offspring who will inherit (and express) the BRCA1 trait, if their father does NOT have it? A. 0% B. 25% C. 33% D. 50% E. 75%

question

C. ½ * ½ = 1/4

answer

What is the joint probability of inheri,ng 2 recessive traits if both parents are heterozygous for each trait? A. ¼ * ¼ = 1/16 B. ¼ * ¾ = 3/16 C. ½ * ½ = 1/4 D. ¼ * ½ = 1/8 E. None of the ab

question

D.50%

answer

If a mother and father are both carriers for cystic fibrosis (CF), a recessive trait, what is the expected percentage of offspring who will be carriers of CF (but not affected)? A. 0% B. 25% C. 33% D. 50% E. 75

question

C. 2, 50%

answer

If a woman who expresses an autosomally inherited recessive trait mates with man who is does not express the recessive trait and is homozygous normal (AA), how may different genotypes of offspring can they produce, and what percentage of their children will express the recessive trait? A. 1, 0% B. 1, 100% C. 2, 50% D. 3, 25% E. 3, 75%

question

E. 16

answer

If a woman is heterozygous for each of two different genes and her diploid genotype is AaBb, how many different genotypes of gametes can she produce with respect to those two genes? A.1 B.2 C.4 D.8 E.16

question

E. None of the above

answer

Which of the following statements about sex chromosomes is FALSE ? A. There are two types of sex chromosomes in humans B. An XX individual will usually develop as a female. C. An XY individual will usually develop as a male. D. Sex chromosomes only contain genes related to sex determination. E. None of the above

question

A. The absence of the SRY gene

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Which of the following MOST influences the development of a fetus as a female ? A. The absence of the SRY gene B. The presence of the SRY gene C. The presence of one X chromosome D. The presence of two X chromosomes E. None of the above

question

They are more commonly expressed in men than women

answer

Which of the following statements about X-linked recessive traits is TRUE? A. They are more commonly expressed in women than men. B. They are more commonly expressed in men than women. C. They affect both sexes with equal frequency. D. They are autosomally inherited. E. None of the above

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A disease of unregulated cell division, forms a tumor

answer

Cancer

question

The treatment of disease, specifically cancer by the use of chemicals

answer

Chemotherapy

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The two identical DNA molecules that make up a duplicated chromosome following DNA replication

answer

Sister Chromatids

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The specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined, critical for proper alignment and separation of sister chromatids during mitosis

answer

Centromere

question

Hollow protein fibers that are key components of the cytoskeleton and make up the fibers of the mitotic spindle

answer

Microtubules

question

The structure that separates sister chroatids during mitosis

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Mitotic Spindle

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Proteins located at the cetromere that provide an attachment point for microtubules of the mitotic spindle

answer

Kinetochore

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A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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Mutation

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A cellular mechanism that ensures that each stage of the cell cycle is completed accurately

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Cell Cycle Checkpoint

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Programmed cell death often referred to as cellular suicide

answer

Apoptosis

question

A mass of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division

answer

Tumor

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The spread of cancer cells from one location in the body to another

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Metastasis

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The use of ionizing (high-energy) radiation to treat cancer

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Radiation therapy

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A mutation occuring in gametes passed on to offspring

answer

Germ-line Mutation

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A mutation that occurs in a body (nongamete) cell not passed on to its offspring

answer

Somatic Mutation

question

Any chemical or physical agent that can damage DNA by chaning its nucleotide sequence

answer

Mutagen

question

Any chemical agent that causes cancer by damaging DNA.

answer

Carcinogen

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Mutation

answer

Carcinogens are a type of

question

A gene that codes for a protein that helps cells divide normally

answer

Proto-oncogene

question

A gene that codes for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression

answer

Tumor suppressor gene

question

A mutated and overactive form of a proto-oncogene. Oncogenes drive cells to divide continually

answer

oncogene

question

a noncancerous tumor that will not spread throughout the body

answer

Benign Tumor

question

A cancerous tumor that spreads throughout the body

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Malignant tumor

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Having two copies of every chromosome

answer

Diploid

question

a pair of chromosomes that both contain the same genes. In a diploid cell, one chromosome in the pair is inherited from the mother, the other from the father

answer

Homologous Chromosomes

question

the visible or measurable features of an individual

answer

Phenotype

question

the particular genetic makeup of an individual.

answer

Genotype

question

Specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome (they are haploid)

answer

Gametes

question

Having only one copy of every chromosome

answer

Haploid

question

A specialized type of nuclear division that generates unique haploid gametes

answer

Meiosis

question

A cell that is capable of developing into an adult organism. The zygote is formed when an egg is fertilized by a sperm

answer

Zygote

question

An early stage of development reached when a zygote undergoes cell division to form a multicellular structure

answer

Embryo

question

An event in meiosis during which maternal and patterns chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments

answer

Recombination

question

The principle that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during meiosis

answer

Independent Assortment

question

An allele that reveals itself in the phenotype only if a masking dominant allele is not present

answer

Recessive Allele

question

an allele that can mask the presence of a recessive allele

answer

Dominant allele

question

having two different alleles

answer

heterozygous

question

having two identical alleles

answer

homozygous

question

a diagram used to determine probablities of offspring having particular genotypes given the genotypes of the parents

answer

Punnett Square

question

An individual who is heterozygous for a particular gene of interest and there fore can pass on the recessive allele without showing any of its effects

answer

Carrier

question

Sex organs: ovaries in females, testes in males

answer

Gonads

question

Paired chromosomes present in both males and females; all chromosomes except the X and Y chromosomes

answer

Autosomes

question

Paired chromosomes that differ between males and females.

answer

Sex Chromosomes

question

A phenotype determined by an allele on an X chromosome

answer

X-linked trait

question

A visual representation of the occurence of phenotypes across generations

answer

Pedigree

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Comparing sequences on the y chromosome to examine paternity and paternal ancestry

answer

Y-chromosomes Analysis

question

a form of inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive.

answer

incomplete dominance

question

A form of inheritance in which both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype

answer

Codominance

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Variation in a population showing an unbroken range of phenotypes rather than discrete categories

answer

Continuous variation

question

a trait whose phenotype is determined by the interaction among alleles of more than one gene

answer

Polygenic traits

question

An interaction between genes and the environment that contributes to a phenotype or trait

answer

Multifactorial inheritance

question

an abnormal number of one or more chromosomes (either extra or missing copies)

answer

Aneuploidy

question

The failure of chromosomes to separate accurately during cell division

answer

nondisjunction

question

(down syndrome)

answer

trisomy 21

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A procedure that removes fluid surrounding the fetus to obtain and analyze fetal cells to diagnose genetic disorders

answer

amniocentesis

question

The chromosomal makeup of cells. Can be used to detect down syndrome

answer

Karyotype

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