question

Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA? DNA that carries a translocation DNA that includes pieces from two different sources DNA that results from bacterial conjugation an alternate form of DNA that is the product of a mutation

answer

DNA that includes pieces from two different sources

question

Which of these is a genetically modified organism? the first organism in which a particular mutation has appeared an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means a cloned organism carrying two different alleles an organism that gestated in an artificial womb

answer

an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means

question

Which of the following best defines the term transgenic organism? an organism that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele an organism containing a gene from another species an organism containing genes from three or more species an organism in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy

answer

an organism containing a gene from another species

question

The world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______. SCID humulin RFLP HGH

answer

humulin

question

A vaccine works by ______. preventing translation of mRNA molecules that code for disease-causing proteins inhibiting bacterial reproduction killing cells infected with a virus stimulating the immune system to develop lasting defenses

answer

stimulating the immune system to develop lasting defenses

question

Transgenic animals are currently used ______. as vectors for use in cloning human DNA as food to produce potentially useful proteins all of the above

answer

to produce potentially useful proteins

question

Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell? humulin PCR plasmids GM

answer

plasmids

question

Of these steps, which occurs first in the production of a recombinant plasmid? recombination cloning construction of a genomic library isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium

answer

isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium

question

Of these steps, which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA? Bacteria carrying recombinant plasmids are cloned. Human DNA fragments are mixed with the cut plasmids. The recombinant plasmids are mixed with bacteria. The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.

answer

The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.

question

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ______. plasmids multiply and produce the protein outside of the bacterium bacterial genome and plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the desired gene (perhaps the cell of a plant or animal) desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium bacterial chromosome is genetically engineered and the plasmid is used to help the bacterium replicate

answer

desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium

question

The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is an example of ______. industrial genetic engineering gene amplification gene cloning gene pharming

answer

gene cloning

question

A collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome is called a ______. phenotypic library genomic library gene repository clone collection

answer

genomic library

question

Nucleic acid probes are used to ______. isolate bacterial genes synthesize a DNA strand complementary to a sticky end find a specific nucleotide sequence destroy clones that do not carry the recombinant plasmid of interest

answer

find a specific nucleotide sequence

question

Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______. archaea eukaryotes viruses bacteria

answer

bacteria

question

"Sticky ends" are produced as a result of the action of ______. a clone DNA ligase humulin a restriction enzyme

answer

a restriction enzyme

question

"Sticky ends" are ______. telomeres the site on chromosomes where the centromere is found regions of double-stranded DNA that can be cut by a restriction enzyme single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA

answer

single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA

question

A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ______. CGGAT- GCCTA- ATTGC- TAAGC-

answer

TAAGC-

question

Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together? DNA ligase restriction enzyme DNA polymerase telomerase

answer

DNA ligase

question

Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid? using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments allowing the reproduction of the bacterium bearing the recombinant plasmid transduction cloning

answer

using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments

question

You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association? You can use the sample to check for the presence of the Rhesus factor. You can use gel electrophoresis to determine the length of the DNA found in the sample. You can use the sample to determine the individual's ABO blood group. You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis.

answer

You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis.

question

What name is given to a region of DNA that varies from person to person? restriction fragment genetic probe monoDNA genetic marker

answer

genetic marker

question

Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces DNA fragments that can be separated by ______. recombinant DNA enzymes plasmids gel electrophoresis

answer

gel electrophoresis

question

To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ______. gel electrophoresis DNA ligase restriction enzymes PCR

answer

restriction enzymes

question

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their ______. length pH G:T ratio A:C ratio

answer

length

question

STR analysis is a DNA profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have different CODIS DNA sequences different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome. different restriction fragments different alleles for many genes in the genome.

answer

different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome.

question

The scientific field that studies complete sets of genes is called ______. genomics recombinant DNA proteomics genetic engineering

answer

genomics

question

The human genome contains approximately ______ genes. 1,000-2,000 50,000-60,000 2,000-3,000 21,000

answer

21,000

question

Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA? 87% 67% 98% 77%

answer

98%

question

The Human Genome Project has the potential to ______. lead to treatments for inherited diseases increase our understanding of the historical relationships among species lead to treatments for contagious diseases play a role in all of the choices listed here

answer

play a role in all of the choices listed here

question

Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans? Humans are unique and different from all other life forms. Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. Humans are a more complex life form than chimpanzees. Humans evolved from chimpanzees.

answer

Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.

question

To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes, chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ______. cloned and sequenced centrifuged and electrophoresed restricted fingerprinted

answer

cloned and sequenced

question

What technique is most commonly used to sequence entire genomes? the nucleic acid probe method the whole-genome shotgun method the genetic marker method the plasmid method

answer

the whole-genome shotgun method

question

The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is _____. gene therapy gene cloning genomics proteomics

answer

proteomics

question

In human gene therapy, genetically engineered alleles, usually from other species, replace mutated alleles. normal versions of genes are transferred to patients who carry a mutated allele. harmless bacteria make important proteins for humans that cannot produce these proteins on their own. bacterial plasmids are used to transfer genes to human patients.

answer

normal versions of genes are transferred to patients who carry a mutated allele.

question

The state of human gene therapy today is that the work that has been completed so far is purely theoretical, but some treatments are in development. human gene therapy is used routinely in the treatment of certain rare cancers. human gene therapy is used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including diabetes, cancer, and bone marrow diseases. there have been a small number of successes, including with the disease SCID.

answer

there have been a small number of successes, including with the disease SCID.

question

Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations. intestinal somatic gametic immune

answer

gametic

question

Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include ______. the potential for interfering in evolution the potential discrimination against people predisposed to certain diseases the safety of GM foods all of the above

answer

all of the above

question

The possibility that Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan spread an unusual chromosome to nearly 16 million men living today resulted from studies of _____. the X chromosome proteomics cDNA the Y chromosome

answer

the Y chromosome

question

At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this? regeneration carcinogenesis gene expression cellular differentiation

answer

cellular differentiation

question

The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ______. transcription recombination gene expression phenogenesis

answer

gene expression

question

In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their DNA control sequences? exon promoter operon activator

answer

operon

question

Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ______. regulatory gene proto-oncogene promoter operator

answer

promoter

question

In prokaryotes, the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of the ______. master control gene homeobox operon signal transduction pathway

answer

operon

question

In an operon, the ______ acts as an on/off switch. promoter operator activator repressor

answer

operator

question

Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator? promoter repressor RNA polymerase lactose

answer

repressor

question

Repressors act by blocking the binding of _____ to the operator. the operon RNA polymerase DNA polymerase promoters

answer

RNA polymerase

question

What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli? the presence of lactose the absence of lac operon repressor protein the presence of lac operon activator protein the binding of lactose to the lac operon activator

answer

the presence of lactose

question

While examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 functional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell ______. is lacking a chromosome came from a normal human female will become cancerous if one or two more genes are mutated is a gamete

answer

came from a normal human female

question

What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription? the binding and unbinding of transcription factors to enhancer sequences RNA splicing DNA packing and unpacking attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter

answer

DNA packing and unpacking

question

Male tortoiseshell cats ______. do not have an X chromosome have orange and black patches of fur that reflect the pattern of X chromosome inactivation are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY are usually XYY individuals

answer

are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY

question

Which of these plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? RNA splicing gene operons attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter transcription factors

answer

attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter

question

In eukaryotic cells, repressor proteins inhibit transcription by binding to ______. regulators operators silencers enhancers

answer

silencers

question

Introns are ______. DNA sequences to which activators bind noncoding DNA sequences expressed DNA sequences the product of RNA splicing

answer

noncoding DNA sequences

question

Which of these is a type of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression? inactivation of tRNA alteration of proteins alteration of DNA nucleotide sequences binding of transcription factors to enhancers

answer

alteration of proteins

question

How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides? The length of its tail can vary. Two different genes can produce the same RNA transcript, which will then be translated differently. There is more than one way to modify the coded polypeptide. There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript.

answer

There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript.

question

Cells communicate with one another via ______. signal transduction pathways cascades of gene activation the diffusion of RNA transcripts through adhesion junctions RNA splicing

answer

signal transduction pathways

question

The "master control genes" that regulate other genes, which determine what body parts will develop in which locations, are called ______. oncogenes homeotic genes enhancers operons

answer

homeotic genes

question

Which of these is most likely to cause the development of a six-legged frog? mutation of homeotic genes artificial selection dietary supplementation conversion of a proto-oncogene to an oncogene

answer

mutation of homeotic genes

question

Homeotic genes ______. are an example of convergent evolution are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms have very different sequences in plant cells as compared to animal cells regulate gene expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

answer

are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms

question

Which of these techniques could tell you how gene expression differs between individuals with and without cystic fibrosis? therapeutic cloning karyotyping reproductive cloning DNA microarray

answer

DNA microarray

question

How is it that the cells in different body tissues are able to perform different functions? Different chromosomes have been inactivated in different cells. The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression. The mutations that have accumulated in the cells of the different tissues control functions. The cells contain different genes.

answer

The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression.

question

Reproductive cloning involves a cell or nucleus that must be implanted in the egg of an organism that is capable of regenerating lost body parts come from an early stage of embryonic development be dedifferentiated reacquire the genes it lost during the course of development

answer

be dedifferentiated

question

Possible uses of reproductive cloning include ______. the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation the production of organs in pigs for transplant into humans restocking populations of endangered animals all of the above.

answer

all of the above.

question

What is a difference between embryonic and adult stem cells? Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated. Adult stem cells are easier to grow in culture. It is easier to enucleate embryonic stem cells. The use of embryonic stem cells raises fewer ethical issues than the use of adult stem cells.

answer

Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated.

question

What name is given to a gene that causes cancer? cancogene oncogene pathogene homeotic gene

answer

oncogene

question

Many proto-oncogenes regulate ______. cell growth cell suicide cell repair cell division

answer

cell division

question

Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that ______. these cancers are inherited as a dominant trait (for these individuals) lifestyle will have little impact on cancer risk mutations that occur in somatic cells can be passed from parent to offspring predisposition to these cancers is inherited

answer

predisposition to these cancers is inherited

question

Data suggest that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as a(n) ______. oncogene silencer proto-oncogene tumor-suppressor gene

answer

tumor-suppressor gene

question

Which risk factors are associated with cancer of the colon and rectum? dietary fat UV radiation tobacco viruses

answer

dietary fat

question

______ is(are) responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen. Tobacco Asbestos X-rays UV radiation

answer

Tobacco

question

More people die of ______ cancer than of any other cancer. skin breast pancreatic lung

answer

lung

question

Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk? jogging quitting smoking a diet low in plant fiber spending more time in the sun

answer

a diet low in plant fiber

question

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ______ monomers. fatty acid amino acid nucleotide carbohydrate

answer

nucleotide

question

The backbone of DNA consists of ______. a repeating sugar-nucleotide-sugar-nucleotide pattern nitrogenous bases a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern paired nucleotides

answer

a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

question

Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are only found in RNA. thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures. thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA. thymine and cytosine are larger nitrogenous bases.

answer

thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures.

question

RNA contains the nitrogenous base ______ instead of ______, which is only found in DNA. uracil... thymine uracil... guanine a deoxyribose sugar... a ribose sugar thymine... uracil

answer

uracil... thymine

question

If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine? 60% 40% 20% 30%

answer

30%

question

In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______. thymine... cytosine guanine... adenine cytosine... thymine uracil... cytosine

answer

thymine... cytosine

question

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand? ACTTGC CAGGUA TGAACG CAGGTA

answer

CAGGTA

question

Who discovered the structure of DNA? Hershey and Chase Franklin Watson and Crick Pauling

answer

Watson and Crick

question

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______. base rule studies X-ray crystallography studies bacteriophage studies studies of disease-causing bacteria

answer

X-ray crystallography studies

question

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands? covalent hydrophilic ionic hydrogen

answer

hydrogen

question

After replication, ______. one new DNA double helix consists of two old strands and the other new DNA double helix consists of two new strands each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand each new DNA double helix consists of two old strands each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands

answer

each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

question

DNA replication is a slow process that results in virtually no errors. is a very fast process that results in numerous errors. requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins. requires DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.

answer

requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins.

question

The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis about relationships between genes and their products is "one gene-one ______." protein RNA polypeptide enzyme

answer

polypeptide

question

What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism? morphology phenotype genotype holotype

answer

phenotype

question

How many amino acids are common to all living systems? 10 20 30 100

answer

20

question

How many nucleotides make up a codon? two three four five

answer

three

question

The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ______. all life shares a common ancestry the genetic code arose relatively late in the history of life on Earth bacterial cells arose earlier than eukaryotic cells DNA replication is error-free

answer

all life shares a common ancestry

question

Transcription is the ______. manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA manufacture of a protein based on information carried by RNA modification of a strand of RNA prior to the manufacture of a protein manufacture of two new DNA double helices that are identical to an old DNA double helix

answer

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

question

If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______. RNA double helix with the sequence UUCGAG for one strand and AAGCUC for the complimentary strand single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG DNA double helix with the sequence AAGCTC for one strand and TTCGAG for the complementary strand single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

answer

single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

question

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis? RNA polymerase RNase RNA ligase RNA helicase

answer

RNA polymerase

question

The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______. promoter processor start codon initiator

answer

promoter

question

The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______. initiation, elongation, termination splicing, capping, tailing elongation, initiation, termination tailing, capping, splicing

answer

initiation, elongation, termination

question

The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______. a strand of mRNA that lacks its cap and tail the creation of a virus the production of a longer RNA molecule the production of a shorter RNA molecule

answer

the production of a longer RNA molecule

question

What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes? the removal of exons RNA splicing a cap and tail the lack of RNA-digesting enzymes in the cytoplasm

answer

a cap and tail

question

The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______. exons caps promoters introns

answer

exons

question

Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______. DNA... RNA RNA... DNA RNA... a polypeptide DNA... a polypeptide

answer

RNA... a polypeptide

question

The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ______ RNA. nuclear transfer ribosomal messenger

answer

messenger

question

The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ______. AGU TCU AGT TCA

answer

AGU

question

Where is translation accomplished? lysosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes nucleoli

answer

ribosomes

question

During translation, what is the correct order of events that occur as an amino acid is added? initiation, codon recognition, termination peptide bond formation, translocation, codon recognition translocation, codon recognition, termination codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

answer

codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

question

Peptide bonds form between ______. a tRNA and the amino acid it is carrying an mRNA codon and a tRNA anticodon an mRNA transcript and the small ribosomal subunit amino acids

answer

amino acids

question

A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______. change the location at which transcription of the next gene begins result in a polypeptide that is one amino acid shorter than the one produced prior to the mutation result in a shortened polypeptide chain have the same effect as deleting a single nucleotide in the gene

answer

result in a shortened polypeptide chain

question

What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message? one two three four

answer

one

question

What is the ultimate source of all diversity? meiosis natural selection mutation sexual recombination

answer

mutation

question

Mad cow disease is caused by small circular RNA molecules called viroids. an enveloped virus. a retrovirus similar to HIV. infectious proteins called prions.

answer

infectious proteins called prions.

question

How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell without causing cell death? by altering its DNA by altering the way a cell splices its RNA via a lytic cycle via a lysogenic cycle

answer

via a lysogenic cycle

question

Plant viruses ______. cause diseases that can be easily cured often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material do not exist-viruses only attack animals benefit plants, rather than causing disease

answer

often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material

question

A(n) ______ is to bacteria as a ______ is to animal cells. retrovirus... virus prophage... provirus RNA virus... DNA virus phage... prophage

answer

prophage... provirus

question

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) must use its own ______ to reproduce. RNA polymerase tRNA DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase

answer

reverse transcriptase

question

Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA?

answer

DNA that carries genes from different organisms.

question

When human gene is inserted into the yeast cell, the yeast cell produces the human protein encoded by that gene. This is evidence that the genetic code is universal among all life on earth. Which of these statements is an implicaation of the universality of the gentic code?

answer

All life on earth is genetically related.

question

Which of these is a transgenic organism?

answer

an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means

question

Which of the following best defines the term transgenic animal?

answer

an animal containing a gene from a third "parent" maybe another species

question

The worlds first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was?

answer

Humulin

question

A Vaccine works by_

answer

Stimulating the immune system

question

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the_

answer

Desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmidis taken up by the bacterium

question

The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inseting it into a host genome and culturing the host is called_

answer

Gene cloning

question

A virus that has RNA as its genetic material can use_ to convert info stored in RNA to info stored in DNA.

answer

reverse transcriptase

question

An advantage of using reverse transcriptase tp prepare a gene for cloning is that_.

answer

the resulting DNA strand will lack introns

question

A collection of cloned recombinant plasmids that includes fragments from the entire genome of a cell is called a_.

answer

genomic library

question

Nucleic acid probes are used to_

answer

identify a specific nuclieotide sequence

question

Restriction enzymes are obtained from_.

answer

Bacteria

question

"Sticky ends" are produced as a result of the action of_

answer

a restriction enzyme

question

"Sticky ends" are?

answer

single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA

question

Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together?

answer

DNA ligase

question

Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid?

answer

using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments

question

You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association?

answer

you can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis

question

At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cell function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is reponsible for this?

answer

cellular differentiation

question

The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is_

answer

gene expression

question

What name is given to a unit of bacterial chromosomes that controls the expression of a specific set of genes?

answer

operon

question

Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the_

answer

promoter

question

In prokaryotes, the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of the_

answer

operon

question

Which of the following includes the other choices?

answer

operon

question

The_ acts as an on/off switch.

answer

operator

question

Regulatory genes codes for_

answer

repressors

question

Repressors block binding of RNA polymerase by attaching to_

answer

operators

question

What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E coli?

answer

the presence of lactose

question

While examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 funtional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell_

answer

came from a normal humane female

question

what is the first level of control of eukaryotice gene transcription?

answer

DNA packing and unpacking

question

Male tortoiseshell cats

answer

are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY

question

Which of these plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

answer

attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter

question

Eukaryotic DNA sequences called enhancers have a function similar to the_ of prokaryotic operons.

answer

operators

question

In eukaryotic cells, repressors proteins inhibit transcription by binding to_

answer

silencers

question

Inrons are

answer

Unexpressed DNA sequences

question

Which of these is a type of post-trancriptional regulation of gene expression?

answer

alteration of proteins

question

How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides?

answer

There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript.

question

Cells communticate with one antoher via_

answer

signal transduction pathways

question

In fucture, scientists hope to be able to compare whole genomes of individuals, a new field called_

answer

comparative genomes

question

Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans?

answer

Humans and chimpanzeesshare a relatively recent common ancestor

question

To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then

answer

inserted into a vector and cloned

question

What technique was used by Celera Genomics to quickly produce a draft of the nucleotide sequence of the human genome?

answer

whole-genome shotgun approach

question

Genetically human_ cells my directly affect future generations.

answer

gametic

question

Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include_.

answer

E) all of the above

question

The short tandem repeat analysis_.

answer

compares repetitive DNA sequences from different individuals

question

What is the advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin?

answer

Human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow, pig, or horse insulin

question

"Golden rice" is golden bc it is rich in_.

answer

beta-carotene

question

What is a major source of restriction enzymes?

answer

bacteria

question

DNA fragments that have matching sticky ends are joined by bonds formed by action of_

answer

DNA ligase

question

Gel electrophoresis seperates DNA molecules on the basis of_.

answer

their lengths

question

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of_ monomers.

answer

nucleotide

question

The backbone of DNA consists of_.

answer

a reapting sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

question

The DNA double helix is_.

answer

made up of two polynucleotide strands

question

RNA contains_, whereas DNA contains_.

answer

uracil...thymine

question

If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in aDNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?

answer

30%

question

in a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with_ and guanine pairs with_.

answer

thymine...cytosine

question

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand?

answer

CAGGTA

question

Who disscovered the structure of DNA?

answer

Watson and Crick

question

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from_.

answer

X-ray crystallography studies

question

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complemantary DNA strands?

answer

Hydrogen

question

After replication_.

answer

each new DNA double helix consists of one strand and one new strand

question

During replication,_ are the enzymes responsible for joining the nucleotides of a new DNA strand together.

answer

DNA polymerases

question

The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatums hypothesis about relationships between genes and their productsis one gene one_

answer

polypeptide

question

What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism?

answer

phenotype

question

How many amino acids are common to all living systems?

answer

20

question

How many nucleotides make up a condon?

answer

3

question

The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype

answer

is gene expression.

question

Homeoboxes are evidence of

answer

the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms.

question

Cloning provides evidence that each of the different types of cells (e.g., liver cells, intestinal cells) of an individual,

answer

while having different functions, retains a complete genome.

question

DNA microassay is a technique that

answer

could tell you how gene activity differs between individuals with and without cystic fibrosis.

question

Regulatory genes code for

answer

repressors.

question

Developmental similarities among very different animals can be attributed

answer

to shared homeoboxes.

question

Repressors bind to

answer

operators.

question

Male tortoiseshell cats are likely to be exceedingly rare and

answer

very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY.

question

Transcription factors attach to

answer

DNA

question

Data suggest that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as a

answer

tumor-suppressor gene.

question

Examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 functional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell

answer

came from a normal human female.

question

The operator acts as an

answer

an on off switch

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Binding of transcription factors to enhancers is not a

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type of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

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A high fiber diet is a

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lifestyle choice that will not increase cancer risk.

question

Cells communicate with one another via

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signal-transduction pathways.

question

Operon includes

answer

operator, lactose-utilization gene 1&2, and promoter.

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In eukaryotic cells, repressors proteins inhibit transcription by

answer

binding to silencers.

question

Homeotic genes are genes involved in

answer

determining patterns of anatomical development.

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When you started out, you were a single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cell. what is the name of this process

answer

cellular differatitaion

question

The possible uses of reproductive cloning is

answer

the production of organs in pigs for transplant into humans, the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation, the production of potentially valuable drugs, the improvement of the quality of farm animals.

question

In order to make a clone for a mammalian cell, the cell must

answer

differentiate.

question

A gene Operon consists of

answer

transcribed genes and a promoter only.

question

In prokaryotes,

answer

the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of an Operon.

question

There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript into different polypeptides.

answer

...

question

Attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter

answer

plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

question

Proto-oncogenes

answer

regulate cell division.

question

In prokaryotes, Operon is the name given to a

answer

unit that controls the turning on and off of a specific set of genes.

question

The presence of lactose is indicated by

answer

the presence of RNA transcripts of lactose utilizing genes within E-coli?

question

Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers;

answer

thus, it can be said that predisposition to these cancers is inherited as a recessive trait.

question

A mutation in a proto-oncogene will not result in cancer unless (or until)

answer

there are additional mutations in genes such as tumor supressors.

question

More people die of what cancer than any other type?

answer

lung

question

Translation is

answer

a mechanism of controlling gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus?

question

DNA packing and unpacking is the first level of

answer

control of eukaryotic gene transcription.

question

The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression is

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the basis of the different functions of different body tissues?

question

Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated;

answer

adult stem cells are partially differentiated. This is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells.

question

Eukaryotic DNA sequences called enhancers

answer

have a function similar to the operators of prokaryotic operons.

question

To initiate a signal-transduction pathway,

answer

a signal binds to a receptor protein, usually located in the plasma membrane.

question

One of the most potent environmental carcinogens is

answer

uv radiation.

question

Tobacco is responsible for

answer

more cancers than any other carcinogen.

question

Cigarette smoke, fat, uvlight and testosterone are all

answer

carcinogens.

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Introns are

answer

unexpressed DNA sequences.

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Cancer causing genes are

answer

oncogenes.

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A mutation of Homeotic genes is most likely

answer

to cause the development of a six legged frog.

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RNA polymerase binds

answer

to a promoter.

question

The use of therapeutic cloning holds

answer

promise for the treatment of diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

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The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ___.

answer

gene espression

question

In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their DNA control sequence?

answer

operon

question

Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ___.

answer

promoter

question

In an operon the ___ acts as an on/off switch.

answer

operator

question

Which of the following turns of transcription by binding to the operator?

answer

repressor

question

What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes with E. colo?

answer

the presence of lactose

question

What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?

answer

DNA packing and unpacking

question

Male tortoiseshell cats ___.

answer

are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY

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Introns are ___.

answer

noncoding DNA sequences

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Which of these is a type of post-transcriptational regulation of gene expression?

answer

alteration of proteins

question

The "master control genes" that regulate other genes, which determine what body parts will develop in which locations, are called ___.

answer

homeotic genes

question

Homeotic genes ___.

answer

are evidence of the commmon ancestry of eukaryotic organisms

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What name is given to gene that causes cancer?

answer

oncogene

question

Dat a suggests that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as ___.

answer

tumor-suppressor gene

question

Which risk factors are associated with cancer of the colon and rectum?

answer

dietary fat

question

___ is (are) responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen.

answer

Tobacco

question

Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk?

answer

a diet low in plan/spending more time in the sun

question

Examine the figure below. The initiation of transcription requires that enhancers bind to ___.

answer

transcription factors

question

The figure below illustrates ___.

answer

alternating RNA splicing

question

The lac operon is shown in the accompanying figure. Answer the following question after reviewing the figure. The lac operon is usually in the ___ position and is activated by ___.

answer

off... lactose

question

Consider the following figure, which outlines clonibg by nuclear transplantation? Why does the clone not resemble the surrogate mother?

answer

The cloe would exhibit the genes of the genetic donor, not the surrogate.

question

Examine the figure below. In a typical colon cancer, the first step is ___.

answer

the mmutation of a proto-oncogene, producing an oncogene.

question

Jim learned that some cancer cells produce more growth-stimulating proteins than others. What would you give him as a plausible explanation?

answer

Proto-oncogenes may have mutated to become oncogenes in these cells.

question

Jim learned that viruses can sometimes cause cancer and wants to know why. You tell him that ___.

answer

a human cell can aquire an oncognenes in these cells.

question

Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA?

answer

DNA that includes pieces from two different sources

question

Which of the following best defines the tern transgenic organism?

answer

an organism containing a gene from another species

question

The world's first genetically engineered pharmeceutical product was ___.

answer

humulin

question

Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell?

answer

plasmids

question

Of these steps, which occurs first in the production of a recombinant plasmid?

answer

isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium

question

Of these steps, which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA?

answer

The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.

question

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ___.

answer

desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium

question

The process of making multiple copies of gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is a n example of ___.

answer

gene cloning

question

A collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome is called a ___

answer

genomic library

question

Nucleic acid probes are used to ____

answer

find a specific nucleotide sequence

question

Restriction enzymes are obtained from ___

answer

bacteria

question

A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ___

answer

TAAGC-

question

Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together?

answer

DNA ligase

question

Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces DNA fragments that can be seperated by ___

answer

gel electrophoresis

question

To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with

answer

restriction enzymes

question

Gel electrophoresis seperates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their ___

answer

length

question

The human genome contains approximately ___ genes

answer

21,000

question

The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is ___

answer

proteomics

question

One problem of recombinant technology might be ___

answer

production of a human protein that is unable to function properly

question

The following figure shows that gel electrophoresis can be used to seperate repetitive DNA sequences. Gel electrorphoresis DNA fragments because ____

answer

the DNA fragments have different lengths

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