question

At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this?

answer

cellular differentiation

question

The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ______.

answer

gene expression

question

In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their control sequences?

answer

operon

question

Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ______.

answer

promoter

question

In prokaryotes, the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of the ______.

answer

operon

question

) In an operon, the ______ acts as an on/off switch.

answer

operator

question

Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator?

answer

repressors

question

Repressors act by blocking the binding of _____ to the operator.

answer

RNA polymerase

question

What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?

answer

the presence of lactose

question

While examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 functional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell ______.

answer

came from a normal human female

question

What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?

answer

DNA packing and unpacking

question

Male tortoiseshell cats ______.

answer

) are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY

question

Which of these plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

answer

attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter

question

In eukaryotic cells, repressor proteins inhibit transcription by binding to ______.

answer

silencers

question

Introns are ______.

answer

noncoding DNA sequences

question

Which of these is a type of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression?

answer

alteration of proteins

question

How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides?

answer

There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript.

question

Cells communicate with one another via ______.

answer

signal transduction pathways

question

Which of these techniques could tell you how gene expression differs between individuals with and without cystic fibrosis?

answer

DNA microarray

question

How is it that the cells in different body tissues are able to perform different functions?

answer

The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression

question

To make a clonea genetically identical organismfrom a mammalian cell, the cell must ______.

answer

be dedifferentiated

question

what is a difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

answer

Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated.

question

What name is given to a gene that causes cancer?

answer

oncogene

question

Many proto-oncogenes regulate ______.

answer

cell division

question

Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that ______.

answer

predisposition to these cancers is inherited

question

Data suggest that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as a(n) ______.

answer

tumor-suppressor gene

question

One of the most potent environmental carcinogens is ______.

answer

UV radiation

question

More people die of ______ cancer than of any other cancer.

answer

lung

question

Which of these is most likely to cause the development of a six-legged frog?

answer

mutation of homeotic genes

question

Developmental similarities among very different animals, such as fruit flies and mice, can be attributed to ______.

answer

shared homeoboxes

question

Homeoboxes ______.

answer

are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms

question

Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA?

answer

DNA that carries genes from two different sources

question

Which of these is a genetically modified organism?

answer

an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means

question

Which of the following best defines the term transgenic animal?

answer

an animal containing a gene from a another species

question

The world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______.

answer

humulin

question

A vaccine works by ______.

answer

stimulating the immune system to develop lasting defenses

question

Transgenic animals are currently used ______.

answer

to produce potentially useful proteins

question

Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell?

answer

plasmids

question

Of these steps, which occurs first in the production of a recombinant plasmid?

answer

isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium

question

Of these steps, which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA?

answer

The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.

question

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ______.

answer

desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium

question

The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is an example of ______.

answer

gene cloning

question

A collection of cloned recombinant plasmids that includes fragments from the entire genome of a cell is called a ______.

answer

genomic library

question

Nucleic acid probes are used to ______.

answer

find a specific nucleotide sequence

question

Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______.

answer

bacteria

question

"Sticky ends" are produced as a result of the action of ______.

answer

a restriction enzyme

question

"Sticky ends" are ______.

answer

single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA

question

A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ______.

answer

TAAGC-

question

Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together?

answer

DNA ligase

question

Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid?

answer

using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments

question

You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association?

answer

You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis.

question

What name is given to a region of DNA that varies from person to person?

answer

genetic marker

question

Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces DNA fragments that can be separated by ______.

answer

gel electrophoresis

question

To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ______.

answer

restriction enzymes

question

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their ______.

answer

length

question

The scientific field that studies whole genomes is called ______.

answer

genomics

question

The human genome contains approximately ______ genes.

answer

21,000

question

Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA?

answer

98%

question

In the future, scientists hope to be able to compare whole genomes of individuals, a new field called ______.

answer

Comparative genomics

question

Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans?

answer

Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor

question

To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes, chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ______.

answer

cloned and sequenced

question

What technique is most commonly used to sequence entire genomes?

answer

the whole-genome shotgun approach

question

The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is _____.

answer

proteomics

question

Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations.

answer

gametic

question

The possibility that Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan spread an unusual chromosome to nearly 16 million men living today resulted from studies of _____.

answer

the Y chromosome

question

The first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation can be traced back to _____.

answer

Lamarck

question

During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ______.

answer

plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants and animals living in similar regions on other continents

question

While on the Beagle, Darwin was influenced by a book by Charles Lyell that suggested that Earth was ______ and sculpted by geologic processes that ______ today.

answer

old . . . continue

question

What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes mountains had been gradually lifted up over millions of years?

answer

sea snail fossils high up in the Andes mountains

question

Your family is taking a long driving vacation across the midwestern and western United States. As you travel, you notice that the flowers, birds, and trees of the Midwest and the Rocky Mountains are very different. As you ponder why, you remember that such differences in the distribution of species are part of the field of ______.

answer

biogeography

question

Homology is evidence of ______.

answer

common ancestry

question

Which of the following are homologous?

answer

the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat

question

) The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ______.

answer

common ancestry

question

Which of the following is not a requirement of natural selection?

answer

catastrophic events

question

Which one of the following statements is true?

answer

Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.

question

Research on flat-tailed horned lizards demonstrated that natural selection favored lizards that ______.

answer

had the longest horns on the rear of the skull

question

The modern synthesis was a fusion of ______.

answer

biogeography and comparative embryology

question

Which of the following is a population?

answer

all organisms living in your house

question

The smallest unit of evolution is the ______.

answer

population

question

Which of the following is likely to be the result of polygenic inheritance?

answer

human height

question

Which one of the following can create new alleles?

answer

mutation

question

All of the alleles of all of the genes within a population make up that population's ______.

answer

gene pool

question

If the frequency of one allele in a population is 0.7, what is the frequency of the alternate allele?

answer

0.30

question

In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent?

answer

frequency of the homozygous dominants

question

In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does 2pq represent?

answer

frequency of heterozygotes

question

The presence of freckles is due to a dominant allele. Four percent of the individuals in a particular population lack freckles. Use the Hardy-Weinberg formula to calculate the percentage of individuals in this population who are homozygous dominant for freckles.

answer

64%

question

The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is ______.

answer

mutation

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

answer

The population is not evolving

question

Genetic drift is the result of ______.

answer

chance

question

Which one of the following will prevent significant genetic drift?

answer

The population size is large.

question

After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which of the following statements is most likely to apply to this population?

answer

The postbottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the prebottleneck population.

question

The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ______.

answer

involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population

question

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole?

answer

founder effect

question

Gene flow is accomplished by ______.

answer

migration

question

What does Darwinian fitness measure?

answer

REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS

question

Which of the following is an example of directional selection?

answer

There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

question

Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection?

answer

Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.

question

Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation?

answer

stabilizing selection

question

Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?

answer

THe birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.

question

Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?

answer

Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails.

question

Eukaryotes arose about ______ years after the first prokaryotes.

answer

1.5 billion

question

Large amounts of oxygen gas appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago.

answer

2.7 billion

question

Animal life underwent its greatest diversification during the ______, which began about ______ million years ago.

answer

Cambrian . . . 540

question

Which kingdom(s) was(were) the first to colonize land?

answer

Plantae and Fungi

question

Land was first colonized about ______ years ago.

answer

500 million

question

The idea that life regularly arises from nonliving matter is referred to as ______.

answer

spontaneous generation

question

The absence of ______ in the primitive atmosphere was essential to the origin of life on Earth.

answer

O2

question

What was the first stage of the process that led to the abiotic origin of life?

answer

abiotic synthesis of monomers, such as amino acids and nucleotides

question

Whose experiments demonstrated that, given the conditions on the primitive Earth, biological monomers could arise spontaneously?

answer

Miller and Urey

question

Under what abiotic conditions can monomers spontaneously form polymers?

answer

when water evaporates from a hot surface

question

Why is RNA thought to have been the first genetic material?

answer

RNA is capable of self-replication; DNA is not.

question

RNAs that can act as enzymes are called ______.

answer

ribozymes

question

Variation among pre-cells was due to ______.

answer

mutation

question

Which prokaryotic group is most closely related to eukaryotes?

answer

domain Archaea

question

The prokaryotic group that tends to inhabit extreme environments belongs to the ______.

answer

domain Archaea

question

Which of the following are primarily responsible for an unfortunate side effect of eating beans?

answer

dinoflagellates

question

Spherical bacteria that occur in clusters are ______.

answer

staphylococci

question

Which of the following would likely be the most difficult to kill were you to can your own food?

answer

endospores

question

Prokaryotes reproduce by means of ______.

answer

binary fission

question

Under ideal conditions, prokaryotes are capable of reproducing at a(n) ______ rate.

answer

exponential

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