question

When is your lecture test on this material?

answer

10/5/10→Study, Study, Study...

question

What are the three microbe types (in terms of single celled, organisms and whether or not they have a nucleus)?

answer

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Non-Cellular

question

What is microbiology dependant upon for its study?

answer

Technology

question

What was discovered in Europe around 6000 B.C.?

answer

Grain that was stored in dug holes in bins was getting wet and fermenting. The resulting liquid was a crude form of beer. People started doing it on purpose ;-)

question

What did the Egyptians discover in 4000 B.C.?

answer

A form of fungi that made bread dough rise...yeast!

question

Who made his own crude microscope lenses and in what year? What did he discover that sometimes gives him the title of "the father of microbiology"?

answer

Antone Van Leevwenhoek in 1674
He discovered live microbes and recorded it with the British Royal Society.

question

What is the term for the (wrong) idea that living organisms can sprout from non-living material?

answer

Abiogenesis

question

Which famous philosopher taught the theory of abiogenesis?

answer

Aristotle

question

Who wrote a "recipe" for the abiogenesis of mice in the 1600's?

answer

Van Helmont

question

Who disproved abiogenesis at the macroscopic level? What year?

answer

Francesco Redi in the year 1665 proved that flies do not sprout from rotting meat by sealing a piece of it in a jar and placing another without a lid.

question

Who started to;disprove the abiogenesis of microbes and in what year? Why would no one believe him?

answer

Lazzaro Spallanzani disproved it in 1766 by sealing boiled broth with glass, but he was not believed because no oxygen could enter.

question

Who disproved the theory of abiogenesis at the microbe level and was deemed credible? What year?

answer

Lois Pasteur between the years of 1860-1864. He also has the title of the "father of microbiology."

question

What is Pasteur also credited for?

answer

Connected organisms to fermentation, created the process of Pasteurization.

question

What is the;term for when organisms arise from other organisms?

answer

biogenesis

question

Who suggested, but couldn't prove that disease was contageous and may be spread from individual to individual? What year?

answer

Girolamo Fracastoro suggested this idea in 1546 but did not have a scientific means to prove it.

question

Who tried to start the aseptic technique in hospitals? What year?

answer

Ignas Semmelweis in the 1840s tried but was fired from his job as a hospital administrator. He eventually died of the disease he was trying to prevent the spead of.

question

Who developed aseptic technique during surgeries and perfected pure culture technique? What year?

answer

Joseph Listed in 1860 found that patients were more likely to live if he were to sterilize the area.

question

By who and when was it proved that microbes spread disease?

answer

Robert Koch in 1876 developed a method called Koch's postulates to demonstrate that spesific microbes can cause a spesific disease. He inoculated cattle in his experiment.

question

What are Koch's Postulates?

answer

Find the suspected causitive agent in every case of disease.
Grow the microbe in pure form.
Inoculate a healthy, susceptible animal, and see if disease symptoms develop.
Reisolate the same etiological agent from the inoculated animal.

question

When was the golden age of microbiology?

answer

1857-1914

question

Who developed the Petri dish, Gram stain, and Agar?

answer

Robert Petri, Han Christian Gram, and Fanny Hesse

question

When was immunization first proven and documented? By who and what year?

answer

Lois Pasteur in 1880 was using chickens to prove Koch's Postulates. He tried to inoculate chickens with older chicken cholera culture and they didn't get sick. The second round he used stronger culture and the first batch of chickens didn't get sick and the second died.

question

Where did Lois Pasteur get the term "vaccine" and what year did this person perform the experiments?

answer

Edward Jenner coined the term in 1796 when he found that fluid from skin lesions caused by cow pox could prevent small pox.

question

While we know there is no "magic bullet" cure, who advertised that they had one? What was he really selling and in what year?

answer

Paul Ehrlich in the 1900s actually was selling an arsenic compound called salvarsin which is today used to treat syphilis.

question

Who discovered;the first antibiotic? What was it called?

answer

Alexander Fleming discovered accidently that some microbes were making penicillin;and other colonies would not get near

question

What are the differences between asextual and sextual reproduction?

answer

In asextual reproduction no genetic reorganization occurs. A cell just "clones itself." In sextual reproduction there is an exchange of genetic material making a new, unique individual.

question

What must all organisms display to be characterized as "Living Things?" Describe what each characteristic means.

answer

Reproduction, Metabolism, Growth, Response to Stimuli, Mutation, Maintinence of Organization

question

Define anabolism, catabolism, and amphibolic.

answer

Anabolism- Building
Catabolism- Breaking Down
Amphibolic- Both building and breaking down.

question

What is Protoplasm? What does it consist of?

answer

A living substance that cells are made of.; The most common atoms are CHOPKINS CaFe Mg NaCl, and Molecules like H20.

question

List all of the reasons why water is so important to life.

answer

Allows for aq rxns to occur within the body
Helps in transport
Maintains cell shape/size
Resists temperature change
Dissolved salts (now ions) conduct electricity (electrolytes)
Density is high as a liquid and low as a solid

question

Explain the difference between a dehydration synthesis and a hydrolysis rxn.

answer

Dehydration synthesis is when bonds are formed allowing a water to be formed and break off. Hydrolysis is when;a water is broken apart (sometimes to break a bond in a molecule)

question

What are organic compounds? What are the exceptions?

answer

Organic compounds contian carbon. Exceptions to this rule are CO2, CO and HCO3 1-
;

question

Name all of the monosaccharides. What are they?

answer

Monosaccharides are a single carbohydrate unit. Their molecular shapes are pentose monosaccharides (C5H2O5), hexose monosaccharides (C6H12O6), ribose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose.

question

What are disaccharides? What are their properties?

answer

Disaccharides are two sugar carbohydrate units that are formed by condensation rxns. They are maltose (C12H22O16), sucrose, lactose.

question

What are trisaccharides? What are some examples?

answer

Trisaccharides are a three unit carbohydrate formed by;condensation rxns. They include C13H32O16.

question

What are polysaccharides? Give some examples.

answer

Polysaccharides are carboyhdrate polymers made up of many small repeating units.;They include starch, glycogen, and agar. Unlike the other forms of carbohydrate, polysaccharides are not sweet or water soluble.

question

What are proteins? What primary;atoms are they made from?

answer

Proteins are large globular molecules made up of twenty different amino acids. Each amino acid is linked by a peptide bond and is made up of the atoms carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfer.

question

Describe the different structures a protein may have.

answer

Primary Structure- A polypeptide chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
Secondary Structure- A folded or twisted form of a chain of amino acids.
Tertiary Structure- The folds and twists are formed into a globular ball made from a single polypeptide.
Quartenary Structure- Multiple polypeptides;joined by peptide bonds to form a globular ball (4 to many polypeptides).

question

What is the role of a protein?

answer

They are structually used in the plasmalemma, act to transport things in and out of cells (channels, pumps, carriers), act as enzymes, antibodies, and can be used as an energy source.

question

Define the terms ampipathic and amphiphilic. Give examples of each.

answer

Both have a dual meaning; a molecule with both polar and non-polar parts. An example of a molecule like this is a Protein or Triglyceride.

question

What are lipids? What are their major atomic components?

answer

Lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. They primarily have carbon, hydrogen and oxygen components with occasional nitrogen and phosphorous.

question

Name a few types of lipids. Where are they found?

answer

Triglycerides- 3 glycerol backbone with three fatty acid chains branching off. Found in the fats that people eat.
Phospholipid- a 3 glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate branching off. Found in the plasmalemma.

question

Why are some lipids solid vs. liquid at room temperature?

answer

Some lipids are saturated with hydrogen bonds such that there are no more double bonds. This type of fat works well as a preservative. Unsaturated fat has double bonds in the chain of fatty acids that give it less hydrogen throughout. This makes it liquid at room temperature (olive oil, canola oil, etc.);while saturated fat is a solid (butter, lard, etc.);

question

What are nucleic acids? What atoms are they primarily composed of?

answer

Nucleic acids are polymers that form a long chain of repeating units called nucleotides. The primary atoms they are composed of are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nytrogen and phosphorous.

question

Describe the funcion of Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides in an organism.

answer

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are both nucleic acids and function to store and decode;genetic material. Nucleotides are the repeating unit in nucleic acids and make up nucleotide triphosphate (ATP), coenzymes (NAD, FAD, NADP), and regulatory molecules such as cyclic-AMP and cyclic-GMP

question

What are the bases for DNA? Is there a difference with RNA?

answer

Adinine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine are the nucleotides for DNA. In RNA Uracil replaces thymine in the sequence.

question

What are Purines? What are Purimidines?

answer

Purines are the two nitrogenous bases: Adinine and Guanine. These each have a two ring shape.
Purimidines are the other two nitrogenous bases: Cytosine and Thymine(Uracil in RNA). These have a single ring shape.

question

What is the basic nucleotide made up of? What kind of bonds hold them together?

answer

It is a "bent shape" with;a sugar backbone (Either ribose or deoxyribose; both are pentose monosaccharides.);with a phosphate group off of one side and a nitrogenous base off the other. The bonds formed are covalent and are called phosphodiester bonds. It is a condensation reaction and forms water.

question

What do carbohydrates and proteins form?

answer

Glycoproteins

question

What do lipids and proteins form?

answer

Lipoproteins

question

What do carbohydrates and lipids form?

answer

lypopolysaccharides

question

Describe the compositions of the plasmalemma in both a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell.

answer

Plasmalemma is composed of 50/50 phospholipid to protein in a eukaryote and 40/60 phospholipid to protein in a prokaryote. The plasmalemma is thin and dynamic (always changing) in both kinds of cell.

question

What are the names for the current plasmalemma model? When was it named?

answer

Singer Nicholson "Fluid Mosaic Model" in 1972. It has gone through some changes since but the same basic concept is there.

question

What are the names of the proteins that pass completely through the plasmalemma? Thoes that rest on the surface?

answer

Thoes that pass through are called integral proteins while thoes that sit on the surface are extrinsic or peripheral proteins.

question

Compare and contrast cell membrane lipid composition of a Eukaryote vs. a Prokaryote.

answer

Eukaryotes... 65% phospholipid, 25% cholesterol, 10% other
Prokaryotes... Do not have cholesterol and mainly have phospholipid.

question

Describe the polarity of the plasmalemma.

answer

The phosphlipid heads are polar and hydrophillic while the tails are hydrophobic and non-polar. Two layers sit back to back with tails in heads out allowing only small non-polar molecules, and water to pass directly through.

question

List and describe the functions of the plasmalemma.

answer

Separates the cytoplasm from the outside.
Regulates which particles may pass (whether it is directly through, channels, carriers, etc.)
Influences Taxis- Movement of cells within their environment.
Synthesis of ATP (in prokaryotes)
Quorum Sensing- Bacteria that sense a large population of themselves release chemicals, light, etc.

question

What is Osmosis?

answer

The movement of solvent from low to high solute concentration.

question

What type of solution is a cell in if there is a higher solute concentration on the outside of the cell and it shrivels?

answer

hypertonic

question

What type of solution is a cell in if there is more solute inside the cell than outside and it bursts?

answer

Hypotonic

question

What type of solution is a cell in if there are equal soute concentrations on the outside and inside of the cell?

answer

Isotonic

question

What is active transport? Give examples.

answer

A process of transmembrane transport that requires energy or ATP. This can be used to create chemical or electrical gradients. For example, the sodium potassium pump.

question

Name three protein complexes that are involved in secondary active transport.

answer

Symport, Antiport, and Uniport

question

What is Group Translocation? What type of cell does this?

answer

Bacteria use this. By phosphoralating a molecule such as glucose, it can cross the lipid bilayer without using a carrier. Phosphorolation requires energy so it is an active process.

question

Name four more active processes that involve vesicles.

answer

endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis (cell drinking), phagocytosis (cell eating)

question

Define cytology. What is the new term to describe this study?

answer

Cytology is the study of cells, but it is;now called molecular biology.

question

Describe who developed;cell theory? In what year? What does the theory state?

answer

Cell theory was developed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839. The theory states that cells are the basic living units of structure and function;in all living organisms, and that all cells come from other cells (abiogenesis).

question

Compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.

answer

Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membranous organelles. They contain CCC-DNA and 70S ribosomes. Finally, their membranes can synthesize;ATP and lack cholesterol.
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membranous organelles. Their DNA contains two or more linear chromosomes with 80S ribosomes. Finally, their membrane contains cholesterol and does not synthesize ATP.

question

Endoplasmic Reticulum

answer

A membranous structure that fills the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. It can either be rough or smooth. The rough version contains ribosomes that are the site of protein synthesis and the smooth;version functions in storage, transport and lipid synthesis.

question

Golgi Apparatus

answer

A membranous organelle that resembles a stack of flattened pancakes. This functions in storage, transport, sorting, categorizing materials, polysaccharide synthesis, assembly, packaging and secretion.

question

Ribosomes

answer

The;small and a large rRNA structures make up one ribosome. In prokaryotes, the subunits are called 30S and 50S. In eukaryotes, the subunits are 40S and 60S. The whole unit is called 70S in prokaryotes and 80S in eukaryotes. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

question

Vacuoles and Vessicles

answer

Bubbles within cells made up of cell membrane. Vessicles are smaller and involved in transport of waste/cell products. Vacuoles are larger and involved in storage in large amounts. Contractile vacuoles are involved in pumping water out of a cell. When the pore to the outside of a contractile vacuole is relaxed it is called diastole and when it contracts it is called systole.

question

Chromosomes

answer

Folded chromatin around histones, which are then wound around nucleosomes to form a dense x-shaped mass (when replication has been completed). Chromosomes are visible with a light microscope.

question

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

answer

Vessicle filled with inactive enzymes that digest cellular waste or invadors. When the two vessicles merge, the ;Peroxisomes are lysosomes that contain;catalase enzymes that break down H202;.

question

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

answer

These structures contain cristae and thylakoids respectively. The inner membranes are 40/60 lipid/protein while the outer membranes are 50/50 lipid/protein. These structuers are thought to have been engulfed by early eukaryotic cells and are in fact prokaryotes. They are;sensitive to antimicrobial drugs, contian CCC-DNA and 70S ribosomes.;

question

Nucleus

answer

A large spherical mass in eukaryotes that contains a nucleolus, DNA, some RNA, and nuclear proteins. The Nucleus is the control center of the cell.

question

Nuclear Envelope

answer

A membrane that surrounds the nucleoplasm. The Nuclear Envelope contains nuclear pores that allow the passage of molecules such as RNA.

question

Nucleoplasm

answer

Fluid that contains homogenous proteins- histones, heterogenous proteins- enzymes, and chromatin.

question

Nucleolus

answer

A darker area of the nucleus that is the site of RNA synthesis.

question

Spliceosomes

answer

Short pieces of sRNA that aid in post-transcriptional modification. The introns from the RNA are removed and the exons are spliced together.

question

Microtubules

answer

Tube structures formed by alpha and beta tubulin proteins. These structures are constantly being assembled and taken appart by the cell as needed. Their functions include making up portions of the cytoskeleton and forming the "skeletons" for structures such as cilia, and flagella.

question

Microfillaments

answer

An internal cellular network of actin and myosin protein fibers that help maintain cell shape and aid in endocytosis and exocytosis.

question

Cellular Inclusions

answer

Non-living anomalies within cells that can be oil droplets, crystals, granules, etc.

question

Cell Wall

answer

A non-living peptidoglycan layer around the cell membrane that protects the cell from physical (Gram +) and chemical (Gram -) harm as well as helping the cell retain its shape and to prevent explosion in hypotonic environments.

question

Flagella (prokaryotic)

answer

Long and thin structures that function to move the cell by a rotary motion. These are not made of microtubules but of; 3 flagellin proteins wrapped together (not surrounded by cell membrane). They function in swimming toward food, away from predators, and overall movement.

question

atrichous

answer

no flagella

question

monotrichous

answer

one flagella

question

polytrichous or peritrichous

answer

many flagella

question

ophotrichous

answer

flagella in a "tuft" at one end

question

amphitrichous

answer

flagella at both ends

question

Fimbriae

answer

Hair like projections all over the cell that are mad of fimbrin proteins. They function in attachment to surfaces or other cells.

question

Pili

answer

A longer thread like projection from the cell that functions in the exchange of genetic material between cells.

question

glycocalyx

answer

A layer that is outside the cell wall of some cells. It functions;as a resovoire of stored food, helps in attachment, and protects against host immunity. If it is thick it is a capsule. If it is thin, it is a slime layer.

question

Periplasmic Space

answer

A potential gap between the cell membrane and the cell wall.

question

Periplasmic Flagella

answer

Flagella located in the periplasmic space of a cell. Also called endoflagella, these are common to the;phylum Spirochetes.

question

Mesosomes

answer

These are folds in the cell membrane that aid in the production of ATP using some of the same method that a mitochondria would use.

question

Thylakoids (prokaryote)

answer

Folds in the membrane that perform photosynthesis to provide the cell with ATP. These structures are found within cyannobacteria.

question

Nucleoid/Nuclear Region

answer

The area of a prokaryotic cell that contains the CCC-DNA. Remember that it is NOT surrounded by a membrane.

question

Plasmid

answer

A small extrachromasomal ring of DNA that contains non-essential to cell function. F-factor plasmids contain genes for sex pili and R-factor plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistance.

question

Carboxysomes

answer

Inclusions within prokaryotic cells that contain enzymes for fixing CO2

question

Poly ;-hydroxybutyrate granules

answer

Inclusions that act as a nutrient reserve in prokaryotes.

question

Gas Vacuoles

answer

"air" filled inclusions in prokaryotes that aid in buoyancy of the microbe.

question

Magnetosimes

answer

Inclusions in prokaryotes involved in magnetotaxis.

question

Sulfur Granules

answer

Inclusions in prokaryotes that are basically sulfur granules.

question

Endospores

answer

Dormant, non-metabolic structures that some bacteria form. They have been know to survive radiation, chemicals, etc. and to later form viable healthy cells. This allows the cell to survive during unfavorable conditions. They consist of DNA, little RNA and almost no water surrounded by two membranes and two walls.

question

Vegetative Cells

answer

Cells that are alive metabolically. Endospores are not vegetative cells, but are created by them. Vegetative cells may have endospores within them.

question

Sporulation

answer

A process in which a cell makes endospores.
;Cell replicates genetic material (DNA)
DNA separates and membrane septum forms.
The layers of membrane and wall form (covering formation)

question

Germination

answer

When an endospore comes into contact with moisture, and/or a number of factors that triggers it to grow into a new cell.;The endospores take in water, metabolism begins and they start to grow.

question

Akinetes

answer

A dormant or resting cell

question

Heterocysts

answer

Large cells with thick walls. These are specialized cells made by cyannobacteria that are so complex that they can't reproduce. They function to "fix" nitrogen.

question

Conidia (conidiospores)

answer

Reproductive cells formed by filamentous bacteria (like beads on a string)

question

Spheroplast

answer

Cells that are made by removing the cell wall (peptidoglycan) of a Gram negative cell. They are sensitive to changes in tonicity.

question

Protoplast

answer

A cell made by removing the cell wall (peptidoglycan) of Gram positive cells. They are sensitive to changes in tonicity.

question

Taxonomy

answer

The classification of organisms into categories. These categories depend on structure, function, and morphology.

question

Binomial Nomenclature

answer

A two name system for naming species. Both names are always italicized if typed or underlined if written. The first name is the genus and it is capitalized, while the second name is the species and it is lower case...
Equus caballus

question

List the taxonimic ranks and a way to remember them.

answer

Domain.................Dumb
Kingdom...............Kids
Phylum.................Playing
Class.....................Chase
Order....................On
Family...................Freeways
Genus....................Go
Species..................Splat

question

Who preposed the Protista Kingdom?

answer

Ernst Haekel

question

Who first suggested that prokaryotes and eukaryotes should be separated?

answer

Robert Stanier

question

Who preposed the five kingdom system?

answer

Robert H. Whitticer

question

Who came up with adding a domain on top of the Kindoms?

answer

Carl Woese

question

Which kindom is invalid?

answer

Kindom Monera

question

List the nine criteria used to classify microorganisms.

answer

Morphology (cellular and colonies)
Mode of Reproduction
Nutrition and Metabolism
Gas Requirements
Temperature Requirements
pH Requirements
Osmotic Pressure Requirements
Environmental Relationships
Biochemical Analysis

question

Phototrophs

answer

use light energy

question

Chemotrophs

answer

Use chemical energy

question

Autotrophs

answer

Use inorganic carbon sources

question

Heterotrophs

answer

Use organic compounds for their carbon source.

question

Photoautotrophs

answer

use light energy and inorganic carbon

question

Photoheterotrophs

answer

Use light energy and organic carbon

question

Chemoautotrophs

answer

Use chemical energy and inorganic carbon

question

Chemoheterotrophs

answer

Use chemical energy and organic carbon

question

Saprotrophs

answer

Chemoheterotrophs that feed on dead or decaying material

question

Parisites

answer

Chemoheterotrophs that leech of another organisms nutrients. They can be endoparasitic or ectoparisitic.

question

Hypotrophs

answer

Chemoheterotrophs that live inside the cells of other organisms.

question

Carnivore, Herbavore, Omnivore

answer

Carnivore- Chemoheterotroph that gets its nutriants from meat
Herbavore- Chemoheterotroph that gets its nutrients from plants
Omnivore- Chemoheterotroph that gets its nutrients from both meat and plants.

question

What are the two types of microbial metabolism?

answer

Respiratory Organisms- Use inorganic compounds as their final electron acceptor.
Fermentive Organisms- Use organic compounds as thier final electron acceptro.
Some organisms are capable of doing BOTH.

question

Obligate Aerobes

answer

Organisms that require oxygen for growth. They do not tolerate Carbon Dioxide.

question

Obligate Anaerobes

answer

Organisms that do not tolerate Oxygen. Although this does not mean that they are Fermentative or that they need CO2 to survive.

question

Facultative Anaerobes

answer

Organisms that grow well with or without oxygen.

question

Microaerophils

answer

Organisms that grow best in lower oxygen levels (lower than that which is in the atmosphere).

question

Psychrophiles

answer

Organisms that grow best between -5°C and 20°C.

question

Mesophiles

answer

Organisms that grow best between the temperatures of 20°C to 45°C.

question

Thermophiles

answer

Organisms that grow best between the temperatures of 45°C to 60°C.

question

Hyperthermophiles

answer

Organisms that grow best above 60°C.

question

Psychroduric

answer

Organisms that can endure and survive exposure to cold. This describes most bacteria.

question

Thermoduric

answer

Organisms able to endure and survive heat (e.g. Endospores)

question

Acidophiles

answer

Organisms that prefer acidic environments.

question

Describe the typical pH prefered by microbes. What do we do to our culture medium to account for this?

answer

Microbes like neutral environments of a pH of 7.0 for the most part. To account for this, we add buffers to the culture media.

question

Name the three different forms of Symbiosis.

answer

Two or more different organisms coexist in one of three ways:
Mutualistic- All parties benefit and help eachother
Parasitic- An organism occupies a host and steals its nutrients
Pathogenic- An organism infects a host causing damage and disease to that individual.

question

Enzymatic Testing

answer

A test that we will learn about and use during physiological unknown #1.

question

Phage Typing

answer

A test involving the use of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify spesific types of bacteria.

question

Serological testing

answer

Use of antibodies to detect the presence of spesific antigens.

question

Nucleic Acid Analysis

answer

Several tests used to study DNA and RNA: percent base composition, nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, gel electrophoresis, DNA fingerprinting, RFLP, nucleotide sequencing.

question

Protein Analysis

answer

Test involving gel electrophoresis and amino acid sequencing.

question

Cladograms

answer

Tree like charts used to indicate relations between organisms.

question

Cladistics

answer

A way of hypothesizing evolutionary relationships between organisms and using a cladogram to classify them.

question

Phylogenetic Tree

answer

A more complex cladogram containing currently living organisms and their ancestors.

question

Phylogeny

answer

Evolutionary History

question

What are three reasons that archea can not be considered within the domain bacteria?

answer

Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan
cell membranes' lipids are unlike thoes of other cells (fatty acid chain attaches to the phospholipid on the opposite side)
Nucleotide sequences of 16S RNA is unlike anything else

question

Methanogenic

answer

Anaerobic archea that make;CH4 from CO2

question

Extreme Halophiles

answer

Salt loving archea. The phototroph Halobacterium halobium make a light sensitive pigment called bacteriorhodopsin used in computers and similar to rhodopsin in the human eye.

question

Thermoacidophiles

answer

Archea that love hot, acidic environments. Sometimes their enzymes are used in industrial processes.

question

Deinococcus

answer

A genus extremely resistant to heat, radiation, dessication. Have enzymes used to repair DNA.

question

Thermus aquaticus

answer

An organism that loves hot environments and can be found in the hot springs in Yellowstone.

question

Phylum Cyannobacteria

answer

Formerly called Blue/Green algae these can fix nitrogen using heterocysts and produce cyanotoxins called microcystins that cause liver damage.
Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria- Use light energy and produce sulfur granules

question

Phylum Proteobacteria

answer

Rickettsia and Orientia- hypotrophs that are obligate intracellular parasites.
Wolbachia- Parasites of insects and round worms
Rhizobium- Nitrogen fixing root nodules that give nitrogen to plants and bacteria get nutrients from the plant in a mutualistic relationship
Agrobacterium tumifasciens- Form crown gals
Azotobacter- Fix nitrogen
Sphaerotilus- Sheathed bacteria
Thiobacillus- Chemoautotrophs used in sulfur removal
Pseudomonas- Chemoheterotrophs that use unusual carbon sources
Pseudomonas syringae- Used to make artificial snow
Photobacterium phosphoreum- bioluminescent because of luciferase enzymes
Escherichia coli- Very studied organism that lives in the human gut. Some are pathogens.
Bdellovibrio- hypotrophs that live in Gram negatives' periplasmic space.

question

Phylum Firmacutes

answer

Gram positive
Clostridium- Obligatory anaerobe, that causes tetanus and botulism. Form endospores
Mycoplasma- Lack peptidoglycan and cause walking pneumonia.
Bacillus- Endospore formers and can be pathogens.
Bacillus thuringiensis- anti insect genes in seeds.
Bacillus subtilis & Paenibacillus polymyxa- used as antibiotics
Staphlycoccus- human pathogens aureus causes toxic shock syndrom while epidermis is non-pathogenic
Lactobacillus- Aids in making yogurt and cheese
Lactococcus- catalyase negative
Streptococcus- some used in food processing. pnemoniae and pyogenes are human pathogens

question

Phylum Aetinobacteria

answer

Micrococcus, Dermacoccus, Kocuria, Kytococcus- Colorful bacteria that are catalase positive, oxidase-negative, non-pathogenic
Corynebacterium- irregular bacilli that have metachromatic granules
Mycobacterium- walls are acid-fast
Streptomyces- fillamentous bacteria that produce conidia

question

Phylum Chlamydiae

answer

Chlamydiae- A bacteria that is the most common STD and uses host's ATP because it is inefficiant in its attempts to make ATP.

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Phylum Spirochetes

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Gram negative that have periplasmic flagella.

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Mycology

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The science or study of fugi

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Describe the Taxonomy of Fungi

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Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi (or Mycetea)

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Fungi

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Nucleated, achlorophyllous, chemoheterotrophs. Many can be saphotrophs or decomposers.

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Name the 3 categories of Fungi.

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Yeasts- single celled
Molds- microscopic, made of fillaments
Fleshy Fungi- macroscopic, made of fillaments (we will not look at many fleshy fungi since this is a microbiology course and these are macro)

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Hyphae

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Thread like fillaments that make up;a fungus.

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Septate Hypha

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A form of hypha in which each cell is in a chain and appears to have a separte cytoplasm. These septa, visible under a light microscope, are not complete and have an opening in the center. This is called a synctium.

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Aseptate Hypha

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Hyphae that when viewed under;a light microscope;appear to have one large cytoplasm and are multinucleated.

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Describe the compsition of a fungi's cell wall.

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They can be made up of a variety of substances including chitin, cellulose, glucagon, glass, etc.

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Dikaryon

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Two nucleii per cell. Fungi may display this attribute.

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Mycelium

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A mass of hyphae visible to the naked eye.

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Haustoria

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A fungus that penitrates plants and absorb nutrients. For example, Albugo...
[image]

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Mycorhizae

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A symbiotic, mutualistic relationship between plant roots and a fungus. The fungus receives nutrient from the plant and the plant receives minerals (PHOSPOROUS) from the fungus.

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Describe the ways in which a fungus can reproduce asexually.

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Fission, Budding, Spore Formation and Fragmentation

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Name the phases in which a fungus reproduces sexually.

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Plasmogamy- Joining of protoplasm
Karyogamy- Joining of two nuclei (from separate fungi)
Meiosis- Diploid zygote becomes four haploid, genetically unique spores.

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List the eight reasons why fungi are significant to study. Remember that bacteria may be significant in these ways as well.

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Are saprotrophs
Mycorrhizae with plants
Food Source
Used in food processing/preservation (cheese and yogurt)
Produce antibodies (only some species)
Produce enzymes, organic acids, and solvents used in industry
Genetically engineered fungi produce human proteins
Some are pathogens/cause intoxication

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Mycoses

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Fungal induced diseases or thoes caused by fungi.

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What is the main reason for a fungal infection? What causes this?

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Decreased immune function caused by a prolonged use of antibiotics, use of chemotherapy, or the presence of HIV within the host.

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Name the three mycoses categories and give the common diseases and the taxonomic names involved.

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Superficial- Tinea pedis/capitis/corporis...caused by Dermophytes such as Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum.
Subcutaneous- Sporotrichosis and Chromomycosis...caused by Sporothrix shenkii and black molds respectively.
Deep/Systemic- Coccidiodomycosis and Histoplasmosis...caused by Coccidioides imintis, Histoplasma capsulatum respectively.

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What is Microbiology?

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The study of living organisms too small to be observed with the naked eye.

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Intoxication

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Poisining due to fungi toxins called mycotoxins.

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Opportunistic Pathogens (Fungi)

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Thoes that are not normally pathogens, but happen to be introduced.

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List the five opportunistic pathogens (fungi).

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Candida albicans- normal microbiota that may cause septicemia in the blood.
Cryptococcus neoformans- yeast like/found near birds
Aspergillus fumingatus/niger- cause pnemonia in immuno-compromised hosts
Rhizopus stolonifer- fungus balls form in lungs. Breathed in from bread mold!
Pneumoncysis carinii- causes pnemonia in immuno-compromised patients.

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List the four fungi that have properties of intoxication.

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Amanita phalloides- toxins cause liver damage if ingested
Aspergillus flavus- produce Aflatoxin the most potent carcenogen.
Claviceps purpurea- toxins are the source of LSD
Stachybotrys atra- black mold that grows on wet cellulose

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Algae

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Plant-like microbes (NOT PLANTS) that are in the Kindom Protista. They live in either fresh or salt water and have cell walls of cellulouse or glass. They are catagorized into three groups: Green algae, Brown algae, Red algae. They are photoautotrophs and along with cyannobacteria produce 70% of the oxygen in the earth's atmosphere (phytoplankton on the ocean surface)

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Phycology

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The science or study of algae.

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Name the three different photosynthetic pigments in the Kingdom Protista.

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Phycobillins (Red), Carotinoids (yellow/orange), chlorophylls (green A, B, C)

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Name the ways in which algae reproduce asexually.

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Fission- binary, longitudinal, or shrinking
Fragmentation- fillamentous algae
Asexual spores

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Name the steps in which an algae can reproduce sexually.

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A process with the three steps of...
1. plasmogomy, 2. karyogomy, and 3. meiosis.

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Eutrophication

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Increase in algae populations in the oceans, and lakes causing red tide. The algae involved are Alexandrium (paralytic shellfish poisoning), Pfiesteria (attack/kill fish), Noctiluca (bioluminescence).

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Describe some of the symbiotic relationships that involve algae.

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Eutrophic algae form these relationships with sponges, hydra, flatworms, and anemonies. They will live within the fungi in a structure called a lichen.

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Protozoology

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The science or study of protozoa.

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Why are protazoa special and unique?

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Food gathering structures called cytosomes
Osmoregullatory/circulatory/excretory structures like contractile vacuoles
Protective Structures such as skeletons, pellicule, trichocysts (hunting)
Locamotive structures like cirri, flagella, and pseudopodia
Can lead active lifestyles of trophozoite or cyst in inactive styles. Parasitic protozoa can occupy multiple hosts in its lifetime.
Reproduce sexually (definite host);and asexually (intermediate host). Sexually by syngamy/conjunction and asexually by fission, budding and multiple fission or schizogony.

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What are the Medically significant protozoa?

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Giardia lambila ; Giardia intestinalis- More infectious in children. Caused by contaminated water and passes through stomach in cyst form (2 per).
Trichomonas vaginalis- sexually transmitted or by poorly maintained spas
Entamoeba histolytica- Amoeba like and injested with food/water. Cysts pass through stomach (4 per) and cause dysentery and death if not treated.
Acanthamoeba- cause amoebic meningo encephalitis. Live in warm/hot water.
Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae ; Plasmodium falciparum- cause malaria if bitten by mosquito (VECTOR);carrying this disease.;
Toxoplasma gondii- cat rodent parasite that may cause blind/deaf/stillborn fetuses in people.
Balantidium coli- causes dysentery
Trypanosoma cruzi ; Trypanosoma gambiense- Vectors are kissing bug (Triatoma) and Tse Tse fly (Glossina) respectively. Cause African Sleeping Sickness.

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What is the lifecycle of Malaria?

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[image]
;
;

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What is the lifecycle of Toxiplasma gondii?

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[image]

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Why are we learning about macroscopic parasites;in a microbiology course?

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The eggs and larvae of some of these animals are at the microscopic levels. Also, these can sometimes be vectors (or disease carriers) of pathogens.

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Endoparasites

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A highly specialized parasite adapted to live within a host. They have poorly developed gastrointestonal tract, poorly developed nervous system and muscular system, and a highly developed reproductive system.

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Monoecious

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Each individual parasite;has both a male and female reproductive system, so that they can mate and produce eggs or larvae of their own.

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Dioecious

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When an individual parasite;has a separate gender.

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Definitive Host

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Where adult parasites live and reproduce sexually.

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Intermediate Host

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Where larvae parasites or egg parasites;live and reproduce asexually.

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What advantages do parasites have if they have a definitive and intermediate host for different stages of growth?

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Three reasons...
Less damage to any one host
Less competition for resources
Spreads out the population increasing survival of the species

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What is the life cycle of Faciola hepatica?

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[image]

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What is the life cycle of Necator and Ancylostoma?

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[image]

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What is the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis?

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[image]

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What is the life cycle of Dirofilaria imitis?

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[image]

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What is the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides?

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[image]

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What is the life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis?

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[image]

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Ectoparasites

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Parasites that act as vectors by transmitting disease causing viruses, bactera, and protozoa.

Bio 4; Lec. 1; Sierra College; Wilson – Flashcards

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