BIO 302 Quiz Questions – Flashcards

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T/F: The fundamental cause of cancer is gene mutation.
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TRUE
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T/F: Invasion is a required step before metastasis.
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TRUE
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T/F: "Cancer" is really hundreds of different types of malignant neoplasms.
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TRUE
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T/F: All cancers have the common feature: loss of growth control.
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TRUE
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T/F: Not all tumors are cancer but all tumors are abnormal and require diagnosis
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TRUE
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T/F: Only malignant neoplasms can cause death.
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FALSE
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T/F:Carcinoma in situ is a highly metastatic cancer.
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FALSE
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T/F:Carcinogenesis is the process by which cancer cells spread throughout the body.
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FALSE
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T/F: Metastatic cells only spread through blood vessels.
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FALSE
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T/F: Dysplastic cells are precursors of cancer.
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TRUE
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As age increases, the risk of cancer ___________ (increases/decreases).
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Increases
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T/F: All carcinogens are mutagens, and all mutagens are carcinogens
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FALSE The true statement: Not all carcinogens are mutagens but all mutagens are carcinogens
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According to the lecture, how many cancers is obesity link to?
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13
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Obesity is associated with the following substantial metabolic and endocrine abnormalities EXCEPT: a. Ionizing radiation b. Sex hormone metabolism c. Insulin d. Signaling pathways
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a. Ionizing radiation
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T/F: Chronic inflammation is a risk factor that can be altered.
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TRUE Because something that can be treated is something that can be altered
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Which of the following are risk factors for cancers that cannot be altered are? a. Age b. Genetics c. Family history d. Personal history e. All the above
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e. All the above
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Which of the following is a known carcinogen? a. formaldehyde b. HPV c. Alcohol d. All of the above
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d. All of the above
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Risk is defined by: a. age b. family history c. personal history d. all of the above
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d. all of the above
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Which of the following are a goal of screening? (2) a. treat the cancer before it has progressed b. treat the cancer after it has progressed c. detect disease during it's later stage d. detect disease early
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a and d a. treat the cancer before it has progressed d. detect disease early
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The chance that a complication may occur during a Colonoscopy is
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3%
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An example of clinical imaging is: a. Ultrasound b. Serum tumor marker measurements c. Biopsy d. Cytology
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a. Ultrasound
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An example of systemic therapy is... a. immunotherapy b. radiation c. surgery
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a. immunotherapy
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T/F: For most cancers, there are no effective screening tests.
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TRUE
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T/F: The benefit to harm ratio of screening tests depends on false negative and false positive rates
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TRUE
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T/F: Effective screening is defined by an increase mortality from the disease in the screened vs. unscreened population.
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FALSE
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T/F: Test sensitivity measures a test's ability to correctly identify those WITHOUT the disease
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FALSE
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The goals of cancer treatment for cure are... (2) a. Remove/kill all tumor cells b. Reduce or eliminate symptoms and signs c. No cure d. Minimize damage to normal cells and tissues
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a and d a. Remove/kill all tumor cells d. Minimize damage to normal cells and tissues
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T/F: The United States has the highest life expectancy of any country on the globe.
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FALSE
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T/F: As of now 1 in 5 females will die of cancer.
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TRUE
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T/F: Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States.
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FALSE
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T/F: The amount of dollars spent on cancer is 5 times greater than any other disease
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TRUE
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T/F: Targeted therapies are preferable to preventative measures due to the complexity, cost, and feasibility of prevention.
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FALSE
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T/F: Most cancers (50-90%) can be prevented.
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TRUE
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T/F: As of now 1 in 4 males will die of cancer
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TRUE
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Cancer incidence and mortality vary by which of the following? a. body site location b. geographic region c. human behavior patterns d. All of the above.
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d. All of the above.
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The cancer responsible for the most deaths in both males and females is: a. colon b. breast c. lung and bronchus d. pancreatic
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c. lung and bronchus
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The number of new cancer related deaths will increase by what percentage in 2030?
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59%
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T/F: Radiographic imaging is typically all that is needed to to confirm cancer diagnosis and therapeutic options.
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FALSE
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T/F: Emergent properties in a complex adaptive system are those that arise through interactions among smaller parts that alone do not exhibit such properties.
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TRUE
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T/F: "Companion diagnostics" refer to tests for molecular features that are targets for specific molecularly targeted therapies
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TRUE
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T/F: Each tumor is unique in its molecular make-up, microenvironment, and interactions with host cells.
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TRUE
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T/F: The dominant prognostic value in a majority of carcinomas is grade
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FALSE It is stage
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T/F: Most cancer symptoms are a clear indicator of where a tumor is located.
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FALSE
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Which of the following would be considered a selective pressure that facilitates tumor evolution? a. chemotherapy b. DNA damage repair c. angiogenesis d. oncogene mutation
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a. chemotherapy
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Gene amplification, chromosomal translocation and point mutations all describe alterations to what type of gene in cancer? a. oncogenes b. tumor suppressor genes c. caretaker genes d. gatekeeper genes
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a. oncogenes
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The presence of cells with varying genotypes within the same tumor that creates a major obstacle for the successful treatment of cancer is known as: a. angiogenesis b. heterogeneity c. oncogene addiction d. metastasis
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b. heterogeneity
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Mutation, deletion, and methylation all describe alterations to which type of gene in cancer. a. oncogenes b. kinase genes c. tumor suppressor genes d. proto-oncogenes
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c. tumor suppressor genes
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T/F: All tumor cells are inherently resistant to therapy.
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FALSE
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T/F: Surgery is the only treatment for cancer that doesn't result in side effects
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FALSE
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T/F: Systemic therapies typically affect tumor cells while sparing normal cells.
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FALSE
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T/F: Radiation selectively kills cancer cells
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FALSE
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T/F: The higher the stage of a tumor the more likely surgery will be curative.
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FALSE
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The efficacy of fractionated radiation therapy is based on: a. repair, reassortment of cells in the cell cycle, regression, DNA damage sensing b. rapid death, reoxygenation, reassortment of cells in the cell cycle, radio frequency c. repair, repopulation, reassortment of cells in the cell cycle, reoxygenation d. repair, repopulation, reversing growth patterns, side-effect management
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c. repair, repopulation, reassortment of cells in the cell cycle, reoxygenation
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All of the following are considered localized therapy for cancer EXCEPT: a. surgery b. cautery c. chemotherapy d. PDT
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c. chemotherapy
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Cancer therapies now cure about what percentage of cancers?
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65%
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Therapy given before surgery to "shrink" a tumor and increases the likelihood of the surgeon removing all of the tumor is called: a. adjuvant b. neo-adjuvant c. systemic d. palliative
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b. neo-adjuvant
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The accepted definition of a "cure" for a cancer patient means survival time greater than?
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5 years
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T/F: There is really no way to determine if a cancer therapy is working.
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FALSE
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T/F: A tissue biopsy (standard) is preferred over a liquid biopsy.
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FALSE
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T/F: Cancer immunotherapy is the first therapeutic approach to benefit patients without causing side-effects
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FALSE
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T/F: Immune checkpoint blockade therapy is considered a targeted therapy.
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FALSE
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T/F: Therapy delivered directly to a tumor is considered systemic therapy.
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FALSE
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T/F: Therapy itself can select for resistance clones within a tumor.
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TRUE
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T/F: The concept of precision medicine refers mainly to finding ways to target the patients tumor without harming normal cells.
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FALSE
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T/F: Tumor cells circulating in the blood of a patient can be used to monitor response to therapy, patient prognosis, and tumor evolution.
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TRUE
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T/F: The most common targeted approach to cancer therapy is drugging a mutated tumor suppressor gene.
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FALSE
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Two patients are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer have different mutations in the same oncogene. Which of the following is true about their response to therapy? a. There is no guarantee that they will respond the same. b. Neither will respond at all. c. Their response will be identical. d. Their response will be identical only if they are treated with a dug targeting that specific oncogene.
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a. There is no guarantee that they will respond the same.
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T/F: 90% of scientists acknowledge the fact that reproducibility in science is a problem.
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TRUE
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T/F: The cost of a single cancer drug can be different depending on the hospital it was administered in.
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TRUE
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T/F: The fundamental issue in designing a successful cancer treatment is dealing with clonal heterogeneity in tumors.
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TRUE
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T/F: Typically if an experimental drug works in a mouse it is likely to work in a human.
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FALSE
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T/F: Pharmacogenetics refers to the timing of accumulation of a drug and its metabolites in tissue and body fluids.
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FALSE
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The percentage of studies in academic biomedical research with results that can be reproduced when repeated is: a. 50% b. 80-90% c. 100% d. 10-30%
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d. 10-30%
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What is the average developmental cost of a cancer drug? a. usually no more than $1 million b. about $5.5 million c. at least $5 billion d. $100,000
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c. at least $5 billion
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What percentage of cancer patients will respond to a drug? a. 80-90% b. 50% c. 25-30% d. 60-80%
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c. 25-30%
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What is the failure rate for a drugs in development? a. 10% b. 85% c. 25% d. 97%
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d. 97%
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The average annual cost of a cancer drug is around what? a. $20,000 per patient b. $5,000 per patient c. $100k per patient d. $1,000 per patient
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c. $100k per patient
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T/F: Colon cancer affects men more than women.
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FALSE It affects them equally
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T/F: Colon cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer death in the US.
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TRUE
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T/F: A patient's tumor tissue can be used to grow cells for research without patient consent as long as the cells aren't labeled with the patient's name.
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FALSE
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T/F: A high fat, low fiber diet increases your risk of developing colon cancer.
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TRUE
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T/F: Americans in their 20's and 30's are seeing an increased incidence of colorectal cancer.
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TRUE
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Cancer expenditures make up about what percentage of total health care expenditures in the US? a. 6% b. 1% c. 80% d. 50%
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a. 6%
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What percentage of colon cancer cases occur after the age of 50? a. 75% b. 90% c. 55% d. 10%
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b. 90%
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The most curative treatment for colon cancer is: a. radiation b. surgery c. chemotherapy d. immunotherapy
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b. surgery
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All of the following are associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer EXCEPT: a. smoking b. post-menapausal hormone replacement therapy c. alcohol use d. lack of physical activity e. obesity
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b. post-menapausal hormone replacement therapy
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The most commonly presented symptom of colorectal cancer is: a. fatigue b. weight loss c. abdominal pain d. visible blood in stool
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c. abdominal pain
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