question

T/F: The fundamental cause of cancer is gene mutation.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: Invasion is a required step before metastasis.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: "Cancer" is really hundreds of different types of malignant neoplasms.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: All cancers have the common feature: loss of growth control.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: Not all tumors are cancer but all tumors are abnormal and require diagnosis

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: Only malignant neoplasms can cause death.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F:Carcinoma in situ is a highly metastatic cancer.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F:Carcinogenesis is the process by which cancer cells spread throughout the body.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Metastatic cells only spread through blood vessels.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Dysplastic cells are precursors of cancer.

answer

TRUE

question

As age increases, the risk of cancer ___________ (increases/decreases).

answer

Increases

question

T/F: All carcinogens are mutagens, and all mutagens are carcinogens

answer

FALSE The true statement: Not all carcinogens are mutagens but all mutagens are carcinogens

question

According to the lecture, how many cancers is obesity link to?

answer

13

question

Obesity is associated with the following substantial metabolic and endocrine abnormalities EXCEPT: a. Ionizing radiation b. Sex hormone metabolism c. Insulin d. Signaling pathways

answer

a. Ionizing radiation

question

T/F: Chronic inflammation is a risk factor that can be altered.

answer

TRUE Because something that can be treated is something that can be altered

question

Which of the following are risk factors for cancers that cannot be altered are? a. Age b. Genetics c. Family history d. Personal history e. All the above

answer

e. All the above

question

Which of the following is a known carcinogen? a. formaldehyde b. HPV c. Alcohol d. All of the above

answer

d. All of the above

question

Risk is defined by: a. age b. family history c. personal history d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Which of the following are a goal of screening? (2) a. treat the cancer before it has progressed b. treat the cancer after it has progressed c. detect disease during it's later stage d. detect disease early

answer

a and d a. treat the cancer before it has progressed d. detect disease early

question

The chance that a complication may occur during a Colonoscopy is

answer

3%

question

An example of clinical imaging is: a. Ultrasound b. Serum tumor marker measurements c. Biopsy d. Cytology

answer

a. Ultrasound

question

An example of systemic therapy is... a. immunotherapy b. radiation c. surgery

answer

a. immunotherapy

question

T/F: For most cancers, there are no effective screening tests.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: The benefit to harm ratio of screening tests depends on false negative and false positive rates

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: Effective screening is defined by an increase mortality from the disease in the screened vs. unscreened population.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Test sensitivity measures a test's ability to correctly identify those WITHOUT the disease

answer

FALSE

question

The goals of cancer treatment for cure are... (2) a. Remove/kill all tumor cells b. Reduce or eliminate symptoms and signs c. No cure d. Minimize damage to normal cells and tissues

answer

a and d a. Remove/kill all tumor cells d. Minimize damage to normal cells and tissues

question

T/F: The United States has the highest life expectancy of any country on the globe.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: As of now 1 in 5 females will die of cancer.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: The amount of dollars spent on cancer is 5 times greater than any other disease

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: Targeted therapies are preferable to preventative measures due to the complexity, cost, and feasibility of prevention.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Most cancers (50-90%) can be prevented.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: As of now 1 in 4 males will die of cancer

answer

TRUE

question

Cancer incidence and mortality vary by which of the following? a. body site location b. geographic region c. human behavior patterns d. All of the above.

answer

d. All of the above.

question

The cancer responsible for the most deaths in both males and females is: a. colon b. breast c. lung and bronchus d. pancreatic

answer

c. lung and bronchus

question

The number of new cancer related deaths will increase by what percentage in 2030?

answer

59%

question

T/F: Radiographic imaging is typically all that is needed to to confirm cancer diagnosis and therapeutic options.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Emergent properties in a complex adaptive system are those that arise through interactions among smaller parts that alone do not exhibit such properties.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: "Companion diagnostics" refer to tests for molecular features that are targets for specific molecularly targeted therapies

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: Each tumor is unique in its molecular make-up, microenvironment, and interactions with host cells.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: The dominant prognostic value in a majority of carcinomas is grade

answer

FALSE It is stage

question

T/F: Most cancer symptoms are a clear indicator of where a tumor is located.

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following would be considered a selective pressure that facilitates tumor evolution? a. chemotherapy b. DNA damage repair c. angiogenesis d. oncogene mutation

answer

a. chemotherapy

question

Gene amplification, chromosomal translocation and point mutations all describe alterations to what type of gene in cancer? a. oncogenes b. tumor suppressor genes c. caretaker genes d. gatekeeper genes

answer

a. oncogenes

question

The presence of cells with varying genotypes within the same tumor that creates a major obstacle for the successful treatment of cancer is known as: a. angiogenesis b. heterogeneity c. oncogene addiction d. metastasis

answer

b. heterogeneity

question

Mutation, deletion, and methylation all describe alterations to which type of gene in cancer. a. oncogenes b. kinase genes c. tumor suppressor genes d. proto-oncogenes

answer

c. tumor suppressor genes

question

T/F: All tumor cells are inherently resistant to therapy.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Surgery is the only treatment for cancer that doesn't result in side effects

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Systemic therapies typically affect tumor cells while sparing normal cells.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Radiation selectively kills cancer cells

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: The higher the stage of a tumor the more likely surgery will be curative.

answer

FALSE

question

The efficacy of fractionated radiation therapy is based on: a. repair, reassortment of cells in the cell cycle, regression, DNA damage sensing b. rapid death, reoxygenation, reassortment of cells in the cell cycle, radio frequency c. repair, repopulation, reassortment of cells in the cell cycle, reoxygenation d. repair, repopulation, reversing growth patterns, side-effect management

answer

c. repair, repopulation, reassortment of cells in the cell cycle, reoxygenation

question

All of the following are considered localized therapy for cancer EXCEPT: a. surgery b. cautery c. chemotherapy d. PDT

answer

c. chemotherapy

question

Cancer therapies now cure about what percentage of cancers?

answer

65%

question

Therapy given before surgery to "shrink" a tumor and increases the likelihood of the surgeon removing all of the tumor is called: a. adjuvant b. neo-adjuvant c. systemic d. palliative

answer

b. neo-adjuvant

question

The accepted definition of a "cure" for a cancer patient means survival time greater than?

answer

5 years

question

T/F: There is really no way to determine if a cancer therapy is working.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: A tissue biopsy (standard) is preferred over a liquid biopsy.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Cancer immunotherapy is the first therapeutic approach to benefit patients without causing side-effects

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Immune checkpoint blockade therapy is considered a targeted therapy.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Therapy delivered directly to a tumor is considered systemic therapy.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Therapy itself can select for resistance clones within a tumor.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: The concept of precision medicine refers mainly to finding ways to target the patients tumor without harming normal cells.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Tumor cells circulating in the blood of a patient can be used to monitor response to therapy, patient prognosis, and tumor evolution.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: The most common targeted approach to cancer therapy is drugging a mutated tumor suppressor gene.

answer

FALSE

question

Two patients are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer have different mutations in the same oncogene. Which of the following is true about their response to therapy? a. There is no guarantee that they will respond the same. b. Neither will respond at all. c. Their response will be identical. d. Their response will be identical only if they are treated with a dug targeting that specific oncogene.

answer

a. There is no guarantee that they will respond the same.

question

T/F: 90% of scientists acknowledge the fact that reproducibility in science is a problem.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: The cost of a single cancer drug can be different depending on the hospital it was administered in.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: The fundamental issue in designing a successful cancer treatment is dealing with clonal heterogeneity in tumors.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: Typically if an experimental drug works in a mouse it is likely to work in a human.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: Pharmacogenetics refers to the timing of accumulation of a drug and its metabolites in tissue and body fluids.

answer

FALSE

question

The percentage of studies in academic biomedical research with results that can be reproduced when repeated is: a. 50% b. 80-90% c. 100% d. 10-30%

answer

d. 10-30%

question

What is the average developmental cost of a cancer drug? a. usually no more than $1 million b. about $5.5 million c. at least $5 billion d. $100,000

answer

c. at least $5 billion

question

What percentage of cancer patients will respond to a drug? a. 80-90% b. 50% c. 25-30% d. 60-80%

answer

c. 25-30%

question

What is the failure rate for a drugs in development? a. 10% b. 85% c. 25% d. 97%

answer

d. 97%

question

The average annual cost of a cancer drug is around what? a. $20,000 per patient b. $5,000 per patient c. $100k per patient d. $1,000 per patient

answer

c. $100k per patient

question

T/F: Colon cancer affects men more than women.

answer

FALSE It affects them equally

question

T/F: Colon cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer death in the US.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: A patient's tumor tissue can be used to grow cells for research without patient consent as long as the cells aren't labeled with the patient's name.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F: A high fat, low fiber diet increases your risk of developing colon cancer.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F: Americans in their 20's and 30's are seeing an increased incidence of colorectal cancer.

answer

TRUE

question

Cancer expenditures make up about what percentage of total health care expenditures in the US? a. 6% b. 1% c. 80% d. 50%

answer

a. 6%

question

What percentage of colon cancer cases occur after the age of 50? a. 75% b. 90% c. 55% d. 10%

answer

b. 90%

question

The most curative treatment for colon cancer is: a. radiation b. surgery c. chemotherapy d. immunotherapy

answer

b. surgery

question

All of the following are associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer EXCEPT: a. smoking b. post-menapausal hormone replacement therapy c. alcohol use d. lack of physical activity e. obesity

answer

b. post-menapausal hormone replacement therapy

question

The most commonly presented symptom of colorectal cancer is: a. fatigue b. weight loss c. abdominal pain d. visible blood in stool

answer

c. abdominal pain

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