bio – 680 words – Flashcard
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evolution
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the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors
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species
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a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring
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why is darwin always associated with evolution
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he was the one who created the theory
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linnaeus
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proposed a new system of organization for plants, animals, and minerals based upon their similarities
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buffon
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discussed relationships of organisms, biological variation.
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e. darwin
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charles darwin's grandpa. proposed that organisms could evolve through mechanisms such as competition
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lamarck
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proposed all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity
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cuvier
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observed that each stratum (rock layer) contained specific fossils
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hutton
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explained gradualism
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lyell
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explained uniformitarianism
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fossils
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traces of organisms that existed in the past
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catastrophism
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natural disasters have occured during earths long history
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uniformitarianism
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the geological processes that shape earth are uniform through time
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diferences between gradualism and catastrophism
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catastrophism is the gradualism of natural disasters that happened during earths long history
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variation
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the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs
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adaptation
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feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment
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what accounted for the variation that darwin observed among island species
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the size of limbs for turtles that eat shorter and taller vegetation
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what do human hands, bat wings, and mole feet have in common
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theyre homologous structures. they are different in function, but theyre the result of a common ancestor
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what did darwin learn from the fossils he observed on his voyage
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that earth must be older than 6000 years old
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how are wings an adaptation for birds
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fly to higher areas to get away from predators and to look for prey
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how did darwins observations support lyells theory
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daily geologic processes can add up to great change over a long period of time
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artificial selection
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process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits
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heritability
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the ability for a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next
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natural selection
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individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals
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four main principals of natural selection
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variation, overproduction, adaptation, descent with modification
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explain evidence for evolution that come from fossils
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descent with modification
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explain evidence for evolution that come from geography
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biogeography
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explain evidence for evolution that come from embryology
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suggests evolution from a distant common ancestor
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explain evidence for evolution that come from anatomy
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analogous structures
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biogeography
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the study of the distribution of organisms around the world
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homologous structures
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features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions
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analogous structures
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Similar in function but not in structure and evolutionary origin
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paleontology
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the study of fossils or extinct organisms
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dna sequence analysis
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dna sequence analysis depends on the fact that the more related two organisms are, the more similar their dna will be
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pseudogenes
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like vestigial structures, they no longer function but are still carried along with functional DNA
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homeobox genes
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control development in specific structures
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protein comparisons
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similarities among cell types across organisms can be revealed by comparing their proteins, a technique called molecular fingerprinting
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which fields of science does evolution unite
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medicine, geology, geography, chemistry and ecology
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overproduction
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while having many offspring raises the chance that some will survive, it also results in a competition between offspring for resources
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descent with modification
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principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
