Bio 1408 Ch. 11 – Flashcards
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What happened when researchers added BPDE, a component of tobacco smoke, to human lung cells in a laboratory experiment?
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The cells developed mutations in their p53 genes.
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The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ________.
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gene expression
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In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their DNA control sequences?
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operon
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Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ________.
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promoter
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In prokaryotes, the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of ________.
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an operon
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In an operon, the ________ acts as an on/off switch.
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operator
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Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator?
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repressor
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Repressors act by blocking the binding of ________ to the operator
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RNA polymerase
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What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?
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Lactose is present in the cell.
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While examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 functional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell ________.
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came from a normal human female
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What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?
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DNA packing and unpacking
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Male tortoiseshell cats ________.
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are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY
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Which of these plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter
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In eukaryotic cells, repressor proteins inhibit transcription by binding to ________.
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silencers
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Introns are ________.
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noncoding DNA sequences
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Which of these is a type of posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression?
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breakdown of proteins
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What would enable a single RNA transcript to be translated into different polypeptides?
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The RNA transcript can be spliced more than one way.
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In a eukaryotic cell an abnormal protein is binding to the promoter for a gene. Which of the following processes will likely occur in this scenario?
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Transcription factors will bind to enhancers.
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Cells communicate with one another via ________.
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signal transduction pathways
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The "master control genes" that regulate other genes and determine what body parts will develop in which locations are called ________.
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homeotic genes
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Which of these is most likely to cause the development of a six-legged frog?
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mutation of homeotic genes
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Homeotic genes ________.
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are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms
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Which of these techniques could tell you how gene expression differs between individuals with and without cystic fibrosis?
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DNA microarray
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How is it that the cells in different body tissues are able to perform different functions?
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The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression.
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Why can mature plants be cloned to produce genetically identical copies?
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Mature plant cells can develop into all the specialized cells of an adult plant.
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Which of the following is NOT a possible use of reproductive cloning?
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creating stocks of stem cells for human therapeutic use
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What is a difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
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Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated.
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What name is given to a gene that causes cancer?
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oncogene
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Many proto-oncogenes regulate ________.
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cell division
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Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that ________.
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predisposition to these cancers is inherited
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Data suggest that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as a(n) ________.
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tumor-suppressor gene
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When referring to cell division, oncogenes are most like ________ while tumor suppressor genes are most like ________.
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the gas pedal on a car... the brakes on a car
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If you were working for a pharmaceutical company trying to develop anticancer drugs, what biological process would be the best target to investigate?
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mitosis
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Which risk factor is associated with cancer of the colon and rectum?
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dietary fat
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________ is(are) responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen.
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Tobacco
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More people die of ________ cancer than of any other cancer.
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lung
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Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk?
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a diet low in plant fiber
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Which of the following is NOT an example of how tumors evolve?
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Tumor cells can spread throughout the body.
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Jim learned that viruses can sometimes cause cancer and wants to know why. You tell him that ________.
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a human cell can acquire an oncogene from a virus
