question

If a cell contains one chromosome with a mutated gene that increases the risk of cancer and one normal copy of the same gene, which of the following is NOT likely?

answer

One daughter cell will receive a copy of the mutation

question

A 50-year-old woman who was born with a mutation in the gene encoding for a protein responsible for controlling one of the cell cycle checkpoints has developed three additional mutations in the same gene. Which of the following is likely to occur?

answer

She will start to produce cancer cells that divide unregulated

question

A protein called p53 prevents a cell from entering mitosis if there are any signs of DNA damage. This type of protein is associated with:

answer

A cell-cycle checkpoint

question

A cell with 10 chromosomes enters the cell cycle at the G1 phase. Which of the following is true for this cell?

answer

The cell will produce 20 sister chromatids during the S phase

question

What will happen in a normal human skin cell if the chromosomes are not aligned for proper chromatid separation during mitosis?

answer

The error will be noticed at a cell cycle checkpoint and the cell will not proceed unless the error is corrected.

question

When chromosomes replicate during ______ phase, the end products are __________.

answer

interphase; identical sister chromatids

question

Tumor suppressor genes produce proteins that help prevent normal cells from dividing uncontrollably by controlling cell division, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Which of the following changes in a cell might lead to cancer?

answer

A decrease in the production of tumor suppressor protein; a lack of tumor suppressor genes

question

Physical side effects from chemotherapy and radiotherapy could be maximally reduced by:

answer

Targeting specific tumor cells

question

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase are part of:

answer

Interphase and the cell cycle

question

If replicated chromosomes failed to condense properly as a cell entered mitosis, what would be a likely outcome?

answer

Chromosomes would become tangled and likely break during mitosis.

question

Where are sister chromatids attached to one another?

answer

The centromere

question

What is the most likely mechanism for chemotherapy to cause diarrhea?

answer

The cells lining the intestinal tract are mitotically active cells that divide regularly.

question

A physician is explaining treatment options to a patient who has breast cancer that has undergone metastasis. Which of the following statements might the physician use in explaining the cancer or treatment options?

answer

Chemotherapy should be used to treat breast cancer cells circulating through the body.; Breast cancer cells that have metastasized can develop into tumors in other tissues.; Using Taxol in combination with standard chemotherapies should lead to a longer survival time than standard chemotherapy alone.; All cells undergoing mitosis will be affected by both chemotherapy and radiation.

question

Choose the list that gives the most correct and complete order of events during the cell cycle.

answer

G1, S, G2, mitosis, and cytokinesis

question

In what ways would treatment of metastatic cancer differ from treatment of a malignant tumor within the liver?

answer

Surgery would be more effective in treating the liver tumor than in treating cancer that has spread.

question

Anemia can be the result of insufficient production of red blood cells. Which tissue is likely to be "at fault" in these cases?

answer

Bone marrow

question

A cell with 46 chromosomes enters the cell cycle. It completes all the stages EXCEPT for cytokinesis, at which point it gets "stuck." How many chromosomes will be present at this point?

answer

92

question

A cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis before fully completing S phase. Which of the following would be a likely result?

answer

None of the above

question

Which of the following is an example of cells undergoing mitosis?

answer

a new embryo growing; a tree producing new branches; dead skin cells being replaced; scar tissue forming in a wound

question

Side effects of chemotherapy?such as vomiting, hair loss, and bruising?occur because:

answer

chemotherapeutic drugs kill both normal and cancerous cells.

question

Which of the following occurs in normal cells, but not in cancer cells?

answer

repair of mistakes in mitosis and apoptosis in damaged cells

question

What normally occurs when microtubules shorten during mitosis?

answer

Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.

question

Drugs that are hydrophobic dissolve easily in water.

answer

False

question

Chemotherapy destroys all dividing cells. Why isn't chemotherapy typically a viable treatment option for pregnant women?

answer

Because cells in the embryo are dividing rapidly, so chemotherapy could stop growth and development of the baby.

question

Cancer cells have multiple damaged cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms which lead to apoptosis.

answer

False

question

What information would be useful in identifying the appropriate treatment for an individual's cancer?

answer

The type of cancer; whether the cancer has metastasized; the location of cancer cells; the type of cancer and whether the cancer has metastasized

question

A cell cycle checkpoint should prevent the progression of a cell in which:

answer

DNA bases are paired incorrectly

question

Why does Horwitz argue that it is important for humans to protect biodiversity?

answer

Defensive compounds produced by organisms may have medicinal uses.

question

Which of the following would you expect to differ in a comparison of normal cells versus cancer cells?

answer

The number of DNA mutations; the proteins controlling the cell cycle; the density of cells in a tissue; the chemicals secreted by the cells

question

Taxol interferes with the normal assembly of the mitotic spindle. How does this affect mitosis?

answer

The cell cannot proceed normally and arrests in metaphase.

question

In a cell with a 24-hour cell cycle, approximately ___% of the time is spent in mitosis and cytokinesis.

answer

10%

question

Which of the following cells normally divide rapidly and are therefore affected by treatments, such as chemotherapy, that target dividing cells?

answer

intestinal tract, hair follicle, and bone marrow cells.

question

What is the primary mode of action of radiation therapy?

answer

to cause extreme DNA damage

question

Which of the following might explain why cancer cells divide uncontrollably?

answer

Cancer cells overproduce growth signals.

question

Radiation and chemotherapy can cause similar side effects although the effects are typically more localized with chemotherapy.

answer

False

question

In which stage(s) of mitosis would sister chromatids be connected by one centromere?

answer

Prophase and metaphase ONLY

question

A cell has chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell. Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber and its sister. What stage of the cell cycle is this cell in?

answer

Metaphase

question

A biologist measures the amount of DNA in cells growing in a laboratory. She should find that the amount of DNA doubles:

answer

During S phase

question

Chemotherapy targets and destroys dividing cells. Skin wounds take longer than normal to heal when someone is receiving chemotherapy. Why is that?

answer

because wound healing requires cell division

question

When cancer has spread to many areas of the body, the most common form of treatment is:

answer

chemotherapy drugs injected into the bloodstream.

question

When do normal cells progress through the cell cycle?

answer

when they receive a signal to divide

question

Cancer may be caused by:

answer

A checkpoint problem; failure in apoptosis; unregulated cell division; failure in DNA repair mechanisms

question

A cell has chromosomes that have two sister chromatids. What phase of the cell cycle could this cell be in?

answer

Any stage of the cell cycle

question

Which of the following would NOT be true if a cell with 30 chromosomes did not complete S phase before mitosis?

answer

The cell would have 60 chromosomes; The cell would have fewer organelles than a cell that completed S phase; The cell would be able to replicate chromosomes during prophase of mitosis; The cell would require more microtubules during division

question

Surgery is not an effective way to treat blood cancers, such as leukemia.

answer

True

question

Worn out blood cells are produced by division of cells in the ______________.

answer

Bone marrow

question

Cells spend the majority of their time in the cell cycle in ____.

answer

Interphase

question

Can apoptosis be considered protective?

answer

Yes, it eliminates damaged cells before they can divide.

question

Why would someone with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene have a higher risk of developing cancer earlier in life than someone without a mutation in the BRCA1 gene?

answer

It becomes more likely that additional nonhereditary mutations will occur.

question

Which of the following is a normal function of tumor-suppressor genes, such as BRCA1 or p53?

answer

produce proteins that induce apoptosis; produce proteins that repair DNA damage; produce proteins that suppress the cell cycle when there is DNA damage

question

Which of the following is true of mutations?

answer

They may be advantageous; They may cause harm; They create new alleles in a population.

question

A new gene is discovered, called SHOSH. It prevents a cell from entering mitosis if there are any signs of DNA damage. This means that SHOSH would be a type of _____________ and that _________ mutations in SHOSH would be associated with cancer.

answer

tumor-suppressor gene; inactivating.

question

Within the general population the percentage of women diagnosed with breast cancer by age 50 is approximately _____.

answer

2%

question

Why would you need a gene to stop the cell cycle?

answer

If a mutation occurred and the cell needed time to repair it before continuing; If there was no immediate need for more cells

question

Which of the following is NOT true of mutations?

answer

They are changes in the protein sequence only.

question

How many different alleles of a gene like BRCA1 can an individual have?

answer

two: one from their father and one from their mother

question

Why do people with inheritable high-risk mutations develop cancer at an earlier age?

answer

People who have inherited high-risk mutations start life with at least one predisposing mutation, so they require fewer additional mutations.

question

A person has the identical BRCA1 mutation in every somatic cell in their body. What is the most likely source of this mutation?

answer

inheritance from one of their parents (via the sperm or egg)

question

A DNA sequence is being replicated. The nucleotide on the old strand is a "C". Which of the following could result in a mutation if inserted opposite the C on the new strand?

answer

A, C, and T

question

When DNA damage is not repaired at cell cycle checkpoints, what normally occurs?

answer

Apoptosis

question

In addition to breast cancer, women with a mutation in one of their BRCA genes have an increased likelihood of developing which of the following other types of cancer?

answer

ovarian

question

Put the following steps in order to indicate how a malignant tumor may develop. a - An environmental mutagen such as UV light mutates p53 gene. b - A single mutation of BRCA1 is inherited. c - Mutation that allows invasion of other tissues develops. d - An oncogene forms when DNA mistakes are not corrected.

answer

B, D, A, C

question

Which of the following changes in a DNA sequence would be considered a mutation?

answer

An extra nucleotide pair is inserted into a gene during DNA replication; A pair of nucleotides is deleted from a gene during DNA replication; Two nucleotides are deleted from a gene during DNA replication; Two nucleotides are inserted into a gene during DNA replication.

question

Most cancerous cells have __________ mutation(s).

answer

Many

question

Predict what would most likely happen if both alleles BRCA1 were mutated.

answer

DNA errors would occur more frequently.

question

A proto-oncogene is critical for a cell to respond to an external signal to divide. What would happen to a cell that sustains an inactivating mutation in this proto-oncogene?

answer

It would not divide, even in the presence of a signal to divide.

question

Approximately what percentage of women with one copy of a BRCA mutation are expected to be diagnosed with breast cancer by age 50?

answer

30-50%

question

A cell has an inactivating mutation in one of its two p53 alleles. If this cell sustains DNA damage (e.g., to the HER2 gene), what is likely to happen?

answer

It will undergo apoptosis; It will pause and repair the DNA damage before dividing.

question

What is an "inherited" or "hereditary" cancer?

answer

a mutation that predisposes an individual to cancer passed from parent to child

question

Women who inherit BRCA mutations and develop breast cancer often do so:

answer

at an earlier age than women who do not have BRCA1 mutations.

question

Which of the following is NOT true for an individual with a germ-line mutation in a tumor- suppressor gene?

answer

The individual will develop cancer at an early age.

question

A "healthy living" or a "clean lifestyle" will guarantee that you will not develop any mutations in your DNA.

answer

False

question

An individual who inherits a mutation in a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene is at higher risk for developing cancer because these genes are:

answer

tumor-suppressor genes that produce proteins to repair DNA damage.

question

You isolate cells from a tumor and study them. You observe that the cells continue dividing, even when DNA is damaged, when the cells become crowded, or even when nutrients run low. These observations lead you to suspect that the cells:

answer

contain a mutated tumor-suppressor gene.

question

Which of the following is the "correct" nucleotide inserted opposite an "A" during DNA replication?

answer

T

question

The insulin gene encodes the protein hormone insulin. Insulin is critical to help maintain healthy blood sugar levels, especially after carbohydrate-rich meals. A person with a mutation in both alleles of the insulin gene may:

answer

make nonfunctional insulin; have to watch their dietary intake of sugar; have diabetes, a condition characterized by high blood sugar; have to take insulin as a medication.

question

If a man, Bob, has one parent who smoked and died early in life from lung cancer, which of the following is most likely to be true?

answer

Bob could inherit a mutation that leads to cancer early in life.

question

Why do some people develop cancer at an earlier age than others?

answer

They inherited at least one mutation that affects a tumor-suppressor gene.

question

A DNA molecule containing a gene has the sequence AACT on one strand. During replication, DNA polymerase synthesizes the sequence TTGT on the new strand. Which of the following is the most likely new allele of the original strand after replication?

answer

AACA

question

Individuals must have an underlying genetic predisposition to develop cancer.

answer

False

question

A mutated form of a proto-oncogene is called:

answer

an oncogene.

question

A test designed to look for different alleles of a gene (e.g., the BRCA1 gene) is based on differences in:

answer

DNA sequences

question

What would be the best way to distinguish between two alleles and two genes?

answer

Examine their DNA; the DNA sequences of two different alleles would be more similar than the sequences of two different genes.

question

What is the normal function of a proto-oncogene?

answer

to help the cell divide appropriately

question

DNA damage is usually repaired:

answer

At cell cycle checkpoints

question

Will a woman who inherits a BRCA1 mutation from her mother develop breast cancer?

answer

She may develop breast cancer, but it depends on other factors, such as her lifetime estrogen exposure.

question

Which of the following mutations may be passed from parent to child?

answer

nonlethal, lethal, and a mutation in a sperm cell

question

If cells from a malignant breast tumor in a 27-year-old woman were examined, what would be expected?

answer

a single mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene, such as BRCA1; oncogenes; a mutation that permits new blood vessel growth; a mutation in the p53 gene

question

Researchers have been waging a "war on cancer" for decades. The war on cancer will be won by stopping mutations.

answer

False

question

If we change a nucleotide base in the coding sequence of a gene, it may alter:

answer

the protein's amino acid sequence; the protein's 3-D shape; the protein's folding; the protein's function.

question

One of your good friends has a family history of breast cancer. She has her BRCA1 and BRCA2 alleles tested, and no detrimental mutations are found. She tells you she is so relieved to know that she will not develop breast cancer. Is she correct that she will not develop breast cancer?

answer

No

question

How many copies of any particular gene, such as BRCA1, does each person have in most of their body cells?

answer

2

question

Which of the following combinations of mutations is the most likely to convert a normal cell to a cancerous cell?

answer

two mutated p53 alleles, two mutated BRCA1 alleles, one activated allele of HER2

question

A male inherits a high-risk BRCA1 allele. His sister inherits the same allele. Which of the following is true?

answer

Both siblings have a greater risk of developing breast cancer relative to males and females (respectively) without BRCA1 mutations.

question

Which of the following is true for the younger brother of a 29-year-old woman with breast cancer?

answer

The brother may have an increased risk for prostate cancer; The brother may not have an increased risk for cancer; The brother may develop cancer early in life; The brother may pass a mutated form of a tumor-suppressor gene onto his children.

question

_____ mutations can be passed from parent to offspring.

answer

Germ-line

question

What is the normal function of the BRCA1 gene?

answer

It helps regulate the cell cycle.

question

Two copies of a gene have identical regulatory sequences, but different coding sequences. These copies can be referred to as _____________.

answer

Alleles

question

Which of the following represent(s) a mutation of the sequence AGCTGCA?

answer

an insertion of another A, immediately after the first A; removal of the second C; switching the C and the T in the middle of the sequence

question

A cell has an inactivating mutation in one of its two p53 alleles. If this cell sustains DNA damage (e.g., to the HER2 gene), what is likely to happen?

answer

It will undergo apoptosis; It will pause and repair the DNA damage before dividing.

question

Which of the following behaviors can help reduce the risk of developing mutations?

answer

avoiding exposure to pesticides; not smoking; avoiding meats that have been char-grilled at high temperatures; wearing highly protective sunscreen

question

There are approximately ____ mutations in the BRCA1 gene in human populations.

answer

600

question

Ashkenazi Jews are the only ethnic group to carry mutations for genetic diseases.

answer

False

question

Quitting smoking reduces a woman's risk of developing cancer by ___.

answer

30%

question

What is apoptosis?

answer

A form of regulated cell death

question

In general, what is the likelihood that women who inherit BRCA gene mutations will develop breast cancer in their lifetime compared to women without BRCA mutations?

answer

Women who inherit BRCA mutations are more likely to develop breast cancer.

question

A somatic mutation occurs in a 24-year-old woman. Which of the following is most likely?

answer

The mutation will not be passed to her children.

question

What are mutagens?

answer

anything (e.g., chemicals, radiation) that can cause mutations

question

A nucleotide insertion occurs in the middle of the coding sequence of a gene involved in accurately separating chromosomes during mitosis. What is/are possible outcomes?

answer

a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein; a change in the protein's shape; a change in the protein's function; inaccurate division of the cell, resulting in cancer

question

A mismatch that occurs during DNA replication always results in a mutation.

answer

False

question

The normal form of the BRCA1 protein is protective because BRCA1 protein:

answer

helps cells repair damaged DNA during the cell cycle.

question

In normal cells, lack of functional tumor suppressors would cause:

answer

an accumulation of mutations in the DNA; division of damaged cells; cancer, possibly; uncontrolled cell division

question

If you develop a mutation in a skin cell in a key gene involved in regulating the cell cycle, which of the following is/are possible outcomes based on that skin cell mutation?

answer

You may develop skin cancer

question

A cell that sustains an activating mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene that makes it always active would be expected to:

answer

stop at checkpoints, even in the absence of DNA damage.

question

A mutation in a single allele of a tumor-suppressor gene is sufficient for a cell to become cancerous.

answer

False

question

Which of the following can cause mutations?

answer

using tanning beds; obesity; tobacco use

question

Which of the following would most likely lead to nonhereditary cancer?

answer

mitosis in a skin cell damaged by UV exposure

question

Which of the following would be an example of appropriate cell division?

answer

a skin cell dividing at the edge of a wound in response to growth signals

question

A zygote is _____ because it has _____ chromosomes.

answer

diploid; 46

question

The products of meiosis are _____.

answer

haploid

question

The specialized type of cell division that generates genetically unique haploid gametes is:

answer

meiosis

question

Mexican hairless dogs are hairless because of a dominant allele of a particular gene. Homozygous dominant dogs die in utero (before being born). What is the probability of two hairless dogs having a hairy puppy?

answer

1/3

question

A person inherits a functional cystic fibrosis allele from both parents. This person will have cystic fibrosis.

answer

false

question

The stage of meiosis in which maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments is called:

answer

recombination

question

When do homologous chromosomes separate from one another?

answer

during meiosis 1

question

A healthy mother has no family history of cystic fibrosis. Her husband's brother has cystic fibrosis. Is the mother predicted to pass the cystic fibrosis allele to her children?

answer

no

question

If two genes are located next to one another on the same chromosome, can you use the Punnet square to assess inheritance of the two genes?

answer

no

question

One of mom's chromosome 7's has a non-functional CTFR allele (cf-) next to a functional allele of another gene (A+). Her other homologue has a functional allele of the CTFR (CF+) gene next to a non-functional allele of the other gene (a-). Dad has functional alleles of both genes on both homologues (CF+, A+). A child of theirs has a maternal homologue that is CF+, A+; and a paternal homologue that is also CF+; A+. The best explanation for this is:

answer

recombination in mom

question

A gene encodes a protein of 350 amino acids. A mutation creates an allele that only has the first 120 amino acids. What could happen to this mutant allele?

answer

The protein encoded by the mutant allele is shorter than the one encoded by the normal allele; The protein encoded by the mutant allele could be non-functional; The mutant allele could be associated with disease

question

How many chromosomes are in a human sperm?

answer

23

question

What is the genotype of a person with CF?

answer

homozygous recessive

question

Male sperm are produced from _____ cells by the process of _____.

answer

diploid; meiosis

question

The diagram that is used to determine the possibilities of offspring having particular genotypes, given the genotypes of the parents, is a(n) _____.

answer

Punnet square

question

A woman has cystic fibrosis. Therefore:

answer

she must have inherited a cystic fibrosis allele from both her mother and father

question

A person has cystic fibrosis. What does this mean about their alleles in the cystic fibrosis gene?

answer

both are non-functional

question

The principle that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during meiosis is:

answer

independent assortment

question

A meiotic error occurred during gamete formation resulting in an egg that has 24 chromosomes. If that egg is fertilized by a normal sperm, how many chromosomes will be in the zygote?

answer

47

question

An alien species has 102 chromosomes in its diploid somatic cells. Its haploid gametes will have _____ chromosomes.

answer

51

question

Mexican hairless dogs are hairless because of a dominant allele of a particular gene. Homozygous dominant dogs die in utero (before being born). What is the probability of two hairless dogs having a hairless puppy?

answer

2/3

question

A person has a cystic fibrosis phenotype. What does this mean about the protein encoded by the cystic fibrosis gene in their cells?

answer

the protein is not functional

question

A human female has _____ chromosomes in each skin cell and _____ chromosomes in each egg.

answer

46;23

question

Are all mutations harmful?

answer

No, not all mutations change the amino acid sequence of the protein; No, some mutations are beneficial.

question

In meiosis, sister chromatids separate during:

answer

meiosis ll(2)

question

Two genes assort independently. A prospective mother is homozygous recessive for gene "A" and homozygous dominant for gene "B." The father is heterozygous for gene "A" and homozygous recessive for gene "B." What is the probability that their child will be heterozygous for both the "A" and "B" genes?

answer

1/2

question

A zygote has _____ chromosomes from the egg.

answer

23

question

A person's genotype refers to _____.

answer

their genetic makeup

question

Every person has _____ alleles of the CFTR gene.

answer

2

question

The visible or measurable features of an individual refer to _____.

answer

their physical appearance

question

During meiosis, what happens to homologous chromosomes?

answer

they move apart from one another

question

A mutation in the coding sequence of the CFTR gene does not change the amino acid sequence of the CFTR protein. This mutation is most likely to be _____.

answer

neutral (has no effect)

question

A diploid cell of baker's yeast has 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in each of its haploid spores?

answer

16

question

Allele A has 235 codons. Allele a (an alternative allele of the same gene) has 233 codons. When comparing the protein encoded by allele A to that encoded by allele a, protein A must be:

answer

longer by two amino acids

question

Which two people would have the most different Y chromosome?

answer

a father and his daughter's biological son

question

A nondisjunction occurs during meiosis II of sperm formation. Are the two homologues of the affected chromosome in aneuploid gametes identical to one another or different from one another?

answer

identical

question

Investigators at a crime scene have isolated DNA from a Y chromosome and have analyzed it for STRs. They have a prime suspect, but he is not cooperating. However, several of his relatives are willing to help by donating DNA samples. Which relative will have the most similar Y chromosome?

answer

his father's father

question

A pregnant woman has amniocentesis in order to:

answer

examine the embryonic/fetal karyotype

question

A woman is born with the BRCA1 breast cancer susceptibility allele. This is a "strike" against her in terms of her risk of developing breast cancer. Which of the following will reduce her risk?

answer

eating a healthy diet, exercising, and not becoming obese

question

If you have a genetic predisposition to a disease such as cancer, you will eventually get cancer. Is this a true statement?

answer

It is not necessarily true; it may be dependent on the environment

question

A man with straight hair marries a woman with wavy hair. What is the chance that their first child will have wavy hair?

answer

50%

question

A mating of two people of medium height (where three genes control height): AaBbCc x AaBbCc produce _____ distinct phenotypes determined by the number of genes inherited.

answer

seven

question

Genghis Kahn ruled the largest empire in the world, pillaging his way across Mongolia and Asia in the thirteenth century. Today, 16 million men living in the same region are his descendants. What chromosome(s) do you think scientists examined in order to determine that these men are related to Genghis Kahn?

answer

Y

question

A black dog is bred with a brown dog, and all the puppies have patches of black and brown. The color coat alleles for black and brown are an example of:

answer

codominance

question

You have type B blood. Therefore you can accept blood donations from people with a(n) _____ genotype.

answer

BB and BO

question

X-linked traits are most typically inherited by _____ from their _____.

answer

sons; mothers

question

An interaction between genes and the environment that contributes to a phenotype or trait is:

answer

multifactorial inheritance

question

A form of inheritance in which both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype is _____.

answer

codominance

question

When amniotic fluid is tested for chromosome analysis, whose karyotype is being examined?

answer

the embryo's

question

A trait whose phenotype is determined by the interaction among alleles of more than one gene is:

answer

a polygenic trait

question

Which of the following inheritance patterns includes an environmental contribution?

answer

multifactorial

question

Skin color is influenced by alleles of several genes as well as exposure to sunlight. Therefore, skin color is best described as a(n) _____ trait.

answer

multifactorial

question

An individual inheriting the genotype aaBbCc falls in the _____ foot phenotype.

answer

five

question

A liver cell of a person with Down syndrome has _____ chromosomes.

answer

47

question

If a nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I:

answer

all four resulting cells will be aneuploid

question

A person with type B blood makes antibodies against the "B" antigen.

answer

false

question

A person with 47 total chromosomes has a karyotype that can best be described as _____.

answer

aneuploid

question

You shed skin cells every day. How are these skin cells replaced?

answer

by mitosis and differentiation of tissue stem cells

question

When blood cells reach the end of their lifespan, how are they replaced?

answer

by the division of stem cells in the bone marrow

question

___describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into nearly any cell type in the body.

answer

pluripotent

question

Which of the following is placed in the correct order of increasing complexity?

answer

cardiac cell, cardiac muscle, heart, circulatory system

question

Why would you need to isolate more than one type of stem cell when growing a replacement organ?

answer

Different tissues have different stem cells; Organs are composed of more than one type of tissue

question

A heart is an example of a(n) _____ that is part of the _____.

answer

organ; cardiovascular system

question

Do stem cells have a larger genome than specialized cells?

answer

No, because all cells in a person have the identical set of genes in their genome

question

Why is growing a bladder more difficult than growing skin?

answer

Skin cells are easier to grow because they grow in a sheet

question

An organ is defined as being made up of:

answer

at least two tissue types

question

In somatic cell nuclear transfer, what is transferred into what?

answer

A somatic cell nucleus is transferred into an enucleated egg

question

_____ describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types in the body.

answer

multipotent

question

Which of the following cell types can become the greatest number of other cell types?

answer

a cell from an early embryo

question

The stem cells that make up an early embryo, which can differentiate into nearly every cell type in the human body, are called:

answer

embryonic stem cells

question

From the simplest to the most complex, which is the correct hierarchy?

answer

cells, tissues, organs, systems

question

A pluripotent stem cell that was generated by manipulation of differentiated somatic cells is termed an:

answer

induced pluripotent stem cell

question

Relative to one of your liver cells, one of your skin cells:

answer

has the same genome(i.e., the same genetic material); and has a different pattern on gene expression

question

Tissues grown from a person's own cells pose no immune risk of rejection because:

answer

the tissue is genetically related to the donor

question

Which of the following is characteristic of scar tissue?

answer

Humans are genetically programmed to form scar tissue at the site of a wound; It protects us from the outside world by sealing off the damaged area; Instead of forming scar tissue at the site of a wound, salamanders grow new normal tissue.

question

Which of the following terms describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body?

answer

totipotent

question

Induced pluripotent stem cells are produced from _____.

answer

adult cells

question

The stage in embryonic development in which the embryo is a hollow ball of cells is called a(n):

answer

blastocyst

question

Regenerative medicine seeks to:

answer

prod stem cells to divide; prod stem cells to differentiate; stimulate stem cells to make cell types they wouldn't normally make

question

_____ describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into nearly any cell type in the body.

answer

pluripotent

question

Which of the following statements applies to tissues?

answer

multiple cell types are present; each tissue has a specific function

question

To avoid using embryonic cells, scientists have found a way to make adult somatic cells _____ by adding genes or proteins to the cells.

answer

pluropotent

question

Myosin is a protein expressed at high levels in muscle cells. Which of the following is true?

answer

All cells have the myosin gene, and muscle cells express the myosin gene at high levels

question

Stem cells divide to form:

answer

both stem cells and cells that can specialize to form tissue cells

question

Which of the following tissue types is/are never replaced?

answer

cerebral cortex neurons

question

Why does a recipient of a liver transplant have a higher risk of bacterial infections?

answer

Because transplant recipients have to take drugs that suppress their immune system

question

Put the following types of stem cells in order from LEAST useful in regenerative medicine to most useful.

answer

adult, multipotent, pluripotent, totipotent

question

"Bioprinting":

answer

is a technique that uses computer graphics; uses "cellular ink"; can manufacture organs from scratch

question

Compared to an adult skin cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell:

answer

is less differentiated; has a smaller genome

question

A fertilized egg first gives rise to:

answer

totipotent cells

question

To what does gene expression refer?

answer

turning on the expression of a gene; transcribing and translating a gene

question

The process by which genes are "turned on" (that is, expressed) in different cell types is termed:

answer

differential gene expression

question

_____ are examples of stem cell therapy.

answer

bone marrow transplants

question

A pluripotent cell that is giving signals normally given to mesenchymal cells would become:

answer

cartilage or bone

question

Into what kind of cells can totipotent stem cells develop?

answer

any kind of cell

question

Which of the following is not an approach to regenerative medicine?

answer

engineered genes

question

All somatic cells in an individual contain:

answer

the same genome

question

The process by which a cell specializes to carry out a specific role is called:

answer

cellular differentitation

question

Your body is actually many years younger than your chronological age.

answer

true

question

Fully differentiated stem cells can still divide.

answer

false

question

A patient has a neurodegenerative disease in which brain tissue degenerates over time. In order to replace the tissue with well-matched cells, which of the following is the best option? Be sure to consider overall practicality.

answer

Take skin cells from the patient, use them to generate induced pluripotent stem cells, and use these to treat the patient's brain

question

A patient has a neurodegenerative brain disease (one in which the nervous tissue of the brain is progressively lost over time). What kind of therapy might benefit this patient?

answer

use of neural stem cells to help replace the damaged tissue, and use of drugs to stimulate division of remaining neural tissue in the brain

question

A cloned embryo (such as a cloned mouse or sheep embryo) is genetically identical to:

answer

the donor of the somatic cell nucleus

question

A comparison of muscle cells and liver cells would reveal:

answer

a different collection of proteins; the same DNA in each cell

question

It has been possible for _____ to grow human skin outside the body to treat burn victims.

answer

decades

question

All of the following are true of adult stem cells EXCEPT:

answer

they have the ability to differentiate into every kind of cell in the body

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