BERK CH 1-10 - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com

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According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is

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industry versus inferiority.

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Jacob, a sixth grader, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows

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industriousness.

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According to Erikson, a sense of _________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy childrens feelings of competence and mastery with negative responses.

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inferiority

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Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has

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positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood.

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During the school years, children refine their __________, organizing their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions.

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self-concept

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Beginning in middle childhood, childrens self-descriptions start to emphasize

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both negative and positive characteristics.

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School-age children use frequent _________ in their self-descriptions.

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social comparisons

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Which of the following statements is true about the development of self-concept?

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Perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits.

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As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in

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feedback from close friends.

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Sam is an American sixth grader. Compared to his Asian agemates, when asked to describe himself, Sam is more likely to say which of the following?

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I like hockey.

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Compared to his Western agemates, Chao, who lives in China, will most likely describe himself by referencing his

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group memberships and relationships.

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Self-esteem adjusts to a more realistic level in middle childhood largely as the result of

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feedback about self-performance compared with that of peers.

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During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor.

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physical appearance

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Which of the following statements is true about self-esteem in elementary school?

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It declines during the first few years of elementary school and then, from fourth grade on, rises for the majority of young people.

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From middle childhood on, individual differences in self-esteem

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become increasingly stable.

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Self-esteem takes on a __________ structure in the mid-elementary school years.

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hierarchical

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Which of the following is true about cultural influences on self-esteem?

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Asian children score lower in self-esteem than North American children.

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Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have

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higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride.

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Children whose parents use a(n) _____________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

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authoritative

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____________ parenting is associated with unrealistically high self-esteem.

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indulgent

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Nadias parents are repeatedly disapproving and insulting. As a result, Nadia probably __________ and relies heavily on __________ to affirm her self-worth.

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needs constant reassurance; peers

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Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez want to foster their sons self-esteem. Which of the following would you suggest?

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Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster his self-esteem.

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Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make _________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.

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mastery-oriented; ability

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When Tyler receives a high test grade, he attributes it to luck, but when he gets a low test grade, he attributes it to not being smart. Tyler has developed

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learned helplessness.

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Over time, the ability of __________ children no longer predicts their performance.

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learned-helpless

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When Sally fails, her parents say, You cant do that, can you? Its OK if you quit. Sally probably will develop

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learned helplessness.

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Despite their higher achievement, _______ often blame poor performance on __________.

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girls; ability

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In contrast to Americans, Asians focus more on ________ because ______________.

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failure; it indicates where corrective action is needed

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Teachers who are ________ and emphasize __________ tend to have mastery-oriented students.

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helpful; learning over getting good grades

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Attribution research shows that

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well-intended messages from adults sometimes undermine childrens competence.

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Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This approach is known as

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attribution retraining.

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Which of the following statements is true about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood?

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Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.

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Nine-year-old Marlons grandmother comes to live with his family. She is overly harsh and uses insensitive reprimands to shame him when he has done something wrong. Which of the following is likely?

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Marlon will experience a sharp drop in self-esteem and will display depression and intense anger toward his grandmother.

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Compared to preschoolers, school-age children are more likely to explain emotion by referring to __________ than to __________.

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internal states; external events

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During middle childhood, childrens emotional understanding develops as they become aware that

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people can feel more than one emotion at a time.

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Danielle saw a man carrying a sign that said Im hungry. She took the mans perspective, imagined how he felt, and asked her mom if she could give her allowance to the man so that he could buy some food. Danielle has developed

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empathy

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When Ericas best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to ten. Erica is using

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emotion-centered coping.

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Which of the following is true about emotional self-regulation in middle childhood?

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By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emotion-centered coping.

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Andrew has well-developed emotional self-regulation. He feels that he is in control of his emotional experiences. Andrew has acquired

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a sense of emotional self-efficacy.

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Which of the following is true about moral development?

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By middle childhood, children have had time to internalize rules for good conduct, which leads them to become considerably more independent and trustworthy.

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Fernando has reached the self-reflective level of Selmans stages of perspective taking. Which of the following statements is most likely true about Fernando?

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He can step into another persons shoes and view his own thoughts, feelings, and behavior from the other persons perspective.

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Kendall understands that third-party perspective taking can be influenced by one or more systems of large societal values. According to Selmans theory of perspective taking, Kendall is in what age range?

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14 to adult

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Which of the following is true about perspective taking?

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Children with poor social skills have great difficulty imagining others thoughts and feelings.

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When children in diverse cultures challenge adult authority, they typically do so

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within the personal domain.

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By the end of middle childhood, children display a strong desire for

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group belonging.

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Maddy spends most of her time with a particular set of friends. Within this group, there are specific standards of behavior, a specialized dress code, and identified leaders. Maddy is most likely

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part of a peer group.

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Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that

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within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals.

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In middle childhood, __________ contributes to the development of trust and sensitivity.

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friendship

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Once a friendship forms, ________ becomes its defining feature.

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trust

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Studies of friendship during middle childhood show that

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by age 8 or 9, most children say they have only a handful of good friends.

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Research on aggressive childrens friendships reveals that

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the social problems of aggressive children operate within their closest peer ties.

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When classmates are asked to rate each others likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned.

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popular; neglected

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On a measure of peer acceptance, Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes. Michael would be considered a __________ child.

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controversial

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On a measure of peer acceptance, Dustin was seldom mentioned either positively or negatively. Dustin would be considered a ___________ child.

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neglected

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__________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and delinquency.

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rejected

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The majority of popular-prosocial children combine __________ and __________ competence.

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academic; social

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Harrison is a popular-antisocial child. Which characteristic is he likely to display?

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He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority.

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Rejected-aggressive children are

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deficient in perspective taking and emotional self-regulation.

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Skye, a rejected-withdrawn child, is most likely

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very concerned about being scorned and attacked.

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Which of the following is true about controversial and neglected children?

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Controversial children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviors.

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Jos is a rejected-withdrawn child who has developed a learned-helpless approach to peer difficulties. This means that Jos

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assumes that he will never be liked, no matter what he does.

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Research has shown that parents promote gender stereotypes by

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behaving in a more mastery-oriented fashion with sons than with daughters.

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Which of the following statements is true about peer victimization?

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Biologically based traits, such as an inhibited temperament and a frail physical appearance, contribute to victimization.

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Research on peer victimization shows that

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developing a school code against bullying can reduce peer victimization.

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Research shows that school-age children

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rate masculine occupations as having higher status than feminine occupations.

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School-age children are likely to view which of the following activities as nearly as bad as a moral transgression?

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5-year-old Mark nail wearing polish

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From third grade to sixth grade, boys ___________ their identification with masculine personality traits, whereas girls identification with feminine personality traits __________.

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strengthen; declines

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Which of the following is true about gender typicality?

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Childrens psychological well-being depends, to some degree, on feeling that they fit in with their same-sex peers.

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Octavio feels satisfied with his gender assignment, which consequently makes him happy. Which of the following selfevaluations reflects Octavios gender identity?

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gender contentedness

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Dwayne feels that his parents and peers disapprove of his knitting hobby. His parents have tried to encourage him to consider other hobbies, such as woodworking or coin collecting. Dwayne is distressed and stops knitting. Which of the following accurately describes Dwaynes gender identity self-evaluation?

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felt pressure to conform to gender roles

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Which of the following is true about gender identity and behavior in middle childhood?

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Children who experience rejection because of gender-atypical personality traits suffer profoundly.

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Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) ___________ style in the early years.

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authoritative

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Mr. and Mrs. Pribesh have begun to change how they supervise their son. While they exercise general oversight, they now allow him to take charge of moment-by-moment decision making. The Pribeshes are engaging in

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coregulation.

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Effective coregulation is based on a(n)

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cooperative relationship between parent and child based on give-and-take and mutual respect.

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Which of the following statements is true about parentchild relationships in middle childhood?

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When both parents are present, fathers engage in as much caregiving as mothers.

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In middle childhood, the amount of time children spend with parents

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decreases dramatically.

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Which of the following is supported by research on sibling rivalry?

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Sibling rivalry tends to be more frequent among siblings who are close in age.

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Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to children with siblings.

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are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation

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Which of the following is an accurate statement about divorce rates?

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About two-thirds of divorced parents marry again.

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Which of the following statements is true about the immediate consequences of divorce?

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Family conflict often rises in newly divorced households as parents try to settle disputes over children and possessions.

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In the United States, the majority of single mothers with young children

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live in poverty.

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Noncustodial fathers who see their children only occasionally tend to take on a(n) __________ style of parenting.

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permissive

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Mr. and Mrs. Frishman recently divorced. Their 5-year-old son is likely to

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blame himself for the marital breakup.

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Which of the following is true about childrens temperament and sex differences in adjustment to parental divorce?

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Boys active and noncompliant behaviors tend to increase in divorcing households where parental conflict and inconsistent discipline are common.

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The overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is

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shielding the child from family conflict and using authoritative child rearing.

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Research on the long-term consequences of divorce indicates that

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most children show improved adjustment by two years after divorce.

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Research shows that divorce mediation

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increases cooperation in child rearing.

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Jennifer and Joels children reside with Joel and see Jennifer on a fixed schedule. Both parents have an equal say in important decisions about their childrens upbringing. Which type of custodial arrangement do they have?

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joint custody

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According to research on blended families, which child is most likely to have adjustment problems when his or her mother remarries?

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Selma, a 15-year-old girl

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Marty, who has two children from a previous marriage, has just remarried and now has two stepchildren. Based on information in your text, you can anticipate that

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Martys contact with his biological children will decline.

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Children whose mothers enjoy their work outside the home and remain committed to parenting ___________ than children of stay-at-home mothers.

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get better grades in school

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Research shows that maternal employment

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leads fathers to take on greater child-rearing responsibilities.

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Part-time maternal employment and flexible work schedules are associated with

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good child adjustment.

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Which of the following is true about child care for school-age children?

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Low-SES children who participate in after-care programs exceed their self-care counterparts in classroom work habits, academic achievement, and prosocial behavior.

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Beginning in middle childhood, a common fear is

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the possibility of personal harm.

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Children in Western nations mention ___________ as the most common source of their fears.

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exposure to negative information in the media

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Often school phobia can be traced to

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parental overprotection.

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Elliott, age 11, is suddenly afraid to go to school. Which of the following is the best advice you can give to Elliotts parents?

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Firmly insist that he return to school, and train him in how to cope with difficult situations.

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Research on child sexual abuse indicates that

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the abuser is most often a parent or someone the parent knows well.

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Children who ____________ are especially vulnerable to sexual abuse.

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live in homes with a constantly changing cast of characters

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Goran is a child victim of war. Research shows that Goran is likely to experience

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an increase in anxiety and depression.

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Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, children in Public School 31 in Brooklyn, New York, unlike many war-traumatized children in the developing world,

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received immediate intervention, which included a trauma curriculum.

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Which of the following is true about the consequences of child sexual abuse?

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Repeated sexual abuse is associated with central nervous system damage.

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The best way to reduce the emotional trauma of child sexual abuse is to

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prevent sexual abuse from continuing.

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Which of the following statements about resilience is true?

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Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity.

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Was among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents by writting child-rearing book

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arnold gesell

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Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. this correlation is

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moderate to positive

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__ brings together researchers from psychology, biology neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship betwen chages in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns

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cognitive development theory

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one limitation of debriefing is

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young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures

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which of the following is a personal characteristic that could offer protection from the damaging effects of early stressful life events?

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musical talent

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which of the following is an example of a non normative influence?

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patty learned to speak spanish and french in college

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according to __ theory, children learn primarily through modeling

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social learning

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in an experiment on the side effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence, the independent variable would be the

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type of lesson (music vs acting)

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in a longitudinal study, __ effects when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical condition

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cohort

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behaviorism focuses on

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stimuli and responses

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In a longitudinal study, __________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions.

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cohort

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Developmental science is ___________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study.

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interdisciplinary

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Within the ________________ view of development, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

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discontinuous

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Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the _________ perspective.

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discontinuous

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G. Stanley Hall regarded development as a _____________ process.

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maturational

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A(n) _______________ design permits inferences about cause and effect.

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experimental

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One limitation of longitudinal research is that participants' performance may improve as a result of

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practice effects

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In a __________ design, investigators study the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

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longitudinal

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To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. Bleu followed a group of children from age 8 to age 40. This is an example of a __________ design.

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longitudinal

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Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George's prediction is an example of a

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hypothesis

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_________ are the most common type of multiple birth.

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Fraternal twins

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The sex of a baby is determined by whether

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an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.

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Which of the following countries has a higher infant death rate?

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The United States

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Characteristics that vary on a continuum among people, such as height, weight, or intelligence, are most likely determined by __________ inheritance.

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polygenic

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Rodlike structures called ______________ store and transmit genetic information.

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chromosomes

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The one allele that affects the child's characteristics is called

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dominant

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Contemporary researchers view the family as a(n) _____________, or network of interdependent relationships.

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social system

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Accumulating evidence reveals that the relationship between heredity and the environment is

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bidirectional

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In _____________ , sperm from a man whose wife is infertile are used to inseminate a woman, who is paid for her childbearing services.

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surrogate motherhood

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__________ is/are a major cause of the dramatic rise in multiple births in recent decades.

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fertility drugs

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Social Security and Medicare consume about ______ percent of the U.S. federal budget for the elderly.

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96

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One reason that public policies safeguarding children are slow to emerge is because

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children cannot vote or speak out to protect their own interests

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Dizygotic twins

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are no more alike than ordinary siblings

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Within every cell (except red blood cells) is a control center, or

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nucleus

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The communication process of ________________ can help couples understand genetic principles, genetic testing, and prevention of genetic disorders.

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genetic counseling

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If the alleles from both parents _________, the child is ___________.

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differ, heterozygous

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____________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.

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Meiosis

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To detect problems before birth, doctors use

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prenatal diagnostic methods

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High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to

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prematurity, low birth weight, and brain damage

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Theo and Monique are parents of a newborn baby. Which of the following statements about Theo's adjustment to parenthood is true?

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At times, Theo may feel ambivalent toward the baby, who constantly demands Monique's attention

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By the middle of the second trimester, the

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new being has grown large enough that the mother can feel its movements

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Dana is pregnant with her first child and wonders how much weight she should gain during the pregnancy. You should recommend a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of ______ pounds.

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25 to 30

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Some form of medication is used in ______ percent of U.S. births.

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more than 80

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The umbilical cord

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connects the placenta to the developing organism

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A teratogen is

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any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

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The stress of adapting to parenthood

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is manageable when marital relationships are positive, social support is available, and families have sufficient income

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Fetal monitors

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track the baby's heart rate during labor

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If untreated, toxemia can cause

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convulsions in the mother and fetal death

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Babies who have frequent contact with members of other races

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show no own-race face preference

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Coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath during the process of _________________ improves the efficiency of message transfer.

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myelination

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In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes, the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the

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higher their cortisol levels

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Which of these is an example of a fine-motor skill?

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grasping

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For most people, the left hemisphere of the brain is largely responsible for __________ and the right hemisphere handles _____________.

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verbal abilities and positive emotion; spatial abilities and negative emotion

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Newborn Sam's poorly coordinated swipes or swings toward an object in front of him are called

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prereaching

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Visual acuity is

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the fineness of visual discrimination

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The clumsy motion in which a baby's fingers close against the palm to hold an object is called

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the ulnar grasp

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Research suggests that cosleeping children

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are no different from other children in any aspect of adjustment

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Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called

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neurotransmitters

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_______ growth is a return to a genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions improve.

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Catch-up

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Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses in a process called

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synaptic pruning

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Human adults have especially elaborate ___________, which enable them to observe another's behavior while simulating the behavior in their own brains.

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mirror neurons

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In an investigation of children who had spent their first eight months or more in Romanian institutions and were then adopted into Canadian homes, late adoptees showed

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extreme stress reactivity

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Which picture is newborn Alex most likely to prefer to look at?

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a black-and-white checkerboard with a few large squares

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The best way of estimating a child's physical maturity is to use ________ age.

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skeletal

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Pound for pound, an infant's energy needs are __________ those of an adult.

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twice

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Baby Edda's body looks wasted, and she is withdrawn and apathetic. However, she is offered enough food and there is no biological cause for her condition. She most likely has

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nonorganic failure to thrive

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When _______ are adequate, height is largely determined by heredity.

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diet and health

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________ are nerve cells that store and transmit information.

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neurons

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During infancy, __________. These sex differences will __________ during adolescence.

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girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; be greatly magnified

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At first, babies are sensitive to virtually all speech sounds, but around 6 months, they

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narrow their focus, limiting the distinctions they make to the language they hear and will soon learn

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At first, baby Mario was easily awakened every night by a barking dog in his neighborhood. Several weeks later, Mario's sleep is not bothered by the dog's barks. This is an example of

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habituation

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__________ refers to control over actions that help infants get around in the environment, whereas ___________ has to do with smaller movements, such as reaching and grasping.

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Gross-motor development; fine-motor development

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The average 2-year-old needs _____ hours of sleep.

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12 to 13

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Breastfeeding for just a few weeks

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offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections

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A stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a(n)

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reinforcer

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Maggi is concerned because her 8-month-old daughter has gained 10 pounds since birth and has transformed into a round, plump baby. You can assure Maggi that her daughter's rise in "baby fat"

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helps her keep a constant body temperature

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For exploring the environment, humans depend on _______ more than any other sense.

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vision

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__________ is the ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves.

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depth perception

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Vygotsky believed that complex mental activities have their origin in

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social interaction

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Around 2 months, babies begin to make vowel-like noises called

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cooing

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When Sarah was 18 months old, her mother stood behind her, helping her throw a bean bag into a hole. As Sarah's skill improved, her mother stepped back, letting her try on her own. This example best illustrates the concept of

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the zone of proximal development

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According to some behaviorists, children rely on _________ to rapidly acquire complex utterances.

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imitation

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Professor Zettler regards language development as entirely due to environmental influences. Professor Zettler's belief is consistent with the ___________ perspective.

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behaviorist

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Today, infant mental tests are largely used for

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screening to help identify babies who are likely to have developmental problems

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In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs,

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more effective schemes are produced

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Which of the following parent-child activities strongly predicts academic success during the school years?

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reading and talking about picture books

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In contrast to the United States, most European countries

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nationally regulate child care to ensure its quality.

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The goal of mental testing is to

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measure behaviors that reflect development and to arrive at scores that predict future performance

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Sayuri, who lives in a collectivist culture, wins a game. Her parents will probably encourage Sayuri to feel

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embarrassed by the individual attention

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According to Bowlby, the _____________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

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internal working model

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Persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation ___________ temperament.

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profoundly alters

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Research on temperament indicates that

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consistent ethnic and sex differences in early temperament exist

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Once wariness of strangers develops after 6 months,

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babies use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore

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According to Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

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difficult

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Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) ________ child.

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easy

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One-year-old Noah follows his mother and climbs on her in preference to others. He becomes upset when his mother leaves the room. Noah is most likely in Bowlby's _________ phase.

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"clear-cut" attachment

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Maks, who lives in an individualistic culture, gets an "A" on his test. His parents will probably encourage Maks to feel

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pride in his personal achievement

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During the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile

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when they are full

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During a conversation, 4-year-old Maleeka will

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adjust her speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of her listener.

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Which of the following is supported by research on child care?

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Good child care enhanses cognitive, language, and social development.

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Which of the following is true about preschoolers' ablitiy to generate and follow a plan?

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When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively.

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Metacognition involves

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thinking about thought.

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Compared with typically developing children, children with autism more often

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use words to echo what others say and to get things they want, not to exchange ideas.

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In industrialized nations, childhood diseases have declined dramatically during the past half century, largely as the result of

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widespread immunization of infants and young children.

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Contemporary researchers believe that make-believe play

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not only reflects, but also contributes to, children's cognitive and social skills.

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Vygotsky viewed __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.

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make-believe

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Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using _________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.

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a recast

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According to Piaget, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage is an increase in

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representational, or symbolic, activity.

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Which of the following is one reason the United States lags behind Denmark, Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Canada in immunizations?

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Many American children do not have the access to the healthcare they need.

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Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. J.T. is demonstrating a grasp of

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ordinality.

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The ______, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing 2 hormones that induce growth

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pituitary gland

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Two-year-old Aidan says, "We saw two deers." Aidan is demonstrating

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overregularization.

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In Western societies, the role of equipping children with the skills they need to become competent workers is assigned to

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schools.

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Which of the following is true about computer use in early childhood?

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Word-processing programs can support emergent literacy, enabling preschoolers to experiment with letters and words without having to struggle with handwriting.

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Information processing focusses on __________ that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental systems.

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mental strategies

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Watching educational television programming like Sesame Street is associated with

answer

getting higher grades, reading more books, and placing more value on achievement in high school.

question

Research shows that children more often use private speech when

answer

tasks are appropriately challenging and they are confused about how to proceed.

question

In child-centered preschool programs, teachers

answer

provide a variety of activities from which children select.

question

Five-year-old Chaim is participating in Piaget's three-mountains problem. When Chaim is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely select the

answer

picture that shows his own point of view.

question

A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is:

answer

A steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on completing goal.

question

As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy

answer

Balance improves greatly.

question

Consistent with Vygotsky's ideas, research shows that ______________ predict(s) gains in children's thinking.

answer

Adult cognitive support.

question

____________ is necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals.

answer

Growth hormone.

question

A central component of the Head Start philosophy is

answer

Parental involvement.

question

After putting on a Halloween mask and looking at her reflection in a mirror, 3-year-old Maggi is frightened. This is probably because Maggi

answer

Has a fragile understanding of the appearance-reality distinction.

question

_________ contribute(s) to the decline of magical beliefs.

answer

Familiarity with physical events and principles.

question

Children with autism

answer

have narrow and overly intense interests.

question

Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.

answer

Centration.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on individual differences in motor skills?

answer

Parents tend to foster sex-stereotypic physical activities in their children.

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______________ refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

answer

Conservation.

question

Which child is most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first?

answer

Brooke, an obese girl.

question

Research on language development in early childhood shows that recasts and expansions

answer

Model grammatical alternatives and encourage children to experiment with them.

question

General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation are known as

answer

Scripts.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on nutrition?

answer

Preschoolers compensate for a meal in which they eat little by eating more at a later meal.

question

Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from ______ percent of its adult weight to _____ percent.

answer

70; 90

question

In the United States, __________ are the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old.

answer

Motor vehicle collisions.

question

According to Piaget, magical thinking is common during preschool years because

answer

Young children egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events.

question

In early childhood, on average, children add ____ inches in height and _____ pounds in weight each year.

answer

2 & 3

question

X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate childrens

answer

Skeletal age

question

An estimated 30 percent of U.S. preschoolers have ____________, a figure that rises to 60 percent by age 18.

answer

Tooth decay

question

Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from ______ percent of its adult weight to _____ percent.

answer

70; 90

question

EEG and fMRI measures of neural activity in various cortical regions reveal

answer

Especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in the frontal lobe

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For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere

answer

Is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off

question

In contrast to activity in the left hemisphere, activity in the right cerebral hemisphere

answer

Increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood

question

_______ skills increase at an astonishing pace in early childhood, whereas ______ skills develop gradually over childhood and adolescence.

answer

Language; spatial

question

_______ may profoundly affect handedness.

answer

Prenatal events

question

The _____________ aids in balance and control of body movement.

answer

Cerebellum

question

Fibers linking the __________ to the __________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination.

answer

Cerebellum; cerebral cortex

question

Casey suffered damage to his cerebellum. Casey will most likely display both _______ and __________ deficits.

answer

motor; cognitive

question

The ___________, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.

answer

pituitary gland

question

Thyroid-stimulating hormone prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release __________, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have its full impact on body size.

answer

thyroxine

question

With the transition to early childhood, many children

answer

become unpredictable, picky eaters.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on nutrition?

answer

Preschoolers compensate for a meal in which they eat little by eating more at a later meal.

question

Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin's parents encourage her to eat a new food?

answer

Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.

question

Which of the following statements is true about childhood diseases?

answer

Childhood diseases occur earlier in developing nations than in industrialized countries.

question

Worldwide, _____ percent of deaths of children under age 5 are due to infectious diseases.

answer

70

question

__________, often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to nearly 2 million childhood deaths each year.

answer

Diarrhea

question

Bullous lives in a shantytown. His parents can decrease the risks of persistent diarrhea by

answer

administering oral rehydration therapy when he is sick.

question

Oral rehydration therapy

answer

saves the lives of millions of children every year.

question

Developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with oral rehydration therapy, which consists of

answer

a solution of glucose, salt, and water.

question

About _____ percent of U.S. preschoolers lack essential immunizations.

answer

23

question

__________ are the leading cause of childhood death in industrialized countries.

answer

Unintentional injuries

question

In the United States, nearly ______ percent of childhood deaths and ______ percent of adolescent deaths result from injuries.

answer

35; 50

question

In the United States, __________ are the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old.

answer

motor vehicle collisions

question

Boys are _____ times more likely to be injured than girls.

answer

1.5

question

_______________ are strongly associated with childhood injury.

answer

Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education

question

Which of the following is supported by research on childhood injuries?

answer

U.S. children from advantaged families are at considerably greater risk for injury than children in Western Europe.

question

About ____ percent of U.S. parents fail to place their preschoolers in car safety seats.

answer

40

question

By the end of the preschool years, most children

answer

can tie their shoes.

question

Children first represent objects and events on paper by

answer

making gestures that leave marks.

question

When ___________, preschoolers pictures become more comprehensible and detailed.

answer

adults draw with children and point out the resemblances between drawings and objects

question

Preschoolers first attempts to print often involve writing

answer

their own name.

question

Which of the following is true about sex differences in motor skills in early childhood?

answer

Girls are ahead of boys in fine-motor skills.

question

Piaget acknowledged that ________ is a childs most flexible means of mental representation.

answer

language

question

In early pretending, toddlers use

answer

only realistic objects.

question

Which of the following is true about the development of make-believe play?

answer

Older preoperational children are aware that make-believe play is a representational activity.

question

Preschoolers who _____________ are seen as more socially competent by their teachers.

answer

spend more time in sociodramatic play

question

While playing house, 3-year-old Lindsay uses a straw as a bottle to feed her doll. Lindsay has begun to grasp

answer

dual representation

question

Experiences with ___________ help preschoolers appreciate that one object can stand for another.

answer

diverse symbols

question

According to Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is

answer

egocentrism

question

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions, is called

answer

animistic thinking

question

Five-year-old Chaim is participating in Piagets three-mountains problem. When Chaim is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the dolls perspective, he will most likely select the

answer

picture that shows his own point of view.

question

Three-year-old Will brings all of his action figures to preschool for show-and-tell because he does not want any of them to feel bad if they are left behind at home. Will is demonstrating

answer

animistic thinking.

question

Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is all spread out. Jasmine is demonstrating

answer

an inability to conserve.

question

Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational childrens thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.

answer

Centration

question

In Piaget's conservation-of-liquid problem, preoperational children are easily distracted by the ________ of objects and ignore the ___________ between events.

answer

perceptual appearance; dynamic transformation

question

The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its

answer

irreversibility.

question

Preoperational children have difficulty with ________________, which involves the organization of objects into groups based on similarities and differences.

answer

hierarchical classification

question

One reason Piagetian problems do not always elicit responses reflecting preschoolers true cognitive abilities is that they contain

answer

unfamiliar elements or too many pieces of information.

question

Follow-up research on preoperational thought indicates that

answer

Most 3- and 4-year-olds believe in the supernatural powers of fairies, goblins, and other enchanted creatures.

question

Follow-up research indicates that even though preschoolers have difficulty with Piagetian class inclusion tasks, they

answer

organize their everyday knowledge into nested categories at an early age.

question

Piaget called childrens self-directed utterances _________ speech, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspectives of others.

answer

egocentric

question

According to Vygotsky, private speech during the preschool years

answer

helps young children guide their behavior during challenging tasks.

question

According to Vygotsky, a parent engages in _______ when he adjusts the support offered to the child during a teaching session to fit the childs current level of performance..

answer

scaffolding

question

_____________ refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication.

answer

Guided participation

question

In village and tribal cultures, parents have little need to rely on conversation and play to teach children because

answer

children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood.

question

Compared to their Western agemates, Yucatec Mayan preschoolers

answer

seldom ask others for something interesting to do.

question

Itzel, a Yucatec Mayan preschooler, is hungry. She is most likely to

answer

decide for herself when and how much to eat.

question

Information processing focuses on ___________that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental systems.

answer

mental strategies

question

A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is

answer

a steady gain in childrens ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal

question

Which of the following is true about preschoolers ability to generate and follow a plan?

answer

When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively.

question

Recognition memory is

answer

The ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same as or similar to one they have seen before.

question

Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because

answer

They are not skilled at using memory strategies.

question

Over spring vacation, Gerald goes to Disney World with his family. When he returns to school, Gerald excitedly tells his teacher about the trip. Gerald's representation of this personally meaningful, one-time event is known as

answer

An autobiographical memory.

question

With regard to questions used to elicit children's autobiographical narratives, preschoolers who experience the ________ style recall _________ information about past events.

answer

Elaborative; more.

question

Many studies indicate that __________ strongly predicts preschoolers grasp of false belief.

answer

Language ability.

question

Children who spontaneously use, or who are trained to use, complex sentences with mental-state words are especially likely to pass __________ tasks.

answer

False-belief

question

Childrens active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called

answer

Emergent literacy

question

Growing evidence reveals that children with autism have

answer

A deficient theory of mind.

question

_____________ is a strong predictor of emergent literacy.

answer

Phonological awareness

question

Mastery of _________ increases the efficiency of children's counting.

answer

Cardinality

question

Pramada attends a child-care program that stresses formal academic training. As a result, Pramada is more likely to _____________ than peers who attend a child-centered program.

answer

Display a decrease in motivation and emotional well-being

question

One reason that gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start quickly dissolve is that many of the children

answer

Enter low-quality public schools.

question

According to Erikson, once preschoolers have a sense of autonomy, they become less _______ than they were as toddlers.

answer

contrary

question

For Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict ________ that causes children to feel too much _________ because they have been threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults.

answer

superego; guilt

question

Erikson's image of _______ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

answer

initiative

question

As self-awareness strengthens, preschoolers begin to develop a

answer

self-concept.

question

Preschoolers self-concepts

answer

are very concrete.

question

If you ask 3-year-old Winnie to tell you about herself, she will probably describe herself in terms of

answer

observable characteristics.

question

The stronger children's self-definition is, the more ________ they tend to be.

answer

possessive

question

When trying to promote friendly peer interaction in her preschool classroom, Miss Dodge should

answer

encourage compromise rather than insisting on sharing.

question

___________ are a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values.

answer

Narratives

question

In a study of middle-SES Irish-American families in Chicago and Chinese families in Taiwan, Chinese parents

answer

frequently told their preschoolers stories about the child's misdeeds.

question

Four-year-old Hobie is asked to rate his competence in ice skating. He will probably

answer

rate his own ability as extremely high and underestimate the difficulty of skating.

question

During the preschool years, high self-esteem

answer

greatly contributes to children's initiative during a period in which they must master many new skills.

question

Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by

answer

adjusting their expectations to children's capacities.

question

Preschoolers are especially likely to engage in emotion talk

answer

during make-believe play.

question

______________ contributes to preschoolers improved emotional self-regulation.

answer

Language

question

Research on emotional self-regulation demonstrates that

answer

preschoolers know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input.

question

Inhibiting impulses and shifting attention through _____________ are vital in managing emotion during early childhood.

answer

effortful control

question

Four-year-old Tristan experiences negative emotion intensely. He is more likely than other children to

answer

react with anger or aggression when he is frustrated.

question

Preschoolers self-conscious emotions are

answer

clearly linked to self-evaluation.

question

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw. Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, which of the following is most likely true?

answer

Katherine is likely to show moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks.

question

Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to

answer

good adjustment.

question

An important motivator of prosocial behavior is

answer

empathy.

question

Empathy

answer

can escalate self-focused personal distress in some children.

question

Children who are sociable and assertive are

answer

more likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress.

question

Two-year-old Darcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, Darcy is likely to respond with

answer

sympathetic concern.

question

Children who are unable to regulate their emotions

answer

display less pro-social behavior and sympathetic concern.

question

According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are ________ and __________ play.

answer

associative; cooperative

question

Follow-up research on peer sociability indicates that

answer

all types of play coexist in early childhood.

question

Max plays with a funnel at one end of the sand table, while Madison makes a pie at the other end. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaging in __________ play.

answer

associative

question

Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls. They do not talk or try to influence each other. They are engaging in _______ play.

answer

parallel

question

Research on peer sociability demonstrates that

answer

preschoolers move from one type of play to another and back again.

question

Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she

answer

engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action.

question

Four- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as

answer

pleasurable play and sharing of toys.

question

Frank, a kindergartener, says that Pat is his best friend on days they get along. But when a dispute arises, he reverses himself: Pat is not my friend! Franks parents should

answer

not be concerned because friendships in early childhood do not have a long-term, enduring quality based on mutual trust.

question

Research on friendships shows that

answer

the ease with which kindergarteners make new friends predicts behaviors linked to gains in achievement.

question

Which of the following is an example of a direct parental influence on childrens peer sociability?

answer

Maxine arranges for her 4-year-old to play with his friend at the park.

question

Research on parental influences on childrens peer sociability shows that

answer

preschoolers whose parents arrange play dates tend to have larger peer networks.

question

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a childs morality is

answer

externally controlled by adults.

question

Truly moral individuals

answer

have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct.

question

Psychoanalytic theory stresses

answer

the emotional side of conscience development.

question

According to Freud, children

answer

act morally to avoid punitive feelings of guilt from their superego.

question

Research reveals that inductive discipline

answer

helps children notice others feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others.

question

Which of the following statements is an example of induction?

answer

Your sister is crying because you wont give back her truck.

question

Although good discipline is crucial, ___________ is also influential in conscience development.

answer

a childs temperament

question

Maureen and Chris, the parents of an impulsive preschooler, can foster conscience development by

answer

combining firm correction with induction.

question

Current research indicates that Freud was correct that

answer

guilt is an important motivator of moral action.

question

According to social learning theorists, children learn to behave morally

answer

by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

question

Frequent punishment

answer

promotes immediate compliance, but not lasting changes in behavior.

question

Which of the following is true about the effects of harsh punishment?

answer

Harsh punishment induces a sense of being personally threatened.

question

Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges,

answer

allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence.

question

Studies suggest that time out is useful as a disciplinary technique

answer

when a child is out of control.

question

Research on the consequences of corporal punishment reveals that in African-American families,

answer

the more mothers discipline physically in childhood, the less their teenagers display angry, acting out behavior.

question

Research on corporal punishment shows that spanking is

answer

associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.

question

Martha and Thomas can increase the effectiveness of their parental discipline by

answer

offering reasons for mild punishment.

question

One strategy of positive discipline is

answer

reducing opportunities for misbehavior.

question

In contrast to the psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches to morality, the cognitive-developmental perspective

answer

regards children as active thinkers about social rules.

question

Preschoolers distinguish ___________, which protect peoples rights and welfare, from ___________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

answer

moral imperatives; matters of personal choice

question

Four-year-old Ellie is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing an apple, and the other showing a child eating ice cream with her fingers. Ellie is most likely to view

answer

the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.

question

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because she lies. This is an example of __________ aggression.

answer

relational

question

Marlena teases Jessica by calling her a dodo head. This is an example of ________ aggression.

answer

verbal

question

_________ aggression in verbal and ________ forms tends to rise over early and middle childhood.

answer

Reactive; relational

question

Which of the following is supported by research on sex differences in aggression?

answer

Although girls have a reputation for being both more verbally and relationally aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small.

question

Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence

answer

increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behaviors in viewers.

question

Which of the following statements is supported by research on television programming and aggression?

answer

Cartoons are the most violent TV programs.

question

Which of the following statements is supported by research on viewing television violence?

answer

Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent TV programming than nonaggressive children.

question

In the United States, __________ has hampered efforts to regulate TV content.

answer

the First Amendment right to free speech

question

At present, ___________ bear(s) most responsibility for protecting children from exposure to media violence and other inappropriate content.

answer

parents

question

In Michaelas preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and Legos. This is an example of

answer

gender typing.

question

During early childhood, childrens gender-stereotyped beliefs

answer

strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated.

question

Which of the following preschoolers is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

answer

a boy who wears nail polish

question

Research on gender typing reveals that

answer

the presence of male sex hormones leads to a rough, noisy play style in boys.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on gender typing?

answer

By age 6, children spend 11 times as much time with same-sex as with other-sex playmates.

question

Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that parents

answer

have different expectations for sons than for daughters.

question

The case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates

answer

the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a persons sense of self as male or female.

question

David Reimers gender reassignment failed because his

answer

male biology overwhelmingly demanded a consistent sexual identity.

question

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that teachers

answer

give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.

question

The more preschoolers play with same-sex playmates, the

answer

more their behavior becomes gender typed.

question

Maria more positively evaluates girls than boys. This is an example of

answer

in-group favoritism.

question

Mark rates his personality as ambitious, competitive, affectionate, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Marks responses indicate a(n)

answer

androgynous gender identity.

question

Research on gender identity demonstrates that

answer

masculine and androgynous children have a higher self-esteem than those with a feminine identity.

question

According to social learning theory, __________ come(s) before __________ in the development of gender identity.

answer

behavior; self-perceptions

question

Six-year-old Charlie realizes that his sister remains a girl even when she operates a bulldozer. Charlie has acquired the concept of gender

answer

constancy.

question

Children younger than age 6 who watch an adult dress a doll in other-gender clothing typically

answer

insist that the dolls sex has also changed.

question

Research on gender constancy demonstrates that

answer

attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to the ability to pass Piagetian conservation and verbal appearancereality tasks.

question

Gender schema theory

answer

explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development.

question

Molly says, Only girls can be nurses. Molly

answer

is a gender-schematic child.

question

Nathan is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Nathan remembers him as a doctor. Nathan

answer

is a gender-schematic child.

question

Douglas does not like volleyball. Douglas concludes that only girls like volleyball. Douglas

answer

is a gender-schematic child.

question

By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do

answer

are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination.

question

The ____________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach.

answer

authoritative

question

Authoritarian parents

answer

rarely listen to the child's point of view.

question

Permissive parents

answer

are warm but overindulgent.

question

Which of the following is true about the authoritative child-rearing style?

answer

Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use teaching moments to promote the childs self-regulation.

question

Bobby is anxious, unhappy, and has low self-esteem. When frustrated, Bobby tends to react with hostility. His parents are most likely to fit which of the following child-rearing styles?

answer

authoritarian

question

Which of the following is true about the permissive child-rearing style?

answer

Instead of gradually granting autonomy, permissive parents allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so.

question

Tanners parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Tanner and are indifferent to his point of view. Tanners parents have a(n) ____________ style of child rearing.

answer

uninvolved

question

Uninvolved parenting

answer

is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment called neglect.

question

__________ commit the vast majority of child abuse incidents.

answer

Parents

question

Mothers engage in _________ more often than fathers, whereas fathers engage in __________ more often than mothers.

answer

neglect; sexual abuse

question

_________ and __________ are at the greatest risk for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.

answer

Preschool; school-age children

question

Which of the following children is the most likely to become a target of child abuse?

answer

Cole, a premature baby

question

Maltreating parents

answer

suffer from biased thinking about their child.

question

Research on child maltreatment shows that

answer

maltreating parents lack lifelines to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on child maltreatment?

answer

Every industrialized country except the United States and Canada prohibits corporal punishment in school.

question

At school, maltreated children

answer

present serious discipline problems.

question

Priscilla was abused by her mother. She does not want to repeat the cycle with her own children. Which of the following interventions is the most likely to help Priscilla?

answer

Developing a trusting relationship with another person.

question

In an evaluation of its effectiveness, Healthy Families home visitation alone reduced only neglect, not abuse. But adding __________ dramatically increased its impact.

answer

a cognitive component

question

In middle childhood, children grow an average of _____ inches in height and ______ pounds in weight each year.

answer

2 to 3, 5

question

After age 8, girls

answer

begin accumulating fat at a faster rate than boys.

question

As muscles adapt to an enlarging skeleton, children often experience

answer

nighttime growing pains.

question

Between the ages of 6 and 12, ________ primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones.

answer

20

question

Research on nutrition in middle childhood indicates that

answer

malnutrition that persists from infancy or early childhood into the school years usually leads to permanent physical and mental damage.

question

A BMI above the ______ percentile for a childs age and sex is considered overweight; a BMI above the _______ percentile is considered obese.

answer

85th; 95th

question

Which of the following is supported by research on childhood obesity?

answer

Overweight children tend to have overweight parents.

question

Obese children tend to

answer

be less responsive than normal-weight children to internal hunger cues.

question

Research on weight gain reveals that children who get less nightly sleep are

answer

more likely to be overweight five years later.

question

Inactivity is ____________ excessive weight gain in children.

answer

both a cause and consequence of

question

Which of the following is true about the consequences of obesity?

answer

Obese children are stereotyped as lazy, self-doubting, and deceitful.

question

Which of the following is regarded as one of the most effective interventions for treating childhood obesity?

answer

a family-based approach focused on changing behaviors

question

The most frequent cause of school absence and childhood hospitalization is

answer

asthma

question

Which of the following children is at the greatest risk for asthma?

answer

Thomas, an overweight African-American boy who lives in an inner-city area

question

Along with body growth, _____________ plays a vital role in improved motor performance in middle childhood.

answer

more efficient information processing

question

Paul is concerned because his 6-year-old son prints using large letters and numbers. You can tell Paul that his sons writing is large because he

answer

makes strokes with his entire arm rather than just the wrist and fingers.

question

Research on sex differences in motor skills during middle childhood indicates that

answer

girls outperform boys on skills that depend on agility and balance.

question

Research confirms that _________ plays a large role in accounting for boys gross motor superiority.

answer

the social environment

question

___________ contribute greatly to emotional and social development and are rarely contests of individual ability.

answer

Child-invented games

question

Gains in __________ contribute to a childs ability to play games with rules.

answer

perspective taking

question

During middle childhood, child-invented games usually involve

answer

simple physical skills and a sizable element of luck.

question

Ten-year-old Nadia enjoys making up games and playing them with her friends. Playing these child-invented games probably allows Nadia to

answer

try out different styles of cooperating and competing with little personal risk.

question

One valid criticism of adult-organized youth sports is that

answer

they overemphasize competition and substitute childrens natural experimentation with rules and strategies.

question

Which of the following is true about childrens rough-and-tumble play?

answer

It helps children establish a dominance hierarchy.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on recess?

answer

Elementary school students are more attentive in the classroom after recess than before it.

question

Many experts believe that schools should not only offer more frequent physical education classes but should put less emphasis on __________ and more emphasis on __________ in their physical education programs.

answer

competitive sports; informal games and individual exercise

question

Which of the following is supported by research on physical education in the United States?

answer

Only 42 percent of boys and 11 percent of girls are active enough for good health.

question

Piaget regarded __________ as an important achievement of the concrete operational stage because it provides clear evidence of __________.

answer

conservation; operations

question

Jamal is able to think through a series of steps and then mentally return to the starting point. Therefore, Jamal is capable of

answer

reversibility

question

During a conservation-of-water task, Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emme is capable of

answer

decentration.

question

Margerite passed Piagets class inclusions task. This indicates that Margerite can

answer

focus on relations between a general and two specific categories at the same time.

question

To test for ________, Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.

answer

seriation

question

A concrete operational child can _________ mentally, an ability called _________________.

answer

seriate; transitive inference

question

Kim Lee is able to mentally represent her neighborhood and describe it to others. Kim Lees representation is known as a

answer

cognitive map.

question

According to Piaget, one limitation of concrete operational thought is that childrens mental operations work poorly with

answer

abstract ideas.

question

School-age children master concrete operational tasks

answer

gradually, in a continuum of acquisition.

question

The very experience of ____________ seems to promote mastery of Piagetian tasks.

answer

going to school.

question

Some investigators have concluded that the forms of logic required by Piagetian tasks do not emerge spontaneously but, rather, are

answer

heavily influenced by training, context, and cultural conditions.

question

In Robbie Cases neo-Piagetian theory, repeated practice of cognitive schemes

answer

leads them to become more automatic.

question

In Cases neo-Piagetian theory, children acquire central conceptual structures

answer

once cognitive schemes are sufficiently automatic.

question

Hannah listens to and tells stories but rarely draws pictures. According to Cases neo-Piagetian theory, Hannah probably displays

answer

more advanced central conceptual structures in storytelling.

question

The information-processing perspective

answer

examines separate aspects of thinking.

question

Individuals skilled at ___________ can prevent their minds from straying to irrelevant thoughts.

answer

inhibition

question

When Taylor was given a list of ingredients to memorize, she immediately repeated the list to herself over and over. Which memory strategy did Taylor use?

answer

rehearsal

question

When Mike had to learn the state capitals, he grouped the states by region to assist his memory. Which memory strategy did Mike use?

answer

organization

question

According to one view of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

answer

deficient executive processing underlies ADHD symptoms.

question

Research on the origins of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) indicates that

answer

ADHD is highly heritable.

question

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

answer

is usually a lifelong disorder.

question

To help herself remember that she needed cat food and gloves at the store, Cheryl imagined a cat wearing gloves. Which memory strategy did Cheryl use?

answer

elaboration

question

Children who are expert in an area

answer

are usually highly motivated.

question

Cross-cultural research on memory indicates that

answer

people in non-Western cultures who lack formal schooling do not use or benefit from instruction in memory strategies.

question

Research on __________ reveals that school-age children view the mind as an active and constructive agent.

answer

theory of mind

question

Research on metacognitive development shows that preschoolers

answer

view the mind as a passive container of information.

question

esearch on metacognitive development shows that by middle childhood, children know that

answer

doing well on a task depends on focusing attention.

question

Luke has a science test on Friday and knows that he needs to focus his attention during class and apply memory strategies when studying. Luke is demonstrating

answer

metacognitive awareness.

question

Quinn knows that he should group items when memorizing lists, but he does not always do so. Quinn is not yet good at

answer

cognitive self-regulation.

question

By adolescence, _________ is a strong predictor of academic success.

answer

self-regulation

question

Children who acquire effective self-regulatory skills develop

answer

academic self-efficacy.

question

Research on reading proficiency in middle childhood shows that improvements in __________ releases working memory for higher-level activities.

answer

visual scanning and discrimination

question

Educators who advocate a whole-language approach argue that

answer

from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language.

question

Educators who advocate a phonics approach argue that

answer

children should learn the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds before being given reading material.

question

Most reading experts believe that

answer

combining phonics with whole language is the best approach for teaching beginning reading.

question

In learning basic math facts, poorly performing children

answer

use cumbersome techniques or try to retrieve answers from memory too soon.

question

Which of the following contributes to the superiority of Chinese over U.S. childrens math knowledge?

answer

Chinese parents provide their preschoolers with extensive practice in counting and adding.

question

Why do IQ scores often enter into educational decisions?

answer

They predict school performance and educational attainment.

question

The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler intelligence tests

answer

are most often used to identify students who are highly intelligent or have learning problems.

question

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition,

answer

contains nonverbal subtests that do not require spoken language.

question

The basic information-processing, visual-spatial processing, and working memory factors of the Stanford-Binet

answer

are thought to be less culturally biased than the other factors.

question

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

answer

was the first test to be standardized on children representing the total population of the United States.

question

Componential analysis involves

answer

examining relationships between aspects of information processing and childrens intelligence test scores.

question

Componential research shows that

answer

individuals whose nervous systems function efficiently appear to have an edge in intellectual skills.

question

A major shortcoming of the componential approach is that it

answer

regards intelligence as entirely due to causes within the child.

question

In Sternbergs triarchic theory, intelligent behavior involves balancing

answer

analytical, creative, and practical intelligences.

question

In his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg argues that

answer

people who are creative think more skillfully than others when faced with novelty.

question

Sternbergs triarchic theory helps explain why

answer

out-of-school practical forms of intelligence are vital for life success.

question

Howard Gardner argues that

answer

each intelligence has a unique biological basis and a distinct course of development.

question

According to Gardners theory of multiple intelligences,

answer

cultural values and learning opportunities affect the extent to which a childs intellectual strengths are realized.

question

A major shortcoming of Gardners theory of multiple intelligences is that

answer

neurological evidence for the independence of his abilities is weak.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on group differences in IQ?

answer

Differences in SES do not fully explain the blackwhite IQ gap.

question

Arthur Jensens 1969 monograph, How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement? was controversial because he argued that

answer

heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES differences in IQ.

question

Herrnstein and Murrays 1994 book, The Bell Curve, implies that

answer

heredity plays a sizable role in individual and SES differences in IQ.

question

Although heritability estimates offer convincing evidence that genes contribute to IQ, they

answer

do not reveal the complex process through which genes and experiences influence intelligence as children develop.

question

Adoption studies reveal that

answer

when children of low-IQ mothers are adopted by parents who are above average in income and education, they score above average in IQ.

question

Dr. Whittier believes that many IQ tests sample knowledge and skills that not all groups of children have had the opportunity to learn. Dr. Whittiers belief reflects the controversial question that ethnic differences in IQ have to do with

answer

test bias.

question

Compared with middle-SES white parents, low-SES black parents are more likely to ask their children

answer

real questions that they themselves cannot answer.

question

Many ethnic minority parents without extensive schooling prefer a(n) __________ style of communication.

answer

collaborative

question

Lindy directs each of her children to carry out an aspect of a task, and the children work independently. Lindy uses a _________ style of communication.

answer

hierarchical

question

Which of the following is supported by research on IQ test bias?

answer

Ethnic minority children, who often grow up in more people-oriented than object-oriented homes, may lack toys and games that promote certain intellectual skills.

question

Carter, an African-American boy, is told by a researcher that certain verbal tasks are not a test. He is told that other verbal tasks are a test of how good children are at school problems. If Carter is aware of ethnic stereotypes, which of the following is probably true?

answer

He will perform far worse in the test condition.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on dynamic assessment?

answer

Childrens capacity to transfer what they have learned to novel problems contributes to gains in IQ test performance.

question

American education

answer

places greater emphasis on traditional test scores.

question

Studies suggest that the high-stakes testing mandated by the U.S. No Child Left Behind Act

answer

often undermines the quality of education by using fear of failure to motivate performance.

question

Which of the following statements is true about high-stakes testing?

answer

Some teachers are narrowing the scope of what they teach to strings of facts to be memorized for high-stakes tests.

question

School-age childrens attitude toward language undergoes a fundamental shift when they

answer

develop language awareness.

question

Which of the following is true about language development during middle childhood?

answer

School-age childrens more reflective and analytical approach to language permits them to appreciate the multiple meanings of words.

question

African-American childrens narratives are usually longer and more complex than those of white children because African-American children

answer

tend to use a topic-associating narrative style.

question

Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood

answer

separate the language systems from the start and attain early language milestones according to a typical timetable.

question

Which of the following is true about bilingual development?

answer

As with first-language development, a sensitive period for second-language development exists.

question

Research on bilingual education shows that

answer

a strategy that promotes childrens native-language skills while they learn English is most effective for nonEnglish-speaking minority children.

question

Research on educational philosophies indicates that

answer

constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking and greater social and moral maturity.

question

In social-constructivist classrooms,

answer

students learning is jointly constructed with the teacher and peers.

question

Which of the following is true about cooperative learning?

answer

Children profit more when their peer partner is an expert.

question

Studies show that educational self-fulfilling prophecies are especially likely to occur

answer

when teachers emphasize competition and publicly compare children.

question

Which of the following statements about inclusion is true?

answer

Children with special needs often do best when they receive instruction in a resource room for part of the day and in the regular classroom for the remainder.

question

Rochelle is taking a test in which she is asked to come up with as many different ways as possible to make use of a straw. This is most likely a test of

answer

divergent thinking.

question

Research on giftedness indicates that

answer

many gifted children and adolescents are socially isolated.

question

Which of the following is true about gifted education?

answer

Gardners theory of multiple intelligences has inspired several model programs that provide enrichment to all students in diverse disciplines.

question

In international studies of reading, mathematics, and science achievement, U.S. students

answer

typically perform at the international average, and sometimes below it.

question

Cross-cultural research shows that

answer

in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, the school year is more than 50 days longer than in the United States.

question

Toby moved with his family just before he entered grade 4. in ecological systems theory, the move represents a change in toby's

answer

chronosystem

question

___ interviews do not yeild the same depth of information as ___ interviews

answer

structured; clinical

question

____ theory views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment

answer

ecological systems

question

a dependent variable is the

answer

one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable

question

___ increases the chances that at least some members of a species will cope with ever-changing environments and survive

answer

meiosis

question

Research on heritage suggest that

answer

heritability of personality increases drastically over the lifespan

question

most chromosomal defects result from

answer

mistakes occurring during meiosis

question

according to the concept of epigenesis

answer

development results from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and the environment

question

__ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment in DNA that can create

answer

mutation; genetic abnormalities

question

during mitosis

answer

the chromosomes copy themselves

question

a genotype is a

answer

complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics

question

the area surrounding the cell nucleus is called the

answer

cytoplasm

question

heritability estimate

answer

are likely to exaggerate the role of heredity

question

one limitation of twin studies is

answer

most twin pairs are reared together under highly similar environmental conditions

question

the most serious criticism of heritability estimates is that they

answer

provide no precise information about how the traits examined develope within individuals

question

donor insemination

answer

is commonly used to overcome male reproductive difficulties

question

during mitosis

answer

the chromosomes copy themselves

question

which age group is likely to do more niche-picking?

answer

adolescents

question

fragile X syndrome is

answer

the most common inherited cause of mental retardation

question

Development is best understood as

answer

a series of complex exchanges between nature and nurture

question

Mark's Apgar ratings were 7 and 9. This indicates that Mark

answer

was in good physical condition at birth and five minutes afterwards

question

at birth, infants are highly sensitive to

answer

pain

question

babies born addicted to drugs

answer

have abnormally shrill and piercing cries

question

the placenta

answer

encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid

question

the longest stage of labor is the

answer

first, dilation and effacement of the cervix

question

once doctors assumed responsibility for childbirth, women __ and Relatives __

answer

became less knowledgeable about birthing procedures; no longer participated

question

Interventions that support parents of preterm infants

answer

generally teach them about the infant's characteristics and promote caregiving skills

question

the amniotic fluid

answer

helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant

question

which of the following is supported by research on colic?

answer

colic usually subsides between 3 and 6 months

question

A teratogen is

answer

any environmental agent that causes damages during the prenatal period

question

which of the following parts of blastocyst will become the new organism?

answer

the embryonic disk

question

healthy babies often cry

answer

at the sound of another crying baby

question

the placenta

answer

delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism

question

white downy hair called __ appears over the entire body during the second trimester

answer

lanugo

question

vernix

answer

protects the fetus's skin from chapping

question

compared to elders in large cities, elders in small towns are

answer

more likely to feel safe and secure

question

as a generation baby boomers are

answer

healthier, better educated, and more self-focused than the previous generation

question

research shows that __ genes lie along the human chromosome

answer

20,000 to 25,000

question

because environments of most twin pairs are less diverse than those of the general population,

answer

heritability estimates are likely to exaggerate the role of heredity

question

an estimated __ percent of american women smoke during their pregnancies

answer

17

question

two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are

answer

correlational and experimental

question

the field of developmental science is considered to be __ because investigators are interested in the practical implications of their research

answer

applied

question

when the inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ, the most common cause of difficulties is

answer

Rh factor incompatibility

question

Parents can reduce the likelihood of SIDS by

answer

placing infants to sleep on their backs

question

the period of the embryo lasts from

answer

implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy

question

although betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents and rarely saw her father, she is a successful happy healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as

answer

resilience

question

law and government programs designed to improved widespread social problems are known as

answer

public policies

question

in __ people hold different beliefs and customs from those held by the larger culture

answer

subcultures

question

except for ___ prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because these methods have some chance of injuring the fetus

answer

maternal blood analysis

question

phenotypes depend in part on an individual's

answer

genotype

question

epidural analgesia

answer

is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor

question

when Baby Ian is held horizontally on his back he sometimes makes an embracing motion by arching his back extending his legs throwing his arms outward and then bringing his arms in towards his body. ian is demonstrating

answer

moro reflex

question

the amnion

answer

encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid

question

compared with large urban areas, small towns offer

answer

stronger connections between settings that influence children's lives

question

the exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in

answer

incredible variability among siblings

question

a __ is an inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation

answer

reflex

question

a major weakness of the information-processing perspective is that it

answer

virtually ignores the cognition that are not linear and logical

question

contemporary researchers view the family as a __ or network of interdependent relationships

answer

social system

question

Research on the effects of neighborhoods suggest that n

answer

neighborhoods affect the well-being of children and adults

question

In __ experiments, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings

answer

field

question

which of the following is supported by research on immigrant children in the United states?

answer

adolescents from immigrant families endorse their parents' value of education more strongly that age mates with native-born parents

question

if untreated, toxemia can cause

answer

convulsions in the mother and fetal death

question

theorists who believe that change is possible and even likely if new experiences support it emphasize

answer

plasticity

question

the __ folds over the __, which will become the spinal cord and brain

answer

ectoderm : neural tube

question

the __ reflex permits feeding

answer

sucking

question

alfred binet and theodore Simon's intelligence test was originally constructed to

answer

identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes

question

approximately __ percent of US children have no health insurance

answer

10%

question

critics worry that fetal monitoring

answer

identifies babies as in danger who in fact are not

question

down syndrome most commonly results from

answer

a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

question

An __ design permits inferences about cause and effect

answer

experimental

question

Dr. Rudy wants to compare the characteristics of family members. What kind of research method would you recommend that DR. Rudy Use?

answer

a kinship study

question

which of the following is true about fetal alcohol syndrome

answer

it is distinguishable by slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities and brain injury

question

which of the following countries has a higher teenage birthrate?

answer

United states

question

the force of contractions during child birth causes the infants to produce high levels of stress hormones that

answer

help the infants withstand oxygen deprivation during contractions by sending a rich supply of blood to the brain and heart

question

the cross-sectional design is an efficient strategy for describing

answer

age-related trends

question

studies of mutations demonstrate that

answer

some mutations occur spontaneously, simply by chance

question

the spot on the ovary from which the ovum is released is called the

answer

corpus luteum

question

children conceived through in vitro fertilization

answer

may be genetically unrelated to both of their parents

question

generally, human chromosomes com in __ matching pairs

answer

23

question

in the lifespan perspective, every age period of human development

answer

has its own agenda and its unique demands and opportunities that yield some similarities in development across many individuals

question

in a historic experiment with 11 month old albert, john watson demonstrated that

answer

children can be conditions to fear a formerly neutral stimulus

question

which of the following is true about the consequences of smoking during pregnancy?

answer

smoking during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, asthma, infant death, and childhood care

question

the lifespan perspective assumes that

answer

development is affected by a blend of biological physiological and social forces

question

___ theory views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment

answer

ecological systems

question

mr. and mrs. hopewell are concerned because they have been trying to have a baby for over a year. which of the following procedures would you recommend to them?

answer

genetic counseling

question

in a cross-sectional design

answer

the investigator studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time

question

which of the following is true about the results of Kauai study?

answer

the impact of early biological risks wanes as children's personal characteristics and social experiences contribute increasingly to their functioning

question

which of the following is true about the harm done by teratogens?

answer

the genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role

question

skeletal age is determined by

answer

X-raying the long bones of the body

question

infants with a lot of crawling experience

answer

are more likely than their inexperienced age mates to remember object locations

question

Motion

answer

is the first depth cue to which infants are sensitive

question

rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him. what information can you share with rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?

answer

parents and infants usually sleep on hard surfaces such as floor mats, firm mattresses or wooden planks

question

during synaptic pruning

answer

neurons not needed at the moment return to an uncommitted state

question

Dr. Sardoza is interested in research on the organization and interpretation of what we see. Dr Sardoza studies

answer

perception

question

at birth, the brain is

answer

nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure

question

during infancy, ____. these sex differences will ___ during adolescence

answer

girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys ; be greatly magnified

question

breastfed and bootle-fed children in industrialized nations

answer

do not differ in emotional adjustment

question

which is an example of a fine-motor skill?

answer

grasping

question

of all motor skills, __ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development

answer

voluntary reaching

question

Synapses

answer

tiny gaps where fibers different from neurons come close together but do not touch

question

Which of the following is true about brain development

answer

voluntary reaching

question

around 7 to 9 months, infants

answer

begin to divide the speech stream into word-like units

question

good quality child care

answer

can reduce the negative impact of a stressed poverty stricken home life

question

research on language acquisition indicates that

answer

childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition

question

infant's earliest categories are

answer

perceptual

question

compared with cognitive theories, mental tests

answer

focus on the products of cognitive development rather than on the process of development

question

around 2 months, babies begin to make vowel like noises called

answer

cooing

question

success at object search tasks coincides with

answer

rapid development of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

question

research on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because

answer

adults cannot translate early preverbal memories into language

question

an intelligence quotient (IQ)

answer

indicates the extent to which raw score deviates from the typical performance of same age individuals

question

miranda say more apple. this two word utterance is an example of

answer

telegraphic speech

question

recall is more challenging that recognition because it

answer

involves remembering a stimulus that is not present

question

in piaget's theory___ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence

answer

newborn reflexes

question

compared with referential children, toddlers who use an expressive style

answer

produce many more social formulas and pronouns

question

baby Greer says bababababababa this is an example of

answer

babbling

question

according to B. F. Skinner, language is acquired as the baby babbles and parents reinforce those sound that are most like words, this is an example of

answer

operant conditioning

question

which of the following is true about first spoken words?

answer

they usually refer to important people animals or actions

question

in working memory children actively apply __ as they work on a limited amount of information

answer

mental strategies

question

which of the following statements about the influences of the environment on temperament is true?

answer

temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors

question

self conscious emotions typically appear

answer

between 18-24 months

question

in erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of basic trust versus mistrust is resolved on the positive side when

answer

the balance of care is sympathetic and loving

question

basic emotions are

answer

universal in humans

question

newborn babies respond with generalized distress

answer

to changes in body temperature

question

during the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile

answer

when they are full

question

heritability research indicates that genes __ to shyness and sociability

answer

contribute only modestly

question

temperament is assessed through

answer

parental reports and observations

question

according to erikson's theory, a mistrustful baby

answer

protest herself by withdrawing from people and things around her

question

goodness of fit

answer

involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning

question

toddlers who sleep alone and expereience frequent daytime separations from their parents

answer

sometimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects such as blankets and stuffed animals

question

Generally father __ that mothers do

answer

interact and play differently with babies

question

babies develop attachments to

answer

a variety of familiar people

question

sensitive caregiving

answer

is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups

question

laughter first appears around

answer

3 to 4 months

question

with the transition to early childhood, many children

answer

become unpredictable picky eaters

question

the most important illogical features of preoperational though is its

answer

irreversibility

question

the practical social side of language is called

answer

pragmatics

question

in child-centered preschool programs, teachers

answer

provide a variety of activities from which children select

question

Pramada attends a child-care program that stresses formal academic training, as a result, pramada is more likely to __ than peers who attend a child-centered program

answer

display a decrease in motivation and emotional well being

question

contemporary researchers believe that make believe pal

answer

not only reflects but also contributes to children's cognitive and social skills

question

children with autism

answer

have narrow and overly intense interests

question

metacognition involves

answer

thinking about thought

question

blended, or reconstituted, families

answer

A family structure resulting from cohabitation or remarriage that includes parent, child, and steprelatives

question

controversial children

answer

Children who receive many votes, both positive and negative, on self-report measures of peer acceptance, indicating that they are both liked and disliked. Distinguished from popular, neglected, and rejected children.

question

coregulation

answer

A form of supervision in which parents exercise general over-sight while permitting children to take charge of moment-by-moment decision making

question

divorce mediation

answer

A series o f meetings between divorcing adults and a trained professional that are aimed at reeducating family conflict, including legal battles over property division and child custody

question

emotion-centered coping

answer

A strategy for managing emotion that is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done to change an outcome. Distinguished from problem-centered coping.

question

industry versus inferiority

answer

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of middle childhood, which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks

question

joint custody

answer

A child custody arrangement following divorce in which parents are granted equal say in important decisions about the child's upbringing

question

learned helplessness

answer

Attribution of success to external factors, such as luck, and and failure to low ability, which cannot be improved through effort. Distinguished from mastery-oriented attributions

question

mastery-oriented attributions

answer

Attributions that credit success to ability, which can be improved through effort, and failure to insufficient effort. Distinguished from learned helplessness.

question

neglected children

answer

Children who are seldom chosen, either positively or negatively, on self-report measures of peer acceptance. Distinguished from popular, rejected, and controversial children.

question

peer acceptance

answer

Likability, or the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of age mates, such as classmates, as a worthy social partner

question

peer group

answer

A collective of peers who generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers

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peer victimization

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A destructive from of peer interaction in which certain children become frequent targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse

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perspective taking

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The capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling

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phobia

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An intense, unmanageable fear that leads to persistent avoidance of the feared situation

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popular children

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Children who receive many positive votes on self-report measures of peer acceptance, indicating they are well-liked. Distinguished from rejected, controversial, and neglected children.

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popular-antisocial children

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A subgroup of popular children who are admired for their socially adept yet belligerent behavior. Includes "tough" boys who are athletically skilled, aggressive, and poor students, as well as relationally aggressive boys and girls. Distinguished from popular-prosocial children

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popular-prosocial children

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A subgroup of popular children who combine academic and social competence. Distinguished from popular-antisocial children.

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problem-centered coping

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A strategy for managing emotion in which the individual appraises the situation as changeable, identifies the difficulty, and decides what to do about it. Distinguished from emotion-centered coping

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rejected children

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Children who receive many negative votes on self-report measures of peer acceptance, indicating they are actively disliked. Distinguished from popular, controversial and neglected children

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rejected-aggressive children

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A subgroup of rejected children who show high rates of conflict, physical and relational aggression, and hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behavior. Distinguished from rejected-withdrawn children

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rejected-withdrawn children

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A subgroup of rejected children who are passive and socially awkward. Distinguished from rejected-aggressive children

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self-care children

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Children who are without adult supervision for some period of time after school

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social comparisons

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Judgments of one's own appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others

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