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ABC model

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This model of behavior posits that behavior (B) is influenced by some particular events that precede it, called antecedents (A), and by certain events that follow it called consequences (C).

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Acceptance

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A process involving receiving our present experience without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and gentleness, and striving for full awareness of the present moment.

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acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

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A mindfulness-based program that encourages clients to accept, rather than attempt to control or change, unpleasant sensations.

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anger management training

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A social skills program designed for individuals who have trouble with aggressive behavior.

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antecedent events

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Ones that cue or elicit a certain behavior.

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applied behavior analysis

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Another term for behavior modification; this approach seeks to understand the causes of behavior and address these causes by changing antecedents and consequences.

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assertion training

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A set of techniques that involves behavioral rehearsal, coaching, and learning more effective social skills; specific skills training procedures used to teach people ways to express both positive and negative feelings openly and directly.

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assessment interview

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Questioning that enables the therapist to identify the particular antecedent and consequent events that influence or are functionally related to an individual's behavior.

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BASIC I.D.

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The conceptual framework of multimodal therapy, based on the premise that human personality can be understood by assessing seven major areas of functioning: behavior, affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functions.

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behavior analysis

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Identifying the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering information about situational antecedents, the dimensions of the problem behavior, and the consequences of the problem.

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behavior modification

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A therapeutic approach that deals with analyzing and modifying human behavior.

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behavior rehearsal

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A technique consisting of trying out in therapy new behaviors (performing target behaviors) that are to be used in everyday situations.

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behavior therapy

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This approach refers to the application of diverse techniques and procedures, which are supported by empirical evidence.

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behavioral assessment

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A set of procedures used to get information that will guide the development of a tailor-made treatment plan for each client and help measure the effectiveness of treatment.

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classical conditioning

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Also known as Pavlovian conditioning and respondent conditioning. A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a particular response. The result is that eventually the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response.

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cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

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An approach that blends both cognitive and behavioral methods to bring about change. (The term CBT has largely replaced the term "behavior therapy," due to the increasing emphasis on the interaction among affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions).

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cognitive behavioral coping skills therapy

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Procedures aimed at teaching clients specific skills to deal effectively with problematic situations.

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cognitive processes

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Internal events such as thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and self-statements.

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Consequences

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Events that take place as a result of a specific behavior being performed.

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contingency contracting

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Written agreement between a client and another person that specifies the relationship between performing target behaviors and their consequences.

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dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

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A blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques aimed at treating borderline personality disorders; primarily developed by Marsha Linehan.

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evidence-based treatments

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Therapeutic interventions that have empirical evidence to support their use.

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exposure therapies

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Treatment for fears and other negative emotional responses by carefully exposing clients to situations or events contributing to such problems.

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Extinction

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When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequences, the result is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior in the future.

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eye movement desensitication and reprocessing (EMDR)

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An exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients.

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Flooding

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Prolonged and intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli without the opportunity to avoid or escape from them.

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functional assessment

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The process of systematically generating information on the events preceding and following the behavior in an attempt to determine which antecedents and consequences are associated with the occurrence of the behavior.

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in vivo desensitization

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Brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event.

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in vivo exposure

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Involves client exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than merely imagining these situations.

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in vivo flooding

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Intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.

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Mindfulness

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A process that involves becoming increasingly observant and aware of external and internal stimuli in the present moment and adopting an open attitude toward accepting what is, rather than judging the current situation.

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mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

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A comprehensive integration of the principles and skills of mindfulness applied to the treatment of depression.

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mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

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This program applies mindfulness techniques to coping with stress and promoting physical and psychological health.

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Modeling

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Learning through observation and imitation.

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multimodal therapy

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A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus.

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negative punishment

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A reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior.

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negative reinforcement

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The termination or withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing some desired behavior.

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operant conditioning

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A type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them.

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positive punishment

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An aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

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positive reinforcement

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A form of conditioning whereby the individual receives something desirable as a consequence of his or her behavior; a reward that increases the probability of its recurrence.

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progressive muscle relaxation

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A method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. It is aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and is easily learned.

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Punishment

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The process in which a behavior is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the future probability of a behavior.

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Reinforcement

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A specified event that strengthens the tendency for a response to be repeated. It involves some kind of reward or the removal of an aversive stimulus following a response.

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self-directed behavior

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A basic assumption is that people are capable of self-directed behavior change and the person is the agent of change.

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self-efficacy

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An individual's belief or expectation that he or she can master a situation and bring about desired change.

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self-management

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Strategies in self-management programs include self-monitoring, self-reward, self-contracting, and stimulus control.

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self-modification

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A collection of cognitive behavioral strategies based on the idea that change can be brought about by teaching people to use coping skills in various problematic situations.

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self-monitoring

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The process of observing one's own behavior patterns as well as one's interactions in various social situations.

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social effectiveness training (SET)

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A multifaceted treatment program designed to reduce social anxiety, improve interpersonal skills, and increase the range of enjoyable social activities.

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social learning approach

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A perspective holding that behavior is best understood by taking into consideration the social conditions under which learning occurs; developed primarily by Albert Bandura.

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social skills training

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This training involves a broad category that deals with an individual's ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations. A treatment package used to teach clients skills that include modeling, behavior rehearsal, and reinforcement.

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systematic desensitization

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A procedure based on the principles of classical conditioning in which the client is taught to relax while imagining a graded series of progressively anxiety-arousing situations. Eventually, the client reaches a point at which the anxiety-producing stimulus no longer brings about the anxious response.

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