Avian – Flashcard
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Fowl Cholera
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P. multocida (gram neg) birds over 4 months, green/yellow diarrhea, difficulty breathing, swollen joints, fever, mucoid discharge from mouth, dark head and wattles, petechial, ecchymoses, pericardial and peritoneal fluid, quick death. Bacterial disease from wild birds, wildlife, rodents. Bird to bird, soil, fomites, food/water. Dx: clinical signs Tx: sulfa antibiotics, destroy sick birds and carriers. Vaccine but only dept of ag can administer.
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Fowl Plague
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Orthomyxovirdae A= Avian influenza (highly pathogenic) decreased egg production, green diarrhea, cyanosis, edema of head, waddle and discoloration of feet and blood tinged oral and nasal discharge Tx: none Contact Authorities/REPORTABLE
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malabsorption syndrome (runting stunting syndrome, pale bird syndrome)
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1-3 week old chickens, from numerous viruses and mycotoxins. Causes poor growht and feathering, pale feet and skin, ORANGE FECES Tx: cull affected birds
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blue comb (transmissible enteritis, coronal viral enteritis)
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coronavirus depression, anorexia, diarrhea, cyanosis, DARKENING OF HEAD, death in young Dx: electron microscopy of antigens in intestines Tx: supportive care, no vaccine
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Histomonas Meleagradis
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chickens spread to turkeys protozoan parasite (blackhead) fatal to turkeys spread by Heterakis gallinarium parasite drooping wings, unkempt feathers, sulfur colored droppings, listless, death extensive NECROSIS OF LIVER AND CECUM Tx: nitarason in feed to prevent, vaccination
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Infectious Bronchitis
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Coronavirus coughing, sneezing, watery discharge from eyes and nose, hens stop laying, facial swelling. Viral disease, highly contagious, spread through air, contact and fomites. Affects all exposed birds. Dx: mcoid exudate in brochi, thickened air sacs, interstitial nephritis on necropsy or viral isolation Tx: supportive care, 50% mortality in chicks under 6 weeks. Vaccine can be given to hens before 15 weeks of age- will stop them from laying eggs.
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Infectious larygeotracheitis
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Herpesvirus watery eyes, nasal discharge, respiratory issues, decreased appetite Dx: caseous exudate and blood in trachea, intranuclear inclusion bodies in tracheal epithelium. Tx: vaccination
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avian pox/ fowl pox
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white spots/warts on skin, combs turn into scabby sores, white membrane and ulcers in mouth and on trachea/wattles/feet and vent. Laying stops and all ages are affected. 1. dry- wart lesions on unfeathere areas, none die 2. wet- oral cavity and resp tract affected, ulcerations and causes some to die From a viral disease, MOSQUITOS and other chickens/fomites. Dx: clinical signs Tx: none- supportive, warm/dry, soft food, good survival with good care. Recovered birds will be immune and can use vaccine.
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Mycoplasmosis/CRD/air sac disease
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mycoplasma gallisepticum mild- weakness and poor laying, trachea/nasal Acute- breathing issues down to lungs, coughing sneezing swollen infected joints and death. Mycoplasma disease through other birds and wild bird carriers, transmit through egg to chick from hen. Will be worse in turkeys. Dx: Elisa and PCR Tx: TYLOSIN OR TETRACYCLINES, abx for secondary infections, vaccine available
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Aspergillus
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respiratory distress Dx: necropsy cream colored plaques on lungs Tx: kill all affected birds, disinfect facility
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Pallorum
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chicks are inactive, white diarrhea with pasted rear ends, breathing difficulty or die without symptoms. Older birds- coughing, sneezing, poor laying. Viral disease through carrier birds and fomites. Tx: destroy all infected birds, birds that recover are CARRIERS, most chicks will die. No vaccine, but blood test to detect carriers. Buy from pullorum neg flocks only, trying to eradicate from US.
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Infectious coryza
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avibacterium paragallinarum older birds Respiratory disease- swollen heads, combs, wattles, eyes swollen shut, sticky discharge from nose and eyes, moist under wings, stops laying. Dx: gram neg rods Bacterial disease through carrier birds, fomites and water. Tx: can give Streptomycin, sulfonamides, erythromycin but most birds destroyed because carriers for life. Fluroquinalones can help prevent carriers. No vaccine.
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turkey coryza
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bordetella avium
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Moniliasis (thrush)
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Candidiasis white cheesy substance with ulcers in crop/mouth/esophagus, ruffled feathers, droopy looking, poor laying, white crusty vent area, inflamed vent area, increased appetite. Fungal disease through moldy feed and water surfaces contaminated by infected birds. Often occurs after abx treatment for other diseases. Tx: antifungal like NYSTATIN in food or COPPER SULFATE in water, remove moldy feed and disinfect water containers. No vaccine.
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avian influenza
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aka fowl plague REPORTABLE
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chlamydiosis
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clamydia psittaci discharge, weight loss, inappetance and death pneumonia, necrosis of liver and spleen, severe PERICARDITIS Dx: histo basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in organs Tx: TETRACYCLINES REPORTABLE
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chlamydia in turkeys
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ornithosis
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newcastle disease
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paramyxovirus RESP AND NEURO wheezing, breathing difficulty, nasal discharge, cloudy eyes, laying stops. Wings,heads and necks twisted, swelling of head and neck, dragging legs, circling and spasms. Viral disease, highly contagious, contracted through infected chickens and wild birds, fomites. 1. velogenic strain- highly pathogenic and easily transmittable 2. mesogenic- intermediate pathogenic 3. lentogenic- low path Dx: rapid spread of resp/neuro disease Tx: none, birds under 6 mo die, recovered birds are NOT carriers. Vaccine available but us is working to get rid of disease. zoonotic- transitory conjunctivitis in humans
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Merek's disease
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Herpesvirus birds under 20 weeks, tumors externally and internally, PARALYSIS, raised rough skin around feather follicles, IRIS of eye turns grey and cannot react to light (no pupillary response). Viral disease, very contagious, inhaling shedded skin cells, feather dust or contact with other infected birds. Dx: isolate herpesvirus from lymphocyts in buffy coat, enlarged vagus and sciatic nerve, thickened nerves, gray foci of neoplastic tissue on liver, spleen, kidney, lungs, heart and muscles. Tx: none, high death rate and survivors are carriers. Vaccine available to day old chicks and in-ovo vaccine
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Egg drop syndrome
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Adenovirus soft shells or no shells in healthy birds Tx: none, multivitamins
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Avian encephalomyeltisi
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picornavirus neuro signs, tremors, imbalance, ataxia transmitted fecal oral or from hen Carriers Tx: vaccination for breeder animals to prevent vertical transmission
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Botulism
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Clostridial spores adn toxins- C. botulinum type C toxin tremors progressing to paralysis, feathers pull out easily, death in a few hours. Found dead by water Bacterial disease or eating botulism infected food or water. Tx: antitoxin is expensive, Epsom salts in water several times a day can help early cases. No vaccine, if cannot walk there is a poor prognosis.
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Reticuloendotheliosis in chickens and turkeys
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retrovirus lymphoma runts, B and T cell lymphoma looks a lot like mereks disease and lymphoid leucosis Dx: virus isolation or antibody detection
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avian leukosis
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strains of leucosis/sarcoma group of avian retroviruses, not hardy focal grey tumors of bursa, liver, speen, kidneys transmitted fecal oral or from hen to egg, chick is viremic for life
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can turkeys or chickens get west nile?
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no
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what does visceral gout cause
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urate crystals
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liver damage in broiler chickens?
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Cholangiohepatitis from C. Perfringens infection causes ascites
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infectious bursal disease
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birna virus isolated from bursa of fabricius watery diarrhea, incoordination, prostration, vent picking lesions: swollen cloacal bursa (edmatous and yellow with hemorrhage) Tx: none but there is a vaccine
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necrotic enteritis
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Clostridium perfringens A and C from dramatic feed changes Dx: large numbers of short, thick, gram pos rods on mucosal scrapings Tx: Penicillin in water
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Avian Tuberculosis (TB)
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mycobacterium avium var avium acid fast weight loss, lethargy and lameness (ADR) still good appetite but losing weight intestinal form: proventricular dilation syndrome Dx: granulomatous nodules in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines Tx: none
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bloody coccidiosis
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E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. tenella
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mucousy coccidiosis
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e. aceruulina, e. mivati, e. maxima, e. mitis
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Eimeria tenella in chicken cecum
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amprolium, sulfonamides, toltrazaril
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coccidiosis
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Eimeria depressed, huddling with ruffled feathers, mucoid and blood stained diarrhea Tx: amprolium
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ticks
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argus persicus, ambyloma americanum
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ersypelas in Turkeys
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ataxia and weakness diffuse darkening of skin and enlarged and friable liver and spleen Dx: gram pos slender pleomorphic rods Tx: IM sodium PENICILLIN
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oil spill
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disrupt function of plumage and insulation function causing hypothermia
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dermanyssus gallinae (red poultry mite)
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anemia and if severe, death Dx: scrapings, looks like a tick with long legs very hardy mite Tx: treat environment witt residual insecticides: Pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, citrus extracts, vegetable oil and mineral-based products
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knemidocoptes mutan (scaley leg mite)
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chickens have scaley white to grey powdery debris, legs thickened and distorted Dx: skin scraping- male and female look very different, female is huge and looks like the millenium falcon Tx: ivermectin
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Ornithonyssys syliarum mites (northern fowl mites)
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spends entire life cycle on the bird, long segmented legs vectors: rats and wild birds Treat the birds, eggs laid at base of feathers along vent Tx: prevention and off label use of ivermectin and treat environment
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deep pectoral myopathy
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genetic disease swollen eematous pectoral muscles necrosis, fibrosis green muscle prevent with selective breeding
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Omphalitis (mushy chick)
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newly hatched chicks are enlarged, blue, inflamed naval area, bad smell, drowsy, weak. Bacterial infection of naval from unclean surfaces or chicks with weak immune systems. Chick to chick or fomites. Tx: abx (staph an strep bacteria) and clean housing but most chicks will die, remove healthy chicks and isolate. No vaccine. Can be zoonotic.
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organophosphates cause
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vertebral and long bone abnormalities in chicks much more sensitive to OP
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salmonella enteritidis spreads by
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eggs
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how does avian flu become infectious to humans
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avian influenza transfers genes from pigs or human flu strains
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campylobacter infection in humans
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undercooked chicken
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spontaneous cardiomyopathy (round heart disease of turkeys)
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sudden death due to cardiac arrest in young turkeys etiology unknown
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vitamin E deficiency in chicks
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nutritional encephalomalacia
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choline deficiency in turkeys
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one of the B12's stunted, poor feathers, short thick bowed legs, cohondrodysplasia
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vitamin b2 deficiency
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Thiamine deficiency star gazing and yellow ischiadic nerve with no striation
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frogs and chickens have this in common
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nucleated rbcs
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national poultry improvement plan helped to eradicate
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pullorum disease
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aortic rupture
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decreased copper or lysyloxidase defect
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aspergillus fumigatus aka brooder pneumonia
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encephalitic form in turkeys
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avian tb is susceptable to
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pheasants, can infect rabbits pigs and minks
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botulism type A found in
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wild birds
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chicken anemia
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blue wing disease age resistance to disease organs are pale
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chlamydia psittici is also called
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ornithosis in turkeys
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poultry coccidia
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strictly host specific killed by a change in temp
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curled toe paralysis
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vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency, increases size of schwann cell
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duck plague
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herpesvirus damages BV, photophobia, increased thirst, decreased appetitepenile prolapse
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encephalomyeitis (epidemic tremor)
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axonal degeneration or ghost cells in brain
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fatty liver
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increased diet intake and decreased exercise
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gizzard worm
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amidostomum
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gout
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rental disease, uric acid cleared from blood, increased precipitates on visceral and articular surfaces
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heterakis gallinarum
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nematode carries histomonas melagradis "blackhead" causes cecum mucosa to necrose do not house chickens and turkeys together
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Infectious bronchititis virus does not actually cause
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blood in the bronchi
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infectious laryngotracheitis
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herpes causing edema of eyelids, yellow caseous exudate in trachea, decrease dust
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lead poisoning
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greenish brown gizzard mucosa
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asymmetric paresis
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markeks disease look at that buffy coat
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aflatoxicosis
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bile duct hyperplasia
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most toxic mycotoxins
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penicillium viridicatum and aspergillus ochracheus
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pssitacines carry what when they are imported
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newcastle disease and need to be quaranteed velogenic is most pathogenic form zoonotic
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consolidated lungs in turkeys
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pasteurella anatipestifer
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raillietina cesticellus
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tapeworm uses beetle as intermediate host
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bacillary white diarrhea
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salmonella puliorum white fecal paste around vent
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spondylolisthesis
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developmental anomaly of spinal column of broiler chickens T4-5 paralysis
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brittle bone disease aka viral arthritis
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arthritis, tenosynovitis and respiratory issues
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number one skeletal defect in chicks
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rickets decreased calcium, phosphorus or D3
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Avian digestive tract
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1. crop 2. proventriculus "glandular/true stomach" 3. ventriculus "gizzard" 4. duodenum ... up and around... to left side 5. paired ceca (one on left an one on right side) 6. cecal tonsils 7. rectum 8. cloaca (vagina and rectum enter here) 9. vent (anus)
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avian reproductive tract
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1. follicle 2. infundibulum 3. magnum 4. isthmus 5. uterus 6. vagina (enters into cloaca) 7. cloaca 8. vent
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bollinger bodies
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avian pox virus
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pacheochos disease
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herpes virus acute necrotizing hepatitis in adults and death in young conures are asymptomatic carriers
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mesenteric ganglioneuritis proventricular dilation syndrom
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undigested seeds in feces
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cockatoos get
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psitacine beak an feather disease intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies
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avian feces
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clear urine, white urates, green/brown feces
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green urates indicate
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severe liver disease or psitticosis or lead poisoning
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knemidokoptic mange
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scaley face mite in budgies affects face and legs
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diabetes mellitus commonly affects
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budgies
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ipsilateral leg paralysis in budgies
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renal carcinoma, testicular tumors
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pituitary tumors in budgies
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change in color of cere (skin above nose), pu/pd, neuro signs
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neuro signs in pet birds
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lead or zinc poisoning hematuria, green/black feces, green uraes
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budgies on low iodine diets
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get goiters (seed diet)
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lime green feces
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psittacosis (chlamydia) doxy
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heterophils in avians
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neutrophils
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collect blood in a bird
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right jugular vein
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yellow plasma in birds
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normal, caratenoids from diet
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hypocalcemia is seen in
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african greys
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sexing
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right lateral recumbency wiht endoscopy
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hypervitaminosis D
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Macaws predisposed
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do pigeons and psittacines have gallbladders?
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no
