ATI Cancer – Flashcards

disease process that involves abnormal cell growth and differentiation exact cause of cancer is unknown can invade surrounding tissues and/or spread to other areas of the body through lymph and blood vessels (metastasis).

when there is onset of new clinical findings (bone pain indicative of bone metastasis; change in bowel or bladder tone indicative of nervous system involvement)

may arise from almost any tissue in the body: epithelial tissue (carcinomas), glandular organs (adenocarcinomas), mesenchymal tissue (sarcomas), blood-forming cells (leukemias), lymph tissue (lymphomas), or plasma cells (myelomas)

● Consume a healthy diet (low-fat diet with increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and lean protein foods). ● Limit intake of sugar and salt. ● Maintain a healthy body weight/body mass index (BMI). ● Avoid smoking and alcohol consumption. ● Avoid risky lifestyle choices (recreational drug use, needle sharing, unprotected sexual intercourse). ● Avoid exposure to environmental hazards (radiation, chemicals). Use proper protection when unavoidable. ● Breast feed infant exclusively for the first 6 months of life. ● Engage in physical activity or exercise routinely

The highest incidence of cancer occurs in older adults. ◯ Older adult women most commonly develop colorectal, breast, lung, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers. ◯ Older adult men most commonly develop lung, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, and gastric cancers

◯ Caucasian women over the age of 40 are more likely to develop breast cancer than are African-American, American-Indian, and Hispanic women. However, the death rate for each of these groups is higher than for Caucasian women. ◯ Caucasian men are at an increased risk for testicular cancer, whereas African-American men are at an increased risk for prostate cancer.

Liver cancer can develop after many years of infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C. ◯ Infection with human T-cell leukemia virus increases the risk of lymphoma and leukemia (indigenous to certain areas of the world, such as Africa and Melanesia). ◯ Infection with Epstein-Barr virus has been linked to an increased risk of lymphoma. ◯ Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. ◯ HIV increases the risk of lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. ◯ Helicobacter pylori may increase the risk of stomach cancer and lymphoma of the stomach lining. ● A diet high in fat and red meat, and low in fiber ● Sun, ultraviolet light, or radiation exposure (radon) ● Sexual lifestyles (multiple sexual partners or STIs) ● Poverty, obesity, and chronic GERD ● Chronic disease

Clients who have cancer are at increased risk for weight loss and anorexia. ■ The presence of carcinoma in the body increases the amount of energy required for metabolic function. ■ Cancer can impair the body's ability to ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients. ■ Adverse effects of cancer treatment can affect the desire for food or the ability to eat. Findings include nausea and vomiting, changes in taste, anorexia, pain, diarrhea, early satiety, dry mouth, thickened saliva, and irritation to the gastrointestinal tract. ■ Nursing Actions ☐ Educate the client about managing the expected effects of treatment. ☐ Administer antiemetics and antacids as prescribed. ☐ Monitor relevant laboratory data (albumin, ferritin, transferrin). ☐ Encourage frequent oral hygiene. ☐ Incorporate client preferences into meal planning, when possible. ☐ Teach the client to consume adequate protein and calories.

result when T cells in the body attack normal cells rather than cancerous ones. They result in changes in neurological function (movement, sensation, mental function). ■ Management includes minimizing the immune system response by administration of steroids, immune factors, plasmapheresis, or irradiation. ■ Nursing Actions ☐ Recognize manifestations of paraneoplastic syndrome. ☐ Administer medications as prescribed. ☐ Provide a safe environment until client returns to baseline mental status. ☐ Use aids for vision or hearing deficits, as indicated.

excessive levels of antidiuretic hormones are produced. Because antidiuretic hormones help the kidneys and body to conserve the correct amount of water, SIADH causes the body to retain water. This results in a dilution of electrolytes (such as sodium) in the blood. It is most commonly associated with lung and brain cancers. Key findings include nausea and vomiting (early); lethargy, hostility, seizures, and coma. ■ Nursing Actions ☐ Monitor the client for hyponatremia and low serum osmolality. ☐ Administer furosemide (Lasix), 0.9% sodium chloride IV, and/or hypertonic sodium chloride solution as prescribed for severe hyponatremia. ☐ Monitor vital signs and serum sodium as Lasix promotes sodium excretion and hypertonic sodium chloride can cause fluid overload

■ A common complication of breast, lung, head, and neck cancers; leukemias and lymphomas; multiple myelomas; and bony metastases of any cancer. ■ Manifestations include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, shortened QT interval, kidney stones, bone pain, and changes in mental status. ■ Nursing Actions - Administer 0.9% sodium chloride IV, furosemide (Lasix), pamidronate, and phosphates as prescribed.

■ Results from obstruction (metastases from breast or lung cancers) of venous return and engorgement of the vessels from the head and upper body. Manifestations include periorbital and facial edema, erythema of the upper body, dyspnea, and epistaxis. ■ Nursing Actions - Position the client in a high-Fowler's position initially to facilitate lung expansion. Use high-dose radiation therapy for emergency temporary relief.

- a complication secondary to leukemia or adenocarcinomas ■ Nursing Actions ☐ Observe the client for bleeding, and apply pressure as needed. ☐ Be prepared to administer blood clotting factors that have been lost through bleeding and may need to be replaced with plasma transfusions. Heparin also can be used to slow the cascade of events that makes the body overuse its blood clotting factors.

A. "I see a dermatologist regularly for the mole on my thigh." B. "I take Milk of Magnesia for occasional constipation." C. "I tan using an indoor tanning lotion instead of laying out in the sun." D. "I used to smoke but switched to chewing tobacco 3 years ago."

A. Low saturated fats B. Fiber C. Red meats D. Simple carbohydrates E. Fish

A. Behavioral changes B. Client report of headache C. Urine output 40 mL/hr D. Client report of nausea E. Increased urine specific gravity

A. The tumor is 4 cm in size involving the ovary and adjacent tissues. B. No lymph nodes contain cancer cells. C. The tumor is receptive to current medication therapy. D. The cancer has metastasized to other areas in the body

A. Have the client keep a food diary. B. Encourage tooth brushing before and after meals. C. Assess laboratory test report of ferritin. D. Monitor for changes in mental status. E. Explain that fluid intake should occur between meals.

Prevent unplesant sights, smells Distraction Antiemetics Oral Hygiene Pain relief Patient Preferences Smaller, frequent meals Cold foods, supplements

Antidiarrheal agents Low residue diet Metamucil

Avoid commercial mouthwashes soft toothbrush Denture care Avoid spicy foods Pureed diet Lip lubricant Viscous Lidocane

Scalp turban Avoid excessive shampooing Prevent trauma to scalp Avoid electric curlers, curling irons Wigs

Anemia, Thrombocytopenia Neutropenia

Phagocytosis of bacteria, secrete chemicals to enhance an inflammatory response

secreation of toxic phagocytosis targeted to bacteria by the immune system,secrete chemical in allergic reactions

secrete both histamine and heparin histamine=draw blood into damaged area heparin=slows clotting

phagocytosis foung in blood when found in tissues= macrophages They pick up cellular and tissue debris

Immunity

Private room Handwashing, check IV sites, avoid IM's Avoid rectal or vaginal procedures Stool softeners Electric Razor Ambulation Avoid fresh fruits, raw foods

soft toothbrush avoid commercial mouthwashes-drying avoid rectal temp/procedures stool softeners avoid aspirin Draw all labs at once Pressure to sites

Avoid harsh soaps, cosmetics use natural lubricants lukewarm water avoid rubbing Do not rub/wash off marker avoid sunlight avoid tight clothing, tape, heating pads, etc electric razor only for shaving