At the clinic – midterm – Flashcards
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(1) jogger sprained his ankle. what organ systems suffered damage?
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skeletal, muscular, integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular (SMINC)
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(1) newborn baby can't hold down milk. examination reveals developmental disorder in which esophagus fails to connect to stomach. what survival needs are immediately threatened?
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need for nutrients and water
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(1) chan family had a minor accident. children wearing lap belts, but had bruises around the abdomen and some internal organ injuries. why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others?
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anterior and lateral aspects of the abdomen have no skeletal/bony protection
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(1)john has a hernia in his inguinal region, pain from an infected kidney in his lumbar region, and severe bruises and swelling in pubic region. explain where each of the regions are
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hernia -- where thigh and trunk meet kidney -- pain is radiating to lower back bruises -- genital area
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(1)hormone thyroxine is released in response to pituitary hormone TSH. as thyroxine levels increase in blood, they exert negative feedback on the release of TSH by the pituitary gland. what effect on release of TSH?
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negative feedback causes the initial stimulus (TSH) to decline.
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(1)in congestive heart failure, the weakened heart is unable to pump with sufficient strength to empty its own chambers. As a result, blood backs up in the veins, blood pressure rises, and circulation is impaired. Describe what will happen as this situation worsens owing to positive feedback. then, predict how a heart strengthening medication will reverse positive feedback.
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The high blood pressure increases the workload on the heart. Circulation of blood decreases and heart receives an inadequate blood supply. As the heart weakens further, the backup in the veins worsens and blood pressure rises higher. Without intervention, circulation becomes so sluggish that organ failure sets in. Heart-strengthening medicine increases force of heartbeat so more blood is pumped out with each beat. More blood flows into heart, reducing backflow and blood pressure. The heart then pumps more blood, reducing backup even more, and increasing circulation. Blood supply to heart musculature improves and heart becomes stronger.
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(1)the following advanced imaging techniques are discussed in the text: CT, DSA, PET, ultrasound, and MRI. Which of these use X-ray? Which uses radio waves and magnetic fields? Which uses radioisotopes? Which displays body regions in sections? (may than have more than one answer for each)
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x-ray: CT and DSA radio waves and magnetic fields: MRI radioisotopes: PET display body in sections: CT, MRI, PET (none are ultrasound)
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(1)A patient reports stabbing pains in the right hypochondriac region. The medical staff suspects gallstones. What region of the body will be examined?
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right side, below rib cage
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(1)Mr. Harvey, a computer programmer, has been complaining of numbness and pain in his right hand. His nurse practitioner diagnoses his problem as carpal tunnel syndrome and prescribes use of a splint. Where will Mr. Harvey apply the splint?
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he'll apply the splint to the right wrist
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(3) johnny lacerated his arm and rushed home to mom so she could fix it. his mother poured hydrogen peroxide over the area, and it bubbled vigorously where it came in contact with the wound. because you can expect that cells were ruptured in the area, what do you think was happening here?
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The enzymes from the peroxisomes were converting H2O2 to H2O and O2
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(3) the epidermis (epithelium of the cutaneous membrane or skin) is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. explain why that epithelium is much better suited for protecting the body's external surface than a mucosa consisting of a simple columnar epithelium would be.
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generally speaking, stratified epithelia consisting of several cell layers are more effective where abrasion is a problem than are simple epithelia (one cell layer)
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(3) streptomycin (an antibiotic) binds to the small ribosomal subunit of bacteria (but not to the ribosomes of the host cells infected by bacteria). the result is misreading of bacteria mRNA and breakup of polysomes. what process is being affected, and how does this kill the bacterial cells?
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streptomycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. if the bacteria are unable to synthesize new proteins (many of which would be essential enzymes), they will die.
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(3) systemic lupus erythematosus (often simply called lupus) is a condition that primarily affects young women. it is a chronic (persistent) inflammation that affects all or most of the connective tissue proper in the body. Suzy is told by her doctor that she has lupus and she asks if it will have widespread or merely localized effects within the body. What would the physician answer?
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considering connective tissue is the most widespread tissue in the body and is found either as part of or is associated with every body organ, the physician will most likely tell her that she can expect the effects of lupus to be very diffuse and widespread.
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(3) Mrs. Linsey sees her gynecologist because she is unable to become pregnant. The doctor discovers granulation tissue in her vaginal canal and explains that sperm are susceptible to some of the same chemicals as bacteria. what is inhibiting the sperm?
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Granulation tissue secretes substances that kill bacteria.
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(3) sarah, a trainee of the electron microscopist at the local hospital, is reviewing some micrographs of muscle cells and macrophages (phagocytic cells). She notices that the muscle cells are loaded with mitochondria while the macrophages have abundant lysosomes. Why is this so?
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Mitochondria are the site of most atp synthesis, and muscle cells use tremendous amounts of ATP during contraction. after ingesting bacteria or other debris, phagocytes must digest them, explaining the abundant lysosomes.
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(3) Bradley tripped and tore one of the tendons surrounding his ankle. in anguish with pain, he asked his doctor how quickly he could expect it to heal. what do you think the doctor's response was and why?
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recovery will be long and painful because tendons, like other dense connective tissue structures, are poorly vascularized.
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(3) In normally circulating blood, the plasma proteins cannot leave the bloodstream easily and, thus, tend to remain in the blood. but if stasis (blood flow stoppage) occurs, the proteins will begin to leak out into the interstitial fluid. explain why this leads to endema (water buildup in the tissues).
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endema will occur because the filtration pressure exerted by the blood forces blood proteins into the interstitial space, and water follows down its concentration gradient.
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(3) phagocytes gather in the air sacs of the lungs, especially in the lungs of smokers. what is the connection?
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Phagocytes engulf and remove debris from body tissues. a smoker's lung would be expected to have carbon particles.
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(2) It is determined that a patient is in acidosis. What does this mean, and would you treat the condition with a chemical that would raise or lower the pH?
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Acidosis means the blood ph is below normal range (too acidic) so the patient should be treated with something to raise the ph.
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(2) A newborn is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, a genetic disease in which substitution of one amino acid results in abnormal hemoglobin. Explain to the parents how the substitution can have such a drastic effect on the structure of the protein.
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Each of the 20 amino acids has a different chemical group called the R group. The R group on each amino acid determines how it will fit in the folded, 3D, tertiary structure of the protein and the bonds it may form. If the wrong amino acid is inserted, its R group might not fit into the tertiary structure properly, or required bonds might not be made; hence the entire structure might be altered. Because function depends on structure, this means the protein will not function properly.
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(2) Johnny's body temperature is spiking upward. When it reaches 104 F, his mother puts in a call to the pediatrician. She is advised to give Johnny children's acetaminophen or ibuprofen and sponge his body with cool to tepid water to prevent a further rise in temperature. How might a fever (excessively high body temp) be detrimental to Johnny's welfare?
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Heat increases kinetic energy of molecules. Vital biological molecules, like proteins or nucleic acids, are denatured (rendered nonfunctional) by excessive heat because intramolecular bonds essential to their functional structure are broken. Because all enzymes are proteins, their destruction is lethal.
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(2) Mrs. Gallo's physician suspects that she is showing the initial signs of multiple sclerosis, a disease characterized by the formation of hardened plaques in the insulating sheaths surrounding nerve fibers. What medical imaging technique will the physician probably order to determine if such plaques are present?
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An MRI because it allows visualization of soft structures enclosed by bone (e.g. the skull).
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(2) Stanley has indigestion and is doubled over with pain. How could an antacid reduce his stomach discomfort?
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Stomach discomfort is frequently caused by excess stomach acidity ("acid indigestion"). An antacid contains a weak base that will neutralize the excess acid (H+).
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(2) Explain why the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi requires more energy than the amount released for cellular use when ATP is broken down.
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Breaking ATP to ADP and Pi releases the energy stored in the bonds. Only part of that potential energy is actually used by the cell. The rest is lost as heat. Nonetheless, the total amount of energy released (plus activation energy) must be absorbed to remake the bonds of ATP.
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(4) Mrs. Ibanez volunteered to help at a hospital for children with cancer. When she first entered the cancer ward, she was upset by the fact that most of the children had no hair. What is the explanation for their baldness?
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Chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer kill the most rapidly dividing cells in the body, including many matrix cells in the hair follicles; thus, the hair falls out.
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(4) Linda, new mother, brings her infant to the clinic, worried about a yellowish, scummy deposit that has built up on the baby's scalp. What is this condition called, and is it serious?
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The baby has seborrhea, or cradle cap, a condition of overactive sebaceous glands. It is not serious; the oily deposit is easily removed with attentive washing and soon stops forming.
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(4) Patients in hospital beds are rotated every 2 hours to prevent bedsores. Why is this effective?
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Bedridden patients are turned at regular intervals so that no region of their body is pressed against the body long enough to deprive the blood supply to that skin; thus, bedsores are avoided.
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(4) Eric and his wife are of northern european descent. Eric is a proud new father who was in the delivery room during his daughter's birth. He tells you that when she was born, her skin was purple and covered with a cream cheese-like substance. Shortly after birth, her skin turned pink. Can you explain his observations?
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The baby was cyanotic from lack of oxygen when born, a problem solved by breathing. Vernix caseosa, a cheesy-substance made by the sebaceous glands covered her skin. This substance helps to protect the fetus's skin in utero.
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(4) Would you expect to find the highest rate of skin cancer among the blacks of tropical Africa, research scientists in the Arctic, Norwegians in the southern United States, or blacks in the United States? Explain your choice.
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Norwegians in the US. They are originally from a part of the world where the sun is always far away from them and have very fair skin; hence they have little protective melanin.
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(4) After studying the skin in anatomy class, Toby grabbed the large "love handles" at his waist and said, "I have too thick a hypodermis, but that's okay because this layer performs some valuable functions!" What are the functions of the hypodermis?
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Besides storing fat as a source of nutrition, the hypodermis anchors the skin to the underlying structures (such as muscles) and acts as an insulator against heat loss.
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(4) A man got his finger caught in a machine at the factory. The damage was less serious than expected, but nonetheless, the entire nail was torn from his right index finger. The parts lost were the body, root, bed, matrix, and cuticle of the nail. First, define each of these parts. Then, tell if this nail is likely to grow back.
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The body of a nail is its visible, attached part (not its white, free edge). The root is the proximal part that is embedded in skin. The bed is the part of the epidermis upon which the nail lies. The matrix is the proximal part of the nail bed, and it is responsible for nail growth. The cuticle is the skin fold around the perimeter of the nail body. Because the matrix is gone, the nail will not grow back.
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(4) In cases of a ruptured appendix, what serous membrane is likely to become infected? Why can this be life threatening?
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The peritoneum will be inflamed and infected. Because the peritoneum encloses so many richly vascularized organs, a spreading peritoneal infection can be life threatening.
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(4) Mrs. Gaucher received second-degree burns on her abdomen when she dropped a kettle of boiling water. She asked the clinic physician if she would have to have a skin graft. What do you think he told her?
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He probably told her that regeneration would occur, and grafts would not be needed if infection was avoided.
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(4) What two factors in the treatment of critical third-degree burn patients are absolutely essential?
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Replacing lost fluid and electrolytes and prevention of infection.
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(4) Both newborn and aged individuals have very little subcutaneous tissue. How does this affect their sensitivity to cold?
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Fat is a good insulator, so its lack or decrease results in greater sensitivity to cold.
