Astronomy Chapter 6 Flashcard
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Which of the following lists the planets of our solar system in the correct order from closest to farthest from the Sun?
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
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Suppose you view the solar system from high above Earth's North Pole. Which of the following statements about planetary orbits will be true?
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All the planets orbit counterclockwise around the Sun.
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Which of the following statements about our Sun is not true?
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The Sun's diameter is about 5 times that of Earth.
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Which of the following is not true of Mercury?
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We could survive on Mars without spacesuits, as long as we brought oxygen in scuba tanks.
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The planet in our solar system with the highest average surface temperature is _________.
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Venus
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The terrestrial planets in our solar system are _________.
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
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The jovian planets in our solar system are _________.
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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
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Which moons are sometimes called the Galilean moons?
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The four largest moons of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto
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The Cassini mission to Saturn consists of:
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An orbiter that orbits Saturn and a probe that descended to the surface of Titan.
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When we say that jovian planets contain significant amounts of hydrogen compounds, we mean all the following chemicals except _________.
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carbon dioxide
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In essence, the nebular theory holds that _________.
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our solar system formed from the collapse of interstellar cloud of gas and dust
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According to modern science, what was the approximate chemical composition of the solar nebula?
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98% hydrogen and helium , 2% everything else
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The terrestrial planets are made almost entirely of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. According to modern science, where did these elements come from?
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produced by stars that lived and died before our solar system was born
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According to our theory of solar system formation, what three major changes occurred in the solar nebula as it shrank in size?
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it got hotter, its rate of rotation increased,and flattened into a disk
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Which of the following types of material can condense into what we call ice at low temperatures?
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hydrogen compounds
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According to our present theory of solar system formation, which of the following lists the major ingredients of the solar nebula in order from the most abundant to the least abundant?
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hydrogen and helium gas; hydrogen compounds; rock; metal
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What do we mean by the frost line when we discuss the formation of planets in the solar nebula?
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It is a circle at a particular distance from the Sun, beyond which the temperature was low enough for ices to condense.
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What do we mean by accretion in the context of planet formation?
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The growth of planetesimals from smaller solid particles that collided and stuck together
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According to our theory of solar system formation, what are asteroids and comets?
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Leftover planetesimals that never accreted into planets
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What do we mean by the period of heavy bombardment in the context of the history of our solar system?
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The first few hundred million years after the planets formed, which is when most impact craters were formed
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What is the giant impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon?
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The Moon formed from material blasted out of the Earth's mantle and crust by the impact of a Mars-size object.
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Suppose you start with 1 kilogram of a radioactive substance that has a half-life of 10 years. Which of the following statements will be true after 20 years pass?
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You'll have 0.25 kilogram of the radioactive substance remaining.
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According to modern scientific dating techniques, approximately how old is the solar system?
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4.5 billion years
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What is an "extrasolar planet"?
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a planet that orbits a star that is not our sun
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In essence, the Kepler mission is searching for extrasolar planets by____________.
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monitoring stars for slight dimming that might occur as unseen planets pass in front of them
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Compared to the distance between Earth and Mars, the distance between Jupiter and Saturn is _________
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much larger
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How is Einstein's famous equation, E=mc2, important in understanding the Sun?
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the sun generate energy to shine by losing 4 million tons of mass each second
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In what way is Venus most similar to Earth?
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they are both nearly the same size
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Which of the following statements about the recently-discovered object Eris is not true?
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it is thought to be the first example of a new class of object
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Mars has two moons that are most similar in character to:
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small asteroids
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Which planet listed below has the most extreme seasons?
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uranus
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In what way is Pluto more like a comet than a planet?
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it is made of mostly rock and ice
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Which of the following is not a major pattern of motion in the solar system?
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nearly all commits orbit in the same direction and roughly the same plane
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Which of the following is not a major difference between the terrestrial and jovian planets in our solar system?
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Terrestrial planets contain large quantities of ice and jovian planets do not
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The following statements are all true. Which one counts as an "exception to the rule" in being unusual for our solar system?
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the diameter of earth's moon is about 1/4 that of earth's
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About 2% of our solar nebula consisted of elements besides hydrogen and helium. However, the very first generation of star systems in the universe probably consisted only of hydrogen and helium. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been true about these first-generation star systems?
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there were no comets or asteroids in these first generation of star systems
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According to our theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the solar nebula spun faster as it shrank in size?
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The law of conservation of angular momentum
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According to our theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the central regions of the solar nebula got hotter as the nebula shrank in size?
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The law conservation of energy
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According to our present theory of solar system formation, which of the following best explains why the solar nebula ended up with a disk shape as it collapsed?
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It flattened as a natural consequence of collisions between particles in the nebula.
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What is the primary basis upon which we divide the ingredients of the solar nebula into four categories (hydrogen/helium; hydrogen compound; rock; metal)?
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The temperatures at which various materials will condense from gaseous form to solid form
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According to our present theory of solar system formation, which of the following statements about the growth of terrestrial and jovian planets is not true?
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The jovian planets began from planetesimals made only of ice, while the terrestrial planets began from planetesimals made only of rock and metal.
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Many meteorites appear to have formed very early in the solar system's history. How do these meteorites support our theory about how the terrestrial planets formed?
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The meteorites appearance and composition is just what we'd expect if metal and rock condensed and accreted as our theory suggests
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According to present understanding, which of the following statements about the solar wind is not true?
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It helped in the transfer of angular momentum from the young Sun to particles that blew into interstellar space, which explains why the Sun rotates so slowly today
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According to our present theory of solar system formation, how did Earth end up with enough water to make oceans
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The water was brought to the forming Earth by planetesimals that accreted beyond the orbit of Mars.
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According to our present theory of solar system formation, why were solid planetesimals able to grow larger in the outer solar system than in the inner solar system?
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Because only metal and rock could condense in the inner solar system, while ice also condensed in the outer solar system.
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According to our basic scenario of solar system formation, why do the jovian planets have numerous large moons?
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As the growing jovian planets captured gas from the solar nebula, the gas formed swirling disks around them, and moons formed from condensation accretion within these disks.
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Which of the following is not evidence supporting the idea that our Moon formed as a result of a giant impact?
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The Pacific Ocean appears to be a large crater - probably the one made by the giant impact.
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Why are terrestrial planets denser than jovian planets?
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Only dense materials could condense in the inner solar nebula.
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Suppose you find a rock that contains 10 micrograms of radioactive potassium-40, which has a half-life of 1.25 billion years. By measuring the amount of its decay product (argon-40) present in the rock, you conclude that there must have been 80 micrograms of potassium-40 when the rock solidified. How old is the rock?
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3.75 billion years
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How do scientists determine the age of the solar system?
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radiometric dating meteorites
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Which of the following statements is not true about the planets so far discovered around other stars?
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Photographs reveal that most of them have atmospheres much like that of Jupiter.
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Which new idea has been added into our theory of solar system formation as a result of the discoveries of extrasolar planets?
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plantes can migrate from the orbits in which thay are born
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You observe a star very similar to our own Sun in size and mass. This star moves very slightly back and forth in the sky once every 4 months, and you attribute this motion to the effect of an orbiting planet. What can you conclude about the orbiting planet?
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the planet most be closer to that star than earth is to the sun
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The region of our solar system between Mercury and Mars has very few asteroids, while the region between Mars and Jupiter has many asteroids. Based on what you have learned, what is the most likely explanation for the lack of asteroids between Mercury and Mars?
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There were very few planetary leftovers in this region, because most of the solid material was accreted by the terrestrial planets as the planets formed.
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Based on everything you have learned about the formation of our solar system, which of the following statements is probably not true?
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Only a tiny percentage of stars are surrounded by spinning disks of gas during their formation.
