question

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the lifespan.

answer

What is Development?

question

Most developmental theories debate whether growth is a product of nature or nurture.

answer

Nature vs. Nurture

question

Some developmental theories assert that growth occurs in phases.

answer

Stage

question

Some developmental theories assert that development is continuously influenced by environmental experiences.

answer

Non-Stage

question

Study same subjects over long period of time.

answer

Longitudinal Research Designs

question

Study different groups of subjects at different ages.

answer

Cross-sectional Research Designs

question

Cognitive growth begins with schemas which are concepts used to interpret objects or events.

answer

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

question

When new concepts are understood by existing schemas. I.e., being used to riding your own bike and trying to ride a friend's bike which is similar.

answer

Assimilation

question

When children develop new schemas to understand new information. I.e., riding a friend's bike that is slightly larger.

answer

Accommodation

question

Sensorimotor (0- 2 years) intelligence is gained by combining motor and sensory experiences •A major achievement is object permanence, knowing that objects exist when out of sight

answer

Piaget's 1st Stage of Development

question

Absence Object Permanence Presence Object Permanence

answer

Why is Piaget's 1st Stage of Development so important?

question

Preoperation (2-7 years) intelligence has a symbolic function which is understanding that one thing stands for another. Examples are words and pretend play.

answer

Piaget's 2nd Stage of Development

question

Preoperations

answer

What are some characteristics of pre operational thought?

question

Concrete operations (7-11 years) is understanding that objects can change in appearance and still retain the same matter or quantity. Piaget called this conservation.

answer

Piaget's 3rd Stage of Development

question

Concrete Conservation Concrete Abstract

answer

Why is mastery of conservation so important?

question

Formal operations (11-beyond) is logical thought applied to abstract problems or situations. Piaget called this hypothetico-deductive thinking. Philosophy! Politics!

answer

Piaget's 4th Stage of Development

question

Formal Abstract

answer

How do you think abstract reasoning might affect an adolescent's social relationships?

question

Each stage is characterized by a different way of understanding the world •Current research shows that the stages are not as rigid as he proposed - children advance faster with a formal education

answer

Evaluations of Piaget

question

Piaget founded Cognitive Psychology •Children are ACTIVE participants in their cognitive development

answer

Contributions of Piaget

question

Union of sperm and ovum travels to the uterus. Highest risk of spontaneous abortions! Due to Nature? Nurture?

answer

Period of the Zygote

question

2nd week to 8th week - major systems, organs, and structures of the body develop. No sex organs yet!

answer

Period of the Embryo

question

8th week to birth - rapid weight gain and development of all systems, organs, and structures. Sex organs appear

answer

Period of the Fetus

question

Anything that invades the uterus and has a negative effect on development •Critical periods are when environmental influences are most harmful to a particular system or structure •Alcohol is the leading risk factor for fetal alcohol syndrome - mental retardation and facial abnormalities FAS ; FAE •Smoking is the leading risk for low-birth-weight - babies less than 5.5 pounds

answer

"Teratogens" - Greek for Monsters

question

All senses are present at birth. Hearing is the most developed and vision is the least •Infants have innate preferences for certain tastes, odors, tastes, sounds, and sights

answer

Infancy- The First Two Years

question

Maturation refers to a built-in biological clock that controls most motor development •Infants all over the world roll over, sit up, crawl, and walk in the same sequence. Individuals differ only in timing. This is Maturational!

answer

Maturation

question

Temperament is a person's behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment. There are three categories: •"Easy" children have pleasant moods and are adaptable to new situations. Most babies are easy! •"Difficult" children show unpleasant moods and respond negatively to new situations •"Slow-to-warm-up" are somewhat slow to adapt

answer

Temperament

question

•Harlow's rhesus monkey studies found that contact comfort, not nourishment, is critical for attachment

answer

Attachment

question

Separation anxiety is fear and distress when a parent leaves •Stranger anxiety is a fear of a stranger •**Both separation and stranger anxiety indicate attachment or a strong bond has occurred

answer

Infant Attachment

question

Secure attachment (65%) infants are content •Insecure ambivalent attachment (20%) infants want close contact but suffer great distress after mother returns or leaves •Insecure avoidant attachment (10%) infants are not responsive to their parents

answer

Are there differences in Attachment?

question

Secure attachment is associated with mother's sensitivity and responsiveness •Secure attached infants explore their environments freely •Secure attached infants have good relationships with caregivers

answer

Truth about Attachment

question

Each stage represents a conflict between the individual and society •Each conflict is resolved by obtaining a positive psychological quality or one that is negative or both •Positive qualities foster healthy growth

answer

Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Developmental Theory

question

Social cognitive theory - children learn from observation and imitation •Performance of what is observed is NOT necessary for learning to occur

answer

Bandura and Social Development

question

Environment influences development.

answer

Gender Identity-Role Development Social learning view

question

Children develop mental skills and interact with environment and learn one set of rules for both men and women.

answer

Gender Identity-Role Development Cognitive view

question

Children pay attention to gender-based standards and use gender as a way to process information.

answer

Gender Identity-Role Development Gender-schema theory

question

Begins with puberty - period of rapid growth and sexual maturity •Primary sexual characteristics - physical characteristics responsible for reproduction •I.e., Menarche is the onset of menstruation and is the landmark of puberty for females •Secondary sexual charactistics- physical characteristics not responsible for reproduction

answer

Adolescence

question

**Early Maturing Boys (+)More accepted by adults and peers Greater confidence and responsibility (-)More likely to remain in community Early Maturing Girls (-)Have to deal with Male sexual Advances (+)Viewed by many as more mature

answer

EARLY MATURERS

question

Late Maturing Boys (+)More likely to be sensitive as adults (-)More likely to be teased as adolescents. Late Maturing Girls (-)Feel inadequate and jealous (+)More likely to have the ideal physical body that is admired by society

answer

LATE MATURERS

question

Moral reasoning is governed by the standards of others. "Right is avoiding punishment or gaining rewards"

answer

Kohlberg's Theory of Morality Preconventional level

question

Moral reasoning is governed by internalizing the standards of others. "Right is the law or approval by others"

answer

Kohlberg's Theory of Morality Conventional level

question

"Right is what advances basic human rights" •Morality progresses through this sequence •Moral reasoning is not fixed at one level

answer

Kohlberg's Theory of Morality Postconventional

question

Impose rules and expect obedience. Child tends to not internalize his or her actions

answer

Baumrind's parenting styles: •Authoritarian parents

question

Submit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment. Child grows up not knowing his or her limits and is insecure

answer

Baumrind's parenting styles: Permissive parents

question

Are both demanding and responsive. They exert control not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons. Child grows up being more motivated and self-confident.

answer

Baumrind's parenting styles: Authoritative parents

question

Rate at which we can identify a stimulus - declines with age.

answer

Cognitive Abilities with Aging Perceptual Speed

question

Tasks requiring recall, recognition, and encoding - slows down with age.

answer

Cognitive Abilities with Aging Processing Speed

question

Rate at which we respond to a stimulus - tends to decrease with age •Staying mentally and physically active keeps people mentally sharp.

answer

Cognitive Abilities with Aging Reaction Time

question

Slows Down

answer

Cognitive Abilities Fluid Intelligence

question

Increases

answer

Cognitive Abilities Crystallized Intelligence

question

Self-Esteem - how much we feel and value our self •Cars and clothes are NOT the most important factors influencing self-esteem •Physical attractiveness and social competence ARE the most important factors

answer

Adolescence and Self-Esteem

question

A comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.

answer

Erikson's Theory of Development

question

Kindness and Understanding - most important in selecting a mate Love - is valued differently being first for USA but 6th in China and 4th in Nigeria

answer

Cross-Cultural Research

question

Rate is about 50% for first marriages and higher for second marriages •Incompatibility (47%) •**Criticism, defensiveness, contempt, stonewalling (not willing to talk about problem) •Infidelity (17%) •Drug/Alcohol problem (16%) •Disputes about money or children (10%) •Physical abuse (5%)

answer

Untying the Knot: Divorce

question

Employed women is associated with decreased marital satisfaction.

answer

Employed Women

question

**Transition between middle adulthood and late adulthood is SMOOTH •No evidence of the so-called midlife crisis •**MENOPAUSE - cessation of menstruation and production of estrogen •Is there a "Male Meta-Pause?

answer

Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood

question

As men grow older they •Have lower testosterone levels •Lower sperm count -- Slower ejaculation speed

answer

**Male Meta-Pause?

question

70% of men and 60% of women fantasize about having sex often or very often •But 63% of the men and 40% of the women are doing more than fantasizing •This research is on a population of 80 to 102 years old

answer

SEX AND THE SENIOR CITIZEN

question

Highest among 65 + •Common signs isolation and withdrawal •Short-term treatment plan negotiate a contract so the person will not harm him- or herself •Long-term treatment plan address the personal problem

answer

Suicide

question

People report similar levels of life satisfaction at all ages across the lifespan •What you do today is the greatest predictor of what you will do tomorrow!! •Life Review - is inevitable as we get older Integrity vs. Despair

answer

Astonishing Advice

question

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross - identifies 5 stages that the dying and family go through in coming to terms with death: •Denial •Anger •Bargaining •Depression •Acceptance

answer

Death and Dying

Assessment #3 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards