Assessment #3 – Flashcards
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Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the lifespan.
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What is Development?
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Most developmental theories debate whether growth is a product of nature or nurture.
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Nature vs. Nurture
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Some developmental theories assert that growth occurs in phases.
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Stage
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Some developmental theories assert that development is continuously influenced by environmental experiences.
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Non-Stage
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Study same subjects over long period of time.
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Longitudinal Research Designs
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Study different groups of subjects at different ages.
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Cross-sectional Research Designs
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Cognitive growth begins with schemas which are concepts used to interpret objects or events.
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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When new concepts are understood by existing schemas. I.e., being used to riding your own bike and trying to ride a friend's bike which is similar.
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Assimilation
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When children develop new schemas to understand new information. I.e., riding a friend's bike that is slightly larger.
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Accommodation
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Sensorimotor (0- 2 years) intelligence is gained by combining motor and sensory experiences •A major achievement is object permanence, knowing that objects exist when out of sight
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Piaget's 1st Stage of Development
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Absence Object Permanence Presence Object Permanence
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Why is Piaget's 1st Stage of Development so important?
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Preoperation (2-7 years) intelligence has a symbolic function which is understanding that one thing stands for another. Examples are words and pretend play.
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Piaget's 2nd Stage of Development
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Preoperations
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What are some characteristics of pre operational thought?
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Concrete operations (7-11 years) is understanding that objects can change in appearance and still retain the same matter or quantity. Piaget called this conservation.
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Piaget's 3rd Stage of Development
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Concrete Conservation Concrete Abstract
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Why is mastery of conservation so important?
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Formal operations (11-beyond) is logical thought applied to abstract problems or situations. Piaget called this hypothetico-deductive thinking. Philosophy! Politics!
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Piaget's 4th Stage of Development
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Formal Abstract
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How do you think abstract reasoning might affect an adolescent's social relationships?
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Each stage is characterized by a different way of understanding the world •Current research shows that the stages are not as rigid as he proposed - children advance faster with a formal education
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Evaluations of Piaget
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Piaget founded Cognitive Psychology •Children are ACTIVE participants in their cognitive development
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Contributions of Piaget
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Union of sperm and ovum travels to the uterus. Highest risk of spontaneous abortions! Due to Nature? Nurture?
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Period of the Zygote
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2nd week to 8th week - major systems, organs, and structures of the body develop. No sex organs yet!
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Period of the Embryo
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8th week to birth - rapid weight gain and development of all systems, organs, and structures. Sex organs appear
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Period of the Fetus
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Anything that invades the uterus and has a negative effect on development •Critical periods are when environmental influences are most harmful to a particular system or structure •Alcohol is the leading risk factor for fetal alcohol syndrome - mental retardation and facial abnormalities FAS ; FAE •Smoking is the leading risk for low-birth-weight - babies less than 5.5 pounds
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"Teratogens" - Greek for Monsters
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All senses are present at birth. Hearing is the most developed and vision is the least •Infants have innate preferences for certain tastes, odors, tastes, sounds, and sights
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Infancy- The First Two Years
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Maturation refers to a built-in biological clock that controls most motor development •Infants all over the world roll over, sit up, crawl, and walk in the same sequence. Individuals differ only in timing. This is Maturational!
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Maturation
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Temperament is a person's behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment. There are three categories: •"Easy" children have pleasant moods and are adaptable to new situations. Most babies are easy! •"Difficult" children show unpleasant moods and respond negatively to new situations •"Slow-to-warm-up" are somewhat slow to adapt
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Temperament
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•Harlow's rhesus monkey studies found that contact comfort, not nourishment, is critical for attachment
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Attachment
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Separation anxiety is fear and distress when a parent leaves •Stranger anxiety is a fear of a stranger •**Both separation and stranger anxiety indicate attachment or a strong bond has occurred
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Infant Attachment
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Secure attachment (65%) infants are content •Insecure ambivalent attachment (20%) infants want close contact but suffer great distress after mother returns or leaves •Insecure avoidant attachment (10%) infants are not responsive to their parents
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Are there differences in Attachment?
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Secure attachment is associated with mother's sensitivity and responsiveness •Secure attached infants explore their environments freely •Secure attached infants have good relationships with caregivers
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Truth about Attachment
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Each stage represents a conflict between the individual and society •Each conflict is resolved by obtaining a positive psychological quality or one that is negative or both •Positive qualities foster healthy growth
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Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Developmental Theory
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Social cognitive theory - children learn from observation and imitation •Performance of what is observed is NOT necessary for learning to occur
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Bandura and Social Development
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Environment influences development.
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Gender Identity-Role Development Social learning view
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Children develop mental skills and interact with environment and learn one set of rules for both men and women.
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Gender Identity-Role Development Cognitive view
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Children pay attention to gender-based standards and use gender as a way to process information.
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Gender Identity-Role Development Gender-schema theory
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Begins with puberty - period of rapid growth and sexual maturity •Primary sexual characteristics - physical characteristics responsible for reproduction •I.e., Menarche is the onset of menstruation and is the landmark of puberty for females •Secondary sexual charactistics- physical characteristics not responsible for reproduction
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Adolescence
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**Early Maturing Boys (+)More accepted by adults and peers Greater confidence and responsibility (-)More likely to remain in community Early Maturing Girls (-)Have to deal with Male sexual Advances (+)Viewed by many as more mature
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EARLY MATURERS
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Late Maturing Boys (+)More likely to be sensitive as adults (-)More likely to be teased as adolescents. Late Maturing Girls (-)Feel inadequate and jealous (+)More likely to have the ideal physical body that is admired by society
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LATE MATURERS
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Moral reasoning is governed by the standards of others. "Right is avoiding punishment or gaining rewards"
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Kohlberg's Theory of Morality Preconventional level
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Moral reasoning is governed by internalizing the standards of others. "Right is the law or approval by others"
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Kohlberg's Theory of Morality Conventional level
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"Right is what advances basic human rights" •Morality progresses through this sequence •Moral reasoning is not fixed at one level
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Kohlberg's Theory of Morality Postconventional
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Impose rules and expect obedience. Child tends to not internalize his or her actions
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Baumrind's parenting styles: •Authoritarian parents
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Submit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment. Child grows up not knowing his or her limits and is insecure
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Baumrind's parenting styles: Permissive parents
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Are both demanding and responsive. They exert control not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons. Child grows up being more motivated and self-confident.
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Baumrind's parenting styles: Authoritative parents
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Rate at which we can identify a stimulus - declines with age.
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Cognitive Abilities with Aging Perceptual Speed
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Tasks requiring recall, recognition, and encoding - slows down with age.
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Cognitive Abilities with Aging Processing Speed
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Rate at which we respond to a stimulus - tends to decrease with age •Staying mentally and physically active keeps people mentally sharp.
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Cognitive Abilities with Aging Reaction Time
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Slows Down
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Cognitive Abilities Fluid Intelligence
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Increases
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Cognitive Abilities Crystallized Intelligence
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Self-Esteem - how much we feel and value our self •Cars and clothes are NOT the most important factors influencing self-esteem •Physical attractiveness and social competence ARE the most important factors
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Adolescence and Self-Esteem
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A comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.
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Erikson's Theory of Development
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Kindness and Understanding - most important in selecting a mate Love - is valued differently being first for USA but 6th in China and 4th in Nigeria
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Cross-Cultural Research
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Rate is about 50% for first marriages and higher for second marriages •Incompatibility (47%) •**Criticism, defensiveness, contempt, stonewalling (not willing to talk about problem) •Infidelity (17%) •Drug/Alcohol problem (16%) •Disputes about money or children (10%) •Physical abuse (5%)
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Untying the Knot: Divorce
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Employed women is associated with decreased marital satisfaction.
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Employed Women
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**Transition between middle adulthood and late adulthood is SMOOTH •No evidence of the so-called midlife crisis •**MENOPAUSE - cessation of menstruation and production of estrogen •Is there a "Male Meta-Pause?
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Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood
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As men grow older they •Have lower testosterone levels •Lower sperm count -- Slower ejaculation speed
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**Male Meta-Pause?
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70% of men and 60% of women fantasize about having sex often or very often •But 63% of the men and 40% of the women are doing more than fantasizing •This research is on a population of 80 to 102 years old
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SEX AND THE SENIOR CITIZEN
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Highest among 65 + •Common signs isolation and withdrawal •Short-term treatment plan negotiate a contract so the person will not harm him- or herself •Long-term treatment plan address the personal problem
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Suicide
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People report similar levels of life satisfaction at all ages across the lifespan •What you do today is the greatest predictor of what you will do tomorrow!! •Life Review - is inevitable as we get older Integrity vs. Despair
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Astonishing Advice
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Elisabeth Kubler-Ross - identifies 5 stages that the dying and family go through in coming to terms with death: •Denial •Anger •Bargaining •Depression •Acceptance
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Death and Dying
