ASCP-Chemistry Flash Cards – Flashcards
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| mg = milligram |
| mmol |
| mmol = millimole |
| mEq |
| mEq = milliequivalents |
| Types of monosaccharides, and what they are composed of: |
| glucose and fructose (4-8 carbon atoms and a aldehyde or ketone group) |
| Oligiosaccharides are composed of: |
| (2 to 6 molecules of simple sugars linked together) |
| Disaccharides are composed of: |
| (2 monosaccharides) |
| Glycolysis |
| Glucose-->Pyruvate<-->lactate |
| Glycogenesis |
| Glucose-->Glycogen |
| Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle |
| Glucose--->pyruvate--->CO2 + H20+ ATP |
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway/ Hexose Monphosphate Shunt |
| Glucose--->ribose + CO2 + NADPH |
| Uronic Acid Pathway |
| Glucose--->Glucuronic Acid |
| Glycogenolysis |
| Glycogen--->Glucose |
| Gluconeogenesis |
| Noncarbohydrate sources--->glucose |
| What are the other hormones that increase blood glucose levels? |
| Epinephrine, human growth hormone (hGH), cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and thyroxine |
| Define Glycated hemoglobin: |
| The Ketoamine structure where glucose is irreversibly bound to hemoglobin. |
| Define Glycosylated Hemoglobin: |
| The reversible stage where glucose may equilibrate (attach and detach) with the hemoglin molecule. |
| HLP |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia |
| TG |
| Trigycerides |
| Chol |
| Cholesterol |
| CM |
| Chylomicrons |
| FFA |
| Free Fatty Acids |
| Equation for Cholesterol |
| [LDL-C]=[TC]-[HDL-C]-([TG]/5) |
| Define Lipid: |
| Hydrophobic (nonpolar), organic molecules-insoluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents. |
| Define Lipoprotien: |
| Complexes of lipids and proteins, act as vehicles for transporting lipids in the aqueous milieu of the circulatory system |
| What are Fatty Acids, and what do they do? |
| carboxylic acids of straight-chain hydrocarbons. They provide energy through ?-oxidation. |
| What makes a Saturated Fat? |
| all single bonds between carbons |
| What makes a Monounsaturated Fat |
| One double bond in a chain |
| What makes a Polyunsaturated fat? |
| more than one double bond in the chain |
| What is an essential fatty acid? |
| a Linoleic or Linolenic acid which is two polyunsaturated fatty acids, that must come from dietary sources. |
| What is the most prevelant fat in the diet? |
| Trigylcerides |
| Fat from animals |
| saturated fatty acids, and solid at room temp |
| Fat from plant sources |
| unsaturated fatty acids, liquid even upon refridgeration |
| Cholestrol is the precursor for: |
| steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids. |
| Where is Cholestrol synthesized |
| Liver |
| Where are phospholipids synthesized |
| liver |
| What are the Fat Soluble Vitamins |
| Vitamins A, D, E, and K |
| Lipoprotien function |
| transport lipids and facilitate the metabolism of lipids in the circulatory system |
| Info about Chylomicrons |
| Lowest density lipoprotein, and mostly exogenous triglycerides from diet |
| Info about VLDL |
| transports triglycerides synthesized in the liver |
| Info about Cholesterol |
| the major component of LDL |
| Info about HDL |
| high protein content with phospholipids and cholesterol as the major lipid components |
| What are Apolipoproteins? |
| Participate in lipoprotein metabolism as enzyme activators, enzyme inhibitors, or binding sites for cellular receptors |
| apo AI and apo AII |
| HDL |
| apo B-48 |
| Chylomicrons |
| apo B-100 |
| VLD, IDL, and LDL |
| apo CI, CII, and CIII |
| chylomicrons and VLDL |
| apo E |
| VLD and LDL |
| Lipoprotein(a) |
| a variant of LDL in which a molecule of the protein apo(a) is bound to apo B-199 |
| Albumin: LP name and Predominant Lipid |
| No name, FFA |
| Alpha-1 (HDL): LP name and predominant lipid |
| Alpha, phospholipids |
| Alpha-2 (VLDL): LP name and Predominant Lipid |
| Trigylcerides |
| Alpha-2/Beta Bridge (IDL): LP name and Predominat Lipid |
| Floating Beta, Cholesterol and Trigycerides |
| Beta: LP name and predominant lipid |
| Beta, Cholesterol |
| Gamma: LP name, and predominant lipid |
| no name, Chylomicrons |
| Specimen Requirements for Lipid Testing: |
| 1. Patient Fasting 2. Heparin plasma for Trigyceride assays 3.Disodium EDTA for Lipoprotein Electrophoresis 4. Serum OK if fresh, unhemolyzed, and immediately sperated from cells. Keep cold, and don't freeze. 5. mix well |
| What happens to lipids after Heart attack? |
| all blood lipid leveles decrease |
| what happens to lipids during Heparin therapy? |
| falsely decreased triglyceride levels |
| what happens to lipids with alchohol ingestion or abuse? |
| Increase blood FFA level, increase VLDL production, increase blood Triglyceride level, and increase HDL |
| What happens to lipids with birth control or pregnancy? |
| decrease in cholesterol (LDL) and FFA, and increase in Triglycerides |
| What happens to lipids with steroids, beta blockers? |
| increase in serum trigylcerides (VLDL) |
| What happens to lipids in a bacteria-contaminated specimen? |
| Smudging of the pattern, plus the Beta and Pre-Beta LPs migrate fater than normal towards the anode |
| Hypo-Beta Lipoproteinemia |
| low serum cholesterol because of low LDL, cuase by underproduction of Apo-B. |
| Abetalipoproteinemia |
| no LDL= low cholesterol levels |
| Hypo-Alpha-Lipoproteinemia |
| underproduction of Apo-A, very low HDL levels, possible other lipids high |
| Tangier Disease |
| no HDL, due to inability to produce Apo-A |
| Type I HLP |
| lack of Lipoprotein Lipase, so CM can't be cleared from blood. Hi levels of CHOL and TG. Creamy layer of CM at the top. |
| Type II-A HLP |
| caused by increase in LDL. Blood CHOL high, but TG normal. Serum is clear. |
| Type II-B HLP |
| increase in LDL and VLDL. High CHOL and TG. Specium is faintly turbid due to the TG |
| Type III HLP: |
| Floating Beta Band due to production of an abnormal lipoprotein (IDL). High CHOL and TG. Slighly turbid, and may or may not have CM present |
| Type IV HLP: |
| most common, high TG, turbid serum |
| Type V HLP |
| High TG and CHOL, turbid, with a creamy layer of CM at the top |
Fasting Blood Glucouse (FBS)
[Reference Range] |
Serum: 70-110 mg/dL CSF: 40-70 mg/DL (or 2/3 of blood level) |
Hbg A1-C
[Reference Range] |
| 5.0-9.0% |
OGTT (adult, 75 g load)
[Reference Range] |
Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL 1/2 Hour: Less than 170 mg/dL 1 Hour: Less than 170 mg/dL 2 Hr: Under 110 mg/dL 3 Hr: Fasting level 4, 5 Hr: Fasting level |
Serum Osmolality
[Reference Range]
|
| 289-308 mOsm/Kg |
Urine, 24- Hour Osmality
[Reference Range]
|
300-900 mOsm/Kg
|
Urine/Serum Osmolality Ratio
[Refence Range] |
Random 1.0-3.0
Should be greater than 3.0 after 12 hours fluid restriction |
Adult Billirubin Values
[refence ranges] |
Total: 0.2-1.0 mg/dL
Direct: 0.0-0.4 mg/dL |
Neonatal Bilirubin Values- (Total=Indirect Bilirubin)
[Refence range] |
Cord Blood: less than 4.5 mg/dL 3 Day: Less than 7.0 mg/dL 5 Day: Less than 12.0 mg/dL 7 Day: Less than 7.0 mg/dL |
Sodium (mEq/L=mMol/L)
[Reference Range] |
| Adult Plasma: 136-146 mMol/L |
Potassium (mEq/L=mMol/L)
[Reference Range] |
Adult: 3.5-5.1 mMol/L Newborn: 3.7-5.9 mMol/L |
Chloride
[Reference range] |
Plasma: 98-106 mMol/L Sweat: up to 35 mMol/L |
Total CO2
[reference range] |
Venous: 23-30 mMol/L Arterial: 22-29 mMol/L Capillary: 22-20 mMol/L |
Bicarbonate
[reference range]
|
Venous: 22-20 mMol/L Arterial: 21-28 mMol/L Capillary: 21-28 mMol/L |
Plasma Lactic Acid (lactate)
[reference range]
|
| 0.5-1.9 mMol/L |
Blood pH
[reference range] |
Venous: 7.32-7.42 Arterial: 7.35-7.45 Capillary: 7.35-7.45 |
Anion Gap
|
| 12 mMol/L (+/- 5 method) |
Serum Calcium
[reference range] |
Children values slightly higher than adults
Total: 8.4-10.2 mg/dL 2.1-2.6 mMol/L
Ionized: 1.10-1.35 mMol/L
|
Serum Inorganic Phosphorous
[reference range] |
Adults: 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
|
Serum Magnesium
[reference range] |
1.6-2.3 mg/dL
0.65-1.05 mMol/L |
Serum Iron
[reference range] |
Males: 50-170 ug/dL
Females: 30-160 ug/dL |
Serum TIBC
[reference range] |
| 250-450 ug/dL |
Transferrin Iron Saturation
[reference range] |
| 25%-55% |
Plasma Ammonia Nitrogen
[reference range] |
| 7-27 uMol/L |
BUN
[reference range] |
| 7-18 mg/dL |
Urea
[reference range] |
| 15-38 mg/dL |
Serum/Plasma Creatinine
[reference range] |
Males: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Females: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL |
24-Hour Urine Creatinine
[reference range] |
Males: 800-1800 mg/Day
Females: 600-1600 mg/day |
Creatinine Clearance (GFR)
[reference range] |
Males: 97-137 mL/min
Females: 88-128 mL/min |
Uric Acid (serum/plasma)
[reference range] |
Males: 3.5-7.2 mg/dL
Females: 2.6-6.0 mg/dL
|
Haptoglobin
[reference range] |
40-180 mg/dL
(as Hgb. binding capacity) |
Total Protein
[reference range]
|
6.0-8.2 g/dL
|
Albumin
[reference range] |
| 3.5-5.2 g/dL |
A/G Ratio
[reference range] |
| 1.1-1.8 |
CSF Protein
[reference range] |
| 15-50 mg/dL |
Urine Protein
[reference range] |
50-150 mg/day
or
< 10 mg/dL random |
Total Cholestrol
[reference range] |
Optimal: <200 mg/dL Borderline: 200-239 mg/dL High Risk: > 240 mg/dL |
LDL- Cholestrol
[reference range] |
Optimal: <100 mg/dL Above Optimal: 100-129 Borderline: 130-159 High Risk: 160-189 Very High: >190 mg/dL |
HDL-Cholestrol
[reference range] |
Optimal: >40 mg/dL High Risk: <40 mg/dL |
Triglycerides
[reference range] |
Optimal: <150 mg/dL Borderline: 150-199 High Risk: 200-499 Verh High: 500 mg/dL and above
|
Total/HDL Cholestrol Ratio
[reference range] |
| Average risk: 5.0 |
LDL/HDL Cholestrol Ratio
[reference range] |
| Average Risk: 3.5 |
Amniotic Fluid L/S Ratio
(extremely dependent on method)
[reference range] |
Mature: >2.0 with PG+ Borderline: 1.6-2.0 with PG- Immature: <1.5 with PG- |
Total T4
[reference range] |
| 4.5-12.5 ug/dL |
Total T3
[reference range] |
| 120-195 ng/dL |
T3-Uptake
[reference range] |
| 25-37 % |
TBG Saturation
[reference range] |
| 25-37% |
TSH
[reference range] |
| 0.4-6.0 uU/mL |
FTI
(31% method)
[reference range] |
| 3.6-14.9 |
Serum or Plasma Glucose
(kids and adults)
[Critical Value] |
Below 40 mg/dL= Brain damage
Above 450 mg/Dl= Diabetic Coma |
Plasma Glucose
(newborn infant-6 weeks)
[Critical Value] |
Below 30 mg/dL= brain damage
Above 300 mg/dL= diabetic coma |
Serum Total Bilirubin
(newborn-6 months of age)
[Critical Value] |
Above 20.0 mg/dL
May Require an Emergency Exchange Transfusion
|
Potassium
(children and adults- serum or plasma)
[Critical Value] |
Below 3.0 mMol/L= Tetany, cardiac fibrillation
Above 6.1 mMol/L= arrhythmias, cardiac failure (evaluate for hemolysis) |
Potassium
(newborn- serum or plasma)
[Critical Value] |
Below 3.0 mMol/L= Tetany, Cardiac Fibrillation
Above 6.6 mMol/L= Arrythmias, cardiac failure (check for hemolysis) |
Sodium
(serum or plasma)
[Critical Value] |
Below 120 mMol/L= Vascular collapse, heart failure
Above 170 mMol/L= Severe hypertension, stroke, heart failure |
Serum Bicarbonate (or Total CO2)
[Critical Value] |
Below 10 mMol/L= Severe Metabolic ACIDosis
Above 55 mMol/L= Severe Metabolic ALKALosis
|
Blood pH
[Critical Value] |
Below pH 7.20= Severe ACIDosis
Above 7.6= Severe ALKALosis |
Serum or Plasma Calcium
(Total)
[Critical Value] |
Below 6.0 mg/dL= Tetany, convulsions (check for wrong anticoagulants) Above 13.0 mg/dL= Coma |
Serum, Plasma, or Whole Blood Calcium (Ionized)
[Critical Value] |
Below 0.79 mMol/L= Tetany, convulsions (check for wrong anticoagulants)
Above 1.57 mMol/L= Coma |
Serum or Plasma Inorganic Phosphorous
[Critical Value] |
| Below 1.0 mg/dL= Acidosis, seizures |
Serum or Plasma Magnesium
[Critical Value] |
Below 1.0 mg/dL= Tetany, convulsions (check for wrong anticoagulants)
Above 9.0 mg/dL= Coma (evaluate for hemolysis) Note: Contamination from powdered gloves (talk is Mg++ and/or Ca++ Stearate) will cause drastic elevations in Calcium and/or Magnesium) |
Serum or Plasma Lithium
[Critical Value] |
| Above 1.5 mMol/L= Coma |
