APUSH Vocabulary Chapter 22 – Flashcards
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Nativism
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Antiforeign sentiment in the United States that fueled immigration restrictions against the Irish and Germans in the 1840s and 1850s, the Chinese and Japanese in the 1880s and 1890s, Eastern and Southern Europeans in the 1910s and 1920s, and Mexicans in the 1990s and 2000s.
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Red Scare
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The Red Scare erupted in the early 1920's and signified the American public's fear that communist ideologies were infecting the US. The result was a generalized suspicion and even persecution of immigrants, unions, and left-winged supporters.
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Sacco and Vanzetti
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Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler. They were both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. Their case lasted 6 years and resulted in their execution based on weak evidence. The case reflected deep fears of communism in America.
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Immigration Act of 1924
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Law cutting quotas from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants who arrived in the US in 1890. The law's purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition (which was largely Northern European) - and prevent Japanese and Eastern Europeans from immigrating.
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Volstead Act
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The Volstead Act implemented prohibition and the 18th Amendment. It also set up the necessary government agency ("The Untouchables" under the Treasury Department) to enforce the law.
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John Dewey
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Philosopher who popularized progressive education and the idea that kids "learn by doing". He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."
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Scopes Monkey Trial
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In 1925, John Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee high school biology class. His trial was less about the law (he was found guilty) and more about the theory evolution and modernism.
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Andrew Mellon
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Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He favored conservative, pro-business policies, including raising tariffs, limiting unions, avoiding personal income taxes, weakening the Sherman Act, etc.
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Henry Ford
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He made assembly line production more efficient in his Rouge River plant near Detroit. A finished car would come out every 10 seconds. He helped to make cars inexpensive so more Americans could buy them.
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Frederick W. Taylor
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Taylor was an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion and inefficiency in business. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies.
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Margaret Sanger
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She famously organized a birth-control movement, which openly championed the use of contraceptives in the 1920's. Many historians consider birth control vital for the women's rights movement.
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Esch-Cummins Act of 1920
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Transportation act in which Congress returned the railroads to private management and ended the Railway Labor Board. Congress encouraged private ownership of the railroads and pledged the Interstate Commerce Commission to guarantee their profitability. This was an important return in the 1920s to supporting big business.
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Washington Disarmament Conference 1921
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Declared a ten-year hiatus on the construction of battleships and established a 5:5:3 ratio of US, British, and Japanese battleships. The conference in part encouraged the Japanese to commit to imperialism.
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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Harding administration scandal involving Secretary of The Interior, Albert B. Fall who illegally leased national oil reserves at Teapot Dome to private companies. Prosperity + loose government regulation of businesses in the 1920s encouraged scandals like this.
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McNary-Haugen Bill
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Designed to help frustrated American farmers. This law authorized the government to buy agricultural surpluses at high prices and sell them abroad. President Coolidge vetoed the bill twice, keeping farm prices low before the election of 1924. His veto reflected government's commitment in the 1920s to support big business.
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Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930
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The largest protective tariff hike in US history during peacetime (60%). It deepened the depression that had already begun in America, and it increased international financial chaos.
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"Hoovervilles"
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Squatter settlements formed by those who lost everything during the depression and were displaced from their homes. The Bonus Expeditionary Force (made up of WWI veterans) formed in Washington D.C. one of the most famous Hoovervilles.
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"Rugged Individualism"
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Hoover claimed America was made up of Rugged Individuals - people who were hardy, self-reliant, and entrepreneurial. In Hoover's mind, government assistance for the poor during the Depression would equal welfare (i.e. socialism). Socialism would sap the American character and weaken the nation's capitalist system (thus strengthening the Depression).
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Reconstruction Finance Corps
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One of Hoover's efforts at government assistance during the Depression. The RFC provided indirect economic relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and state and local governments with the hope investments, jobs, and economic recovery. It was criticized by the poor and it failed.
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Bonus Army
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"Army" of 20,000 U.S. WWI veterans who converged on Washington in 1932, demanding the immediate payment of their entire 'bonus' (life insurance payout promised to them in 1924 under the Adjusted Compensation Act.) President Hoover had them forcibly removed causing riots, which brought additional public abuse of Hoover.
