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Revolution of 1800

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Jefferson's view of the election in this year, for that it had changed ruling political party without violence.

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Aaron Burr

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Vice-president under Jefferson. Underwent a couple of conspiracies to secede the union, and killed Hamilton too

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Albert Gallatin

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Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury who kept most of Hamilton's policies but repealed the excise acts.

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John Marshall

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Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. Presided over cases such as Marbury V. Madison.

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Marbury v. Madison

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This decision, written by Chief Justice Marshall, established the evaluation of federal laws constitutionality or judicial review as a power of the Supreme Court.

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Samuel Chase

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Only Supreme Court ever to be impeached, but was found not guilty in the end. His case provided less partisanship in judicial branch.

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Mosquito Fleet

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Name for the navy of Jefferson's presidency. Trying to avoid a overly-strong army, he had the navy dwindled down to a few tiny boats.

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Impressment

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British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service.

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Chesapeake Affair

answer

The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

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George Washington

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Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States

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Henry Knox

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In 1775 George Washington ordered him, the nation's first secreatry of war, to bring the British artillery back to the siege of Boston that was captured at Fort Ticonderoga.

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Bill of Rights

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a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

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Customs Duties

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Taxes on goods brought into the Colonies

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Strict Constructionism

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belief that the constitution should be read in such a way as to limit the powers of the federal government as much as possible. strict constructionists emphasize the importance of the tenth amendment, which reserves to the states all powers not explicitly granted to the federal government

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Implied Powers

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powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

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Elastic Clause

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The necessary &proper clause/Art. I, Sec. 8, Clause 18/imlied powers clause- that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its powers

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Whiskey Rebellion

answer

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

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Neutrality

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nonparticipation in a dispute or war

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Northwest Forts

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these showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation because while the British promised to leave them, our lack of a military and an executive branch left us defenseless and helpless, and the British stayed in their forts while we could do nothing about it.

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Pinckney Treaty 1795

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Thomas Pinckney, US Ambassador to Spain, negotiated a treaty with Spain to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to America

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Election of 1796

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The first real contested presidential election. Federalists support John Adams, Republicans support Thomas Jefferson. Adams wins, Jefferson becomes V.P.

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Convention of 1800

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Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

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-VP Jefferson led the opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts - him and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions -argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws

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Undeclared naval war with France

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Beginning in 1794, the French began seizing American vessels in retaliation for Jay's Treaty, so Congress responded by ordering the navy to attack any French ships on the American coast. The conflict became especially violent after the XYZ Affair. A peace convention in 1800 with Napoleon ended the conflict.

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12th Amendment

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Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

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Patronage

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granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

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Midnight appointments

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Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

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Judicial Review

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the right of the supreme court to determine if a law violates the constitution

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Gunboats

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Jefferson had 200 tiny little boats with guns attached for our navy to use. This was disastrous.

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Election of 1804

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Thomas Jefferson was the odds-on favorite to be reelected in 1804, gaining widespread popularity through the Louisiana Purchase, the repeal of the excise tax on whiskey and by standing up to the Barbary pirates. The president dropped Aaron Burr as his running mate, perhaps unfairly believing that Burr had tried to steal the presidency from him in 1800. A group of New England Federalists known as the Essex Junto (many lived in Essex County north of Boston) began scheming in advance of the election. incumbent Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson against Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.

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Austerlitz

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victory against Austria and Russia that allowed Napoleon to be recognized as King of Italy

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Embargo Act of 1807

answer

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

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Macon's Bill #2

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1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

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Henry Clay

answer

Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state

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William Henry Harrison

answer

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

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Oliver Hazard Perry

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United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812. "We have met the enemy, and they are ours."

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Thomas McDonough

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a young naval captain who defeated the British fleet at Lake Champlain

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Andrew Jackson

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The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

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Privateers

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ships that are privately owned but are urged to attack enemy ships during a war

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Hartford Convention

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December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

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Sectionalism

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disagreements between the different regions

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Second Bank of the U.S

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A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit; modeled after Hamilton's original bank and fixing Revolutionary War debt

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Era of good feelings

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A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

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John Adams

answer

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

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Precedent

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a law established by following earlier judicial decisions

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Full funding

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The term refers to Alexander Hamilton's plan to refinance the national debt at par; that is, exchange new government securities for old government securities at their face value despite the fact that many persons holding these securities had purchased them from their original holder for a fraction of their face value.

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Protective Tariff

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a tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

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Loose Constructionism

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Courts should read the Constitution expansively and should not limit themselves to what is explicitly stated

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States' Rights

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the belief that an individual state may restrict federal authority

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Federalist Party

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a political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade

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Democratic-Republican Party

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political party led by Thomas Jefferson; it feared centralized political power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties with France. It was heavily influenced by a agrarian interests in the southern states.

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Alliance of 1778

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The agreement that bound the U.S. to defend the French West Indies "forever against all other powers" (British). "Morally" required America to go to war if the British attacked the West Indies, but no American statesman urged such a dangerous policy.

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Jay Treaty 1794

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Britain said they would evacuate the Northwest. The British would not promise to leave American ships alone and decided Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts.

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Mad Anthony Wayne

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The leader of the army that crushed the Indians of the Northwest Territory in 1794., American general during the American Revolution (1745-1796)

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XYZ Affair

answer

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

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Alien and Sedition Acts

answer

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

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Nullification

answer

the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress

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Election of 1800

answer

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

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Louisiana Purchase

answer

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

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James Madison

answer

Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812

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Orders in Council

answer

British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.

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Election of 1808

answer

the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804.

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War Hawks

answer

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

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Tecumseh

answer

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

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Mr. Madison's War

answer

The name given to the War of 1812 by pro-British Federalists. The War of 1812 was fought to gain Canada and was opposed by the Federalists. The War of 1812 is considered America's second war of independence, and resulted in a wave of nationalism that swept throughout the country.

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Battle of Lake Erie

answer

U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry: broke Britain's control of Lake Erie.

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Fort McHenry

answer

defended Baltimore; drove off British; inspiration for Francis Scott Key's "The Star-Spangled Banner"

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Battle of New Orleans

answer

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

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Treaty of Ghent

answer

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

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Rush-Bagot Agreement

answer

treaty between the United States and Britain enacted in 1817 . The treaty provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arangements and forts still remained.

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Tariff of 1816

answer

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

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Daniel Webster

answer

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

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Panic of 1819

answer

A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank.

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Alexander Hamilton

answer

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

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Thomas Jefferson

answer

A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality

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Assumption

answer

Economic policy of Alexander Hamilton where the central government would assume the debts of all the states. It would tie the states closer to the federal government.

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Revenue Tariff

answer

tax on imports used primarily to raise government revenue without restricting imports

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Bank of the United States

answer

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

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Necessary and Proper Clause

answer

Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

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French Revolution

answer

The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The U.S. did nothing to aid either side. The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799.

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Isolationism

answer

abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations; American foreign policy

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Citizen Genet

answer

French ambassador in America, went around country trying to recruit Americans to fight for French without consent of American government --> kicked out for allowing French warship into Philadelphia, no longer French ambassador in America

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Battle of Fallen Timbers

answer

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

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Treaty of Greenville 1795

answer

Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.

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Talleyrand

answer

the French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair.

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Social Compact Theory

answer

implies that the people give up sovereignty to a government or other authority in order to receive or maintain social order through the rule of law

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Secession

answer

the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War

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Spoils System

answer

The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.

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Judiciary Act of 1801

answer

One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress.

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Right of Deposit

answer

privilege accorded U.S. merchants of depositing goods duty-free at New Orleans pending transshipment

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Trafalgar

answer

(October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.

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Continental System

answer

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

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Agrarianism

answer

the Jeffersonian variety attributes the economic and moral superiority of a nation to its devotion to agricultural pursuits

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Non-intercourse Act

answer

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

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James Monroe

answer

He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars

question

The Prophet

answer

Native-American spiritual leader in the Northwest Territory. Had one eye and put a curse on the presidents.

question

Battle of Tippecanoe

answer

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

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Battle of Plattsburg

answer

American forces repelled another British invasion in northern New York, on September 11, 1814, when they turned back a much more numerous British naval and land force.

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Francis Scott Key

answer

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

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Battle of Horseshoe Bend

answer

fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

question

Election of 1812

answer

Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) won against Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive), William H. Taft (Republican), and Eugene V. Debs (Socialist), James Madison Majority wanted war and did not want to change presidents in the middle of a war War with GB split democratic republicans, Madison won a narrow victory over deWitt Clinton.

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Nationalism

answer

the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination

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John C. Calhoun

answer

The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

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Clay's American System

answer

Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.

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John Jay

answer

American delegate who signed Treaty of Paris; New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and negotiated the Jay Treaty

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Land Act of 1820

answer

authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre. The West also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money.

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36-30 Line

answer

According to the Missouri Compromise (1820), slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana territory north of the a certain latitude. This was nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

question

Gibbons v Ogden

answer

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

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Joint Occupation

answer

both the United States and Britain had claimed sovereignty over Oregon country, and unable to resolve their conflicting claims diplomatically, they agreed in an 1818 treaty to allow citizens of both countries to have equal access to the territory, this lasted for twenty years.

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Adams-Onis Treaty

answer

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

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Monroe Doctrine

answer

President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility

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Little Turtle

answer

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace

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DeWitt Clinton

answer

United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828)

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Eli Whitney

answer

an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

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Samuel Slater

answer

He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine.

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Lowell System

answer

dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

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Miami Confederacy

answer

8 Indian tribes who refused to sell their homelands. Wayne finally beat them treaty of Greenville. We are starting to expand westward

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Sally Hemmings

answer

Jefferson's mistress after his wife's death that was technically his slave. Despite the fact that she was 7/8 white, she was still considered a black woman, and therefore could not marry Jefferson, even though he fathered some of her children. Sally Hemmings spent thirty years as Jefferson's slave because if Jefferson freed her, she'd have to leave. Sally Hemmings presents an interesting case of contradiction for Jefferson, as he could write a great document that promotes the equality of man, but could not marry or live with his lover and mother of some of his children.

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Isaac Singer

answer

made improvements on Howe's sewing machine, as it was soon being used in the manufacture of ready-to-wear.

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Cyrus McCormick

answer

invented the mechanical reaper

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Debtor Prisons

answer

Where poor people went if they couldn't pay their bills or taxes. Corrupted. Horrible conditions.

question

Cohen v Virginia

answer

The Cohen's were a Virginia family accused of selling lottery tickets illegally. The Virginia Supreme Court found the Cohen's guilty, so they appealed to the Supreme Court in 1821. Virginia won in having the Cohen's convicted. Virginia lost in that Judge Marshal made it so that the federal Supreme Court had the right to review any decision involving powers of the federal government. This was a major blow on states' rights.

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Fletcher v Peck

answer

arose with a GA legistlatire was swayed by bribary granted 35 million acres in the yazoo river country to private speculators, legislature cancelled it, said constitution forbid state laws imparing contracts

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Robert Livingston

answer

bought New Orleans and all the French territory west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon for 15 million dollars. He was only supposed to negotiate for a small part of New Orleans for 10 million so Jefferson was upset when he heard about Livingston's deal.

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Zebulon Pike

answer

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase

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Fulton's Folly

answer

the steamboat Clermont had this as its common nickname.

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"Tom Thumb"

answer

a small but powerful locomotive built by Peter Cooper in 1830; it was the first American-built steam locomotive and is credited with bringing "railroad fever" to the U.S.

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Interchangeable Parts

answer

parts that are exactly alike - Eli Whitney

question

Erie Canal

answer

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

question

3/5 Clause

answer

A compromise written into the Constitution by the Framers of the Constitution, abolitionists only wanted to count free inhabitants of states, while slaveholders wanted to count slaves fully, since slaves couldn't vote, slaveholders would get bigger representation

question

Lowell Girls

answer

In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regardiong their working conditions. Was one example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution.

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John Jacob Astor

answer

Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as montain men. Astoria was named after him.

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National Road

answer

First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.

question

Missouri Compromise

answer

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

question

McCulloh v Maryland

answer

1819. case involves state of Maryland trying to tax the bank of US. Holding:Supremacy clause established, federal government is supreme over the states..bank of US is constitutional

question

Dartmouth College v Woodward

answer

This 1819 Marshall Court decision was one of the earliest and most important U.S. Supreme Court decisions to interpret the contracts clause in Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution. The case arose from a dispute in New Hampshire over the state's attempt to take over Dartmouth College. By construing the Contract Clause as a means of protecting corporate charters from state interventions, Marshall derived a significant constitutional limitation on state authority. As a result, various forms of private economic and social activity would enjoy security from state regulatory policy. Marshall thus encouraged the emergence of the relatively unregulated private economic actor as the major participant in a growing national economy.

question

Florida Purchase Treaty

answer

1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain

question

John Quincy Adams

answer

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

question

Samuel Morse

answer

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code

question

Washington Irving

answer

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book

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Robert Fulton

answer

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship

question

Francis Cabot Lowell

answer

Boston merchant who had an idea to combine spinning and weaving under one roof. He formed the Boston Associates. They built a textile mill in Massachusetts. Had all machines needed to turn raw cotton into cloth

question

James F. Cooper

answer

Considered part of the "New England Renaissance," he wrote many books about the frontier. The heroes in his books were always a fronteirsman and a faithful Indidan companion. He wrote "The Deerslayer" in 1841 and "The Last of the Mohicans" in 1826.

question

Cotton Gin

answer

a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers

question

Elias Howe

answer

United States inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other manufacturers (including Isaac Singer)

question

John Deere

answer

United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil

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