APUSH ESSAY QUESTION

The American Federation of Labor, a much more exclusive labor union than others existing at the time, was corralled to just skilled workers. Other Unions like the Knights of Labor had a much broader membership range; skilled, unskilled, either sex and any race. The Industrial Workers of the World, "Wobbies", also had membership open to unskilled workers, as long as they were radical and willing to challenge the leaders of Industrial businesses. Although the two other unions had a much broader membership, it was still the American Federation of Labor that had the better chance at accomplishing its goals. Unlike the Wobbies and Knights of Labor, the AFL did not focus on social rights, but rather the day to day conditions. They felt they were focusing on more attainable and realistic goals, like shorter hours and higher wages. Although it differed from Knights of Labor in its membership, the two Unions were similar in frowning upon strikes. The AFL distanced itself from communist or socialist organization and worked to achieve its goals through contract negotiations. Its diplomatic negotiations made it more legitimate than the Wobbies, who held strikes, chain pickets, and displays of violence to achieve their goals. Even though the membership was restricted to skilled workers only, it still reached about a million by the turn of the century, and due to the fact that it was skilled workers only, had more reason to be listened to.

homestead pennsylvania - steel town - carnegie he went away to scottland and hired strike breakers in absence union workers blocked them caused company to hire additional security violence between the two strikebreakers initiated it more than carnegie he left henry clay frick to be in charge he hired others to take the place of those on strike security forces arrived and union forces were waitinf gun battle broke out and were injuries tension between coorp and union ended unionism in the steel industry frick was rewarded - carnegie bought frick's stock for 1 despite higher profits, the carnegie steel company cut workers wages, thus the workers went on strike brought in strikebreakers- Pinkertons - and workers opened fire on them. eventually gave up. PA

the pullman strike occured during the economic downturn following the panic of 1893 the pullman company, which built railroad cars, cut wages several time in 1893 and 184 also built Pullman in Illinois built by the Pullman Company as a model company town the housing was better than most working class but also more expensive company owned all the housing and rent was taken directly out of wages when wages were cut rents were not cut workers appealed to the American Railway Union - led by Eugene V. Debs Soon after May 1894 most of the 3,300 workers were on strike (after three organizers were fired) ARU members throughout the country supported by refusing to handle trains that had pullman cars in them courts issued two injunctions against the strike President CLeveland eventually called out federal troops to put down the strike violence ensued immediately wages cut during the depression, people not happy. Industry around the world boycotted and refused to work on trains w pullman cars on them. federal injunction issued against it did nothing, then President Cleveland sent in troops

in 1886, a strike at the mcCormick reaper works in chicago turned violent unskiled workers at the McCormick works struck and were quickly replaced by "scabs" or replacement workers May 3 two days after a a large May Day rally in chicago for the eight-hour day the workers attacked many of the scabs and the police opened fire on them then on May 4 in Haymarket Square there was a protest and a bomb went off causing the police to open fire on the rally eight men were convicted on scanty evidence - four executed weakened the labor movement May 4 1886 radical labor protest meeting someone threw a dynamite bomb when the police began to raid the peaceful protest then police began to fire 60 and 70 wounded 7 police killed and 1 killed by bomb explosion, more by firing many radicals arrested after- even without being charged people were tried for conspiracy and murder because they were suspected to be a part of the bombing even if they weren't in Haymarket square at the time some got life in prison after pleading mercy but the other 2 were to be executed and both committed suicide in their cells before the executions Cole Anti-Boycott law: prevented the organization of boycotts - lasted until the twentieth century Merritt Conspiracy law: law made any group as a whole or group of individuals responsible for the actions of any of the other group members, regardless of any knowledge of their activities. -repealed in 1891-state whole labor movement suffered as a result

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad price

A group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad rose up and began to strike due to wage cuts. This spread up and down the railroad line across the nation. Railroad roadhouse was torched. Their violent acts led them to be suppressed by the government, while damaging the reputation of unions.

the flagship Indian boarding school in the United States from 1879 through 1918. Founded in 1879 by Captain Richard Henry Pratt under authority of the US federal government, Carlisle was the first federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school

Native Americans became a huge issues with expansion. Some of the wars include Battle of Little Bighorn, where Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and the Lakota defeated Custer and his forces. Also, Wounded Knee Massacre after Little Bighorn in which 350 Native Americans were killed. Little to no resistance was shown after this.

Agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs made it illegal for tribal leaders to meet and imprisoned them if necessary. Also many thought to destroy the Native American's religion. They began by creating a criminal code which prohibited practicing their religion. Therefore, in 1890 to suppress the Ghost Dance religion the US used the army and artillery and killed at least 200 Sioux people. (wounded knee massacre)

1877

The Sioux and Cheyenne warriors, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, killed General George A. Custer and his entire 250 man army. They were defending land in the Dakota Territory, which had been reserved for them but was still being settled by whites.

American historian in the early 20th century best known for his essay *"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"* in which he argued that the spirit and success of the United States was directly tied to the country's westward expansion.

Law passed by Congress in 1862 that gave loans and land to the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies to subsidize construction of a rail line between Omaha and the Pacific Coast

Political boss, William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

The railroad industry slowed with the agriculture industry, which slowed everything. Stocks fell, gold was drained, people looked less toward social darwinism, unemployment. Banks bought cheap bonds so the government could buy more gold, settled stuff a little.