APUSH DBQ Essay: Imperialism – Flashcards
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Justification for Imperialims
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-drew on popular racial theories ("Anglo-Saxons were superior to others, Social Darwinism-"competition of races" would ensue with a victory based on survival of the fittest)
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New Weapons
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1886- Congress ordered construction of two battleships, USS Texas and USS Maine 1890- commissioned 3 more
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Monroe Doctrine
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Stated the Western Hemisphere was off limits to further European colonization
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Events leading up to the War of 1898
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1895- Cuban patriots mounted guerrilla war against Spain -the Spanish commander responded by placing Cuban civilians in concentration cams, where many died of starvation, exposure, and dysentery
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William Hearst
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-yellow journalist -covered events in Cuba -fed a surge of nationalism, especially among those who feared industrialization was causing them to lose their physical strength and valor (war and expansion would fix that)
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Grover Cleveland and Imperialism/The War of 1898
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- not interested in supporting the Cuban rebellion, but worried over Spain's failure to end it The war -disrupted trade -damaged American owned sugar plants in Cuba -made Cuba unstable, which was incompatible with US strategic interests
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McKinley's initial strategy
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Spain must ensure "early and certain peace" or the US would step in
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October 1897
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-Spain's conservative regime fell and a liberal government took its place -offered Cuba some self rule Effects -Spanish loyalists in Havana rioted against this proposal - Cuban rebels held out for independence
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De Lome Letter
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-February 1898 -private letter of a Spanish minister, Dupuy de Lome, was published, in which he belittled McKinley -he resigned, but the letter intensified America's indignation toward Spain
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USS Maine Explosion
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-Havana Harbor -McKinley assumed it was accidental -a naval board of inquiry, improbably blamed an underwater mine -public was outraged
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How America gets Involved
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-McKinley gave an ultimatum to Spain- immediate ceasefire in Cuba for six months and US mediation of negotiations with rebels or the US would get involved -Spain unwilling
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Teller Amendment
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-US would not occupy Cuba -reassured Americans that the US would uphold democracy elsewhere
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First Military Engagement
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-takes place in the Pacific -Americans corned the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay and destroyed it -Manila, the Philippine capital, fell on August13 US now had a major foothold in the western Pacific -directed policy maker's attention to Hawaii
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Annexation of Hawaii
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-Queen Liliuokalani expressed her frustration with treaties that gave the US access to Hawaiian sugar without tariffs and a lease for the naval base at Pearl Harbor -anger Americans on the islands -Annexation Club of US backed planters with the help of US marines overthrew the queen and negotiated a treaty of annexation in 1892 - it was rejected by Grover Cleveland, but annexed by Congress in July 1898
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Advantages of the Americans
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-Spanish forces were depleted -Spanish army was demoralized -knowledgeable Cuban allies
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Main Battle
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-July 1 -San Juan Hill (near Santiago) -Spanish surrender
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Treaty of Paris
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-US and Spain quickly signed a preliminary peace agreement in which Spain liberated Cuba and ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the US
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What happens to the Philippines?
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-McKinley found justification for annexation -"unfit for self-rule" -white man's burden -provoked debate between imperialists and anti-imperialists -US buys the Philippines for $20 million
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Philippine Resistance
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-Filipinos used guerrilla warfare -led by Anguinaldo, an insureccto who originally worked with the Americans -lasts longer than the Spanish-American War -US resorts to burning crops and villages and rounding up citizens
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Insular Cases
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-1901 -citizenship didn't automatically extend to people in acquired territories -left up to Congress -marked as colonies
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Platt Amendment
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-1902 -blocked Cuba from making treaties -US could intervene in Cuban affairs -Cuba to lease to the US on Guantanamo Bay
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Jones Act (1916)
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Committed the US to Philippine independence, but set no date
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Sino-Japanese War
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-1894-1895 -Japanese victory -led to Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and Great Britain dividing coastal China into spheres of influence
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Hay's Open Door Policy
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-US Secretary of State, John Hay, sent Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and GB a note in 1899 -claimed the right of equal trade access for all nations seeking to do trade in China
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Boxer Rebellion
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-Chinese nationalist, know as boxers, rebelled against foreign occupancy -US sent 5,000 troops to join a multinational campaign to break the nationalist siege of European offices in Beijing
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Russia vs. Japan
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-Japan responded to Russian bids for control of both Korea and Manchuria by attacking the tsar's fleet at Russia's leased Chinese port -shocked westerners -first time a European power had been defeated by a non western nation
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Theodore Roosevelt and Japan
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-TR respected the Japanese and, noticing them as a rising military power, aligned himself with them 1905-US approved Japan's "protectorate" of Korea and six years later approved its seizure of full control 1908- Japan and the US sign the Root-Takahira Agreement, confirming principles of free oceanic trade and recognizing Japan's control of Manchuria
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Taft and China
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-completely flips TR's policies -Taft supported Chinese nationalists who wanted to modernize their country and liberate it from Japanese domination after the fall of the Manchu dynasty -this caused the US to enter into a long-term rivalry with Japan for power in the Pacific
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The US in Latin America: Panama
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Panama: -US wanted to build a canal -Columbia refused to give them land in Panama -US lent assistance to an independence movement in Panama and triggered a bloodless revolution -November 6, 1903: the US recognizes Panama as a nation -two weeks later, the US obtains a perpetually renewable lease on a canal zone -1914: Panama Canal open and gives the US a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere
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Roosevelt Corollary
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-arguing that instability invited European intervention, Roosevelt announced that the US would police all of the Caribbean -turned Monroe Doctrine upside down: instead of guaranteeing that the US would protect its neighbors, it assert that the US had an unrestricted right to regulate Caribbean affairs
