question

Unlimited Submarine Warfare

answer

Germany declared this; one of the three main causes of war declaration

question

Zimmermann Note

answer

German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance; news of this leaked out to the public and infuriating Americans; one of the three main causes for war

question

What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?

answer

4 more unarmed merchant ships were sunk, Zimmermann Note, Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare, Bolshevik Revolution

question

Name Wilson's twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?

answer

"for a war to end war" and "to make the world safe for democracy." these made America different because they were fighting for democracy

question

Fourteen Points

answer

Wilson delivered this to Congress on January 8, 1918; declared that WWI was being fought for a moral cause and it called for post-war peace in Europe; gave Wilson the position of moral leadership of the Allies;

question

List several of Wilson's Fourteen Points. Including his most

answer

the first 5 points and their effects were: 1) A proposal to abolish secret treaties pleased liberals of all countries.2) Freedom of the seas appealed to the Germans, as well as to Americans who distrusted British sea power.3) A removal of economic barriers among nations was comforting to Germany, which feared postwar vengeance.4) Reduction of armament burdens was gratifying to taxpayers.5) An adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of both native people and the colonizers was reassuring to the anti-imperialists; the largest point, #14, foreshadowed the League of Nations - an international organization that Wilson dreamed would provide a system of collective security

question

Committee on Public Information

answer

created to rally public support of war. It was led by George Creel whose job was to sell America on the war and to sell the world on Wilsonian war goals

question

George Creel

answer

led the Committee on Public Information; job was to sell America on the war and to sell the world on Wilsonian war goals

question

Four-minute Men

answer

sent out by the Creel organization; army of 15,000 men; delivered countless speeches containing much "patriotic pep"

question

The Hun

answer

Germans

question

Over There

answer

George M. Cohan's spine-tingling song

question

How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?

answer

Creel typified American war mobilization and oversold the ideals of Wilson and led the world to expect too much. The Committee On Public Information was formed to motivate Americans to join the war effort.

question

Espionage Act

answer

1917 sought to prevent support of U.S. enemies during wartime; Socialist Eugene V. Debs and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) leader William D. Haywood were convicted under this

question

Sedition Act

answer

1918 made it illegal to speak out against the government

question

Eugene V. Debs

answer

socialist convicted under the Espionage Act

question

William D. Haywood

answer

leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW); convicted under the espionage act

question

How was loyalty forced during WWI?

answer

any criticism of the government could be censored and punished

question

War Industries Board

answer

1918, Wilson appointed Bernard Baruch to head the this to create order over the economic confusion; never had much control, but it set a precedent for how the Federal government would handle the economy in times of crisis

question

Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?

answer

Sheer ignorance was the main road block. No one knew how much steel or explosive powder the country was capable of producing. Old ideas also proved to be liabilities, as traditional fears of big government hamstrung efforts to orchestrate the economy from Washington.

question

"Work or Fight,"

answer

War Department's decree in 1918 that threatened to draft any unemployed male

question

National War Labor Board

answer

tried to fix labor disputes before they hurt the war effort

question

Wobblies

answer

the IWW; "I Wont Works"; engineered some of the most damaging industrial sabotage; victims of some of the shabbiest working conditions in the country; protested and were viciously beaten arrested or run out of town

question

How did the war affect the labor movement?

answer

reduced wage gains; this led to thousands of strikes across the country; 1919, the greatest strike in American history hit the steel industry more than 250,000 steelworkers went on strike, seeking the right to organize and collectively bargain the steel companies refused to negotiate, and they brought in 30,000 African-Americans to keep the mills running. the strike eventually collapsed, crippling the union movement; thousands of blacks moved to the North in search of war-industry employment; deadly disputes between whites and blacks broke out

question

NAWSA

answer

led he larger part of the suffrage movement that supported the war

question

19th Amendment

answer

1920 gave all American women the right to vote; supported by president Wilson

question

Women's Bureau

answer

emerged after the war in the department of labor to protect women in the workplace

question

How did the war affect women?

answer

women took up the factory and field jobs

question

Food Administration

answer

Herbert C. Hoover led this; unlike Europe, Hoover did not want to use ration cards to save food for export instead, he initiated wheatless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays

question

Herbert Hoover

answer

led the food administration; did not want to use ration cards to save food for export; initiated wheatless Wednesdays and Meatless Tuesdays

question

Eighteenth Amendment

answer

1919 passed, prohibiting all alcoholic drinks.

question

Liberty Bonds

answer

sold by various kinds of pressures; reluctant investors were handled roughly

question

Was the government's effort to raise an army fair and effective?

answer

no because 337,000 people escaped the draft and 4,000 were excused; but it did grow to be over 4 million men and women were admitted

question

How were American troops used in Russia?

answer

hoped to prevent Russian munitions from falling into the hands of the Germans

question

John J. Pershing

answer

general; assigned a front of 85 miles; army undertook the Meuse-Argonne offensive from September 26 to November 11, 1918

question

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

answer

John J. Pershing's army undertook this offensive from September 26 to November 11, 1918; objective was to cut the German railroad lines feeding the western front; one of two major battles America fought

question

Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting

answer

Inadequate training left 10% of the Americans involved in the battle injured or killed

question

Armistice

answer

Kaiser was forced to flee tot Holland; Wilson had made it clear that the Kaiser must be thrown overboard before this could be negotiated

question

What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?

answer

foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil, and manpower

question

Henry Cabot Lodge

answer

logical chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations but including him would be problematic for the president; slender and aristocratically bewhiskered; from Massachusetts; Harvard P.D.; loathed by Wilson; "scholar in politics"; was at daggers drawn with Wilson personally and politically

question

What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?

answer

Wilson asked the public to re-elect a Democratic majority in Congress, he thought it would help him negotiate and pass a treaty which angered much of the public, and voters instead elected a Republican majority to Congress; Wilson's decision to go to Paris in person to negotiate the treaty infuriated the Republicans because no president had ever traveled to Europe

question

League of Nations

answer

Wilson's ultimate goal was the creation of this; would contain an assembly with seats for all nations and a council to be controlled by the great powers; Wilson envisioned it as a way to prevent future world wars; in February 1919, the Big Four agreed to include the creation of the League in the treaty

question

How did Wilson's desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?

answer

bent his energies to preventing any vengeful parceling out of the former colonies and protectorates of the vanquished powers; forced through a compromise between naked imperialism and Wilsonian idealism

question

What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?

answer

agreed to the Security Treaty: American and Britain would defend France if Germany invaded again

question

Treaty of Versailles

answer

forced upon the Germans in June 1919; Germans were outraged with the treaty, which spoke more of vengeance than reconciliation; most of the Fourteen Points were left out of the treaty

question

For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?

answer

attempts to salvage the League of Nations

question

Why was the treaty criticized back in America?

answer

isolationists protested against Wilson's commitment to usher the united states into his newfangled League of Nations; hun-haters thought it wasn't harsh enough; hyphenated americans thought it was not sufficiently favorable to their native lands; irish americans denounced the league because it gave Britain undue influence and could be used to force the US to crush any rising for the Irish independence

question

What was the purpose and result of Wilson's trip around the country when he returned to America?

answer

speed up the passing of the treaty in the Senate

question

Why was the treaty finally rejected

answer

Wilson strongly opposed the reservations

question

Warren Harding

answer

Republicans chose him as their presidential nominee for the election of 1920

question

James M. Cox

answer

Democrats nominated pro-League Governor him for president

question

Normalcy

answer

Americans were eager for this; willing to accept a second rate president but got a third rate one

question

What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?

answer

Warren Harding won

question

How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?

answer

to some degree; we were the fourth leg to the table that was never set into place

question

To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?

answer

it was a kind of higher realism; recognized that armed conflict on the scale of WWI could never again be tolerated and that some framework of peaceful international relations simply had to be found; the development of nuclear weapons in a later generation gave this more force.

question

Red Scare

answer

1919-1920; resulted in a nationwide crusade against people whose Americanism was suspect

question

A. Sacco and Vanzetti

answer

convicted in 1921 of the murder of a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard; given a trial, but the jury and judge were prejudiced against them because they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers; despite criticism from liberals and radicals all over the world, the men were electrocuted in 1927.

question

Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.

answer

some states passed criminal syndicalism laws that made it illegal to advocate the use of violence to obtain social change; traditional American ideals of free speech were restricted; striking employees were viewed as Un-American; some business supported the American plan, in which employees were not required to join unions

question

Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.

answer

the old Ku Klux Klan was mainly only against blacks, but the new Ku Klux Klan was antiforiegn, catholic, black, jew, pacifist, communist, internationalist, evolutionist, bootlegger, gambling, adultery, and birth control. it was pro- anglo-saxon, native American, and protestant.

question

Emergency Quota Act

answer

1921; placed a quota on the number of European immigrants who could come to America each year; it was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who had been living in the United States in 1910

question

Immigration Act

answer

1924; replaced the Quota Act of 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Japanese were banned from coming to America, Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt from the act, because their close proximity made it easy to attract them when they were needed and it was easy to send them home when they were not needed; ended the era of unrestricted immigration to the United States

question

Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.

answer

significantly reduced immagration

question

Eighteenth Amendment

answer

1919; enforced by the Volstead Act; banned alcohol

question

Volstead Act

answer

enforced the 18th amendment

question

Wet and Dry

answer

hip-flasked legislatures spoke/voted dry while privetaly drinking wet

question

Speakeasies

answer

replaced saloons

question

Home Brew and Bathtub Gin

answer

became popular with prohibition

question

Noble Experiment

answer

not entirely a failure; bank savings increased and absenteeism in industry decreased, presumably because of newly sober ways of formerly soused barflies; less alcohol was consumed than in the days before prohibition though strong drink continued to be available

question

How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?

answer

profits of illegal alcohol were lush

question

Al Capone

answer

Chicago, "Scarface"; a murderous booze distributor, began 6 years of gang warfare that generated millions of dollars; eventually tried and convicted of income-tax evasion and sent to prison for 11 years.

question

What was Gangsterism?

answer

prostitution, gambling, and narcotics

question

John Dewey

answer

set forth the principles of "learning by doing" that formed the foundation of so-called progressive education; he believed that "education for life" should be a primary goal of the teacher

question

John T. Scopes

answer

indicted in Tennessee for teaching evolution in 1925

question

William Jennings Bryan

answer

former presidential candidate prosecuted John T. Scopes at the Monkey Trial

question

Clarence Darrow

answer

defended John T. Scopes at the Monkey Trial

question

Andrew Mellon

answer

World War I and Treasury Secretary; his tax policies brought prosperity to the mid-1920s.

question

The Man Nobody Knows

answer

published in 1925 by Bruce Barton; setting forth the provocative thesis that Jesus Christ was the greatest adman of all time

question

Babe Ruth

answer

"sultan of swat"; far better known than most statesman; hometown park (yankee stadium) became known as the house that ruth built

question

Jack Dempsey

answer

slugging heavyweight champion; 1921 knocked out th dapper French light heavyweight Georges Carpentier

question

Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.

answer

buying on credit erupted; sports became big businesses; the nation had a love affair with the automobile; assembly line production reached perfection; great new industries suddenly sprouted

question

Henry Ford

answer

father of the moving assembly line, created the Model T

question

Model T

answer

created by Henry Ford; by 1930, more than 20 million were being driven in the country

question

What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?

answer

gasoline engine

question

What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?

answer

created millions of jobs and related support industries; America's standard of living rose.; the petroleum business grew, while the railroad industry was hard hit by the competition of automobiles; the automobile freed up women from their dependence on men, it allowed suburbs to spread out; it was responsible for millions of deaths, but it brought more convenience, pleasure, and excitement into peoples' lives.

question

Orville and Wilbur Wright

answer

made their first flight, lasting 12 seconds and 120 feet on December 17, 1903

question

Charles Lindbergh

answer

became the first man to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927; his flight energized the new aviation industry

question

What effects did the early airplane have on America?

answer

private companies began to operate passenger airlines with airmail contracts

question

How did America change as the result of the radio?

answer

brought Americans back to their homes; made significant educational and cultural contributions.

question

The Great Train Robbery

answer

1903; first story sequence motion picture released

question

The Birth of a Nation

answer

spectacular among the first full-length classics; D.W. Griffith's; 1915 glorified the KKK of reconstruction days and defamed both blacks and northern carpetbaggers; white southerners would fire guns at the screen during the rape scene

question

The Jazz Singer

answer

the first "talkie"; successful; starred the white performer Al Jolson in blackface

question

What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?

answer

began in the 1890s; the true birth came in 1903 with the release of the first story sequence: The Great Train Robbery; Hollywood became the movie capital of the world; used extensively in WWI as anti-German propaganda; led to increased assimilation of immigrants.

question

Margaret Sanger

answer

led a birth-control movement

question

Flappers

answer

increased sex appeal; young women who expressed their disdain for traditional women behavior by wearing short skirts, drinking, driving cars, and smoking

question

Langston Hughes

answer

first volume of verses was The Weary Blues which appeared in 1926; poet; raised in the Midwest; arrived in NYC in 1921 to attend Columbia university; spent most of his life in Harlem making it so much the center of his prolific and versatile literary career that he was often introduced as the "poet laureate of Harlem"

question

Marcus Garvey

answer

founded the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to promote the resettlement of blacks in Africa

question

H. L. Mencken

answer

attacked marriage, patriotism, democracy, and prohibition in his monthly American Mercury

question

F. Scott Fitzgerald

answer

wrote This Side of Paradise in 1920 and The Great Gatsby in 1925

question

Ernest Hemingway

answer

was among the writers most affected by the war; he responded to propaganda and the overblown appeal to patriotism.; he wrote of disillusioned, spiritually numb American expatriates in Europe in The Sun Also Rises (1926)

question

Sinclair Lewis

answer

wrote Main Street (1920) and Babbitt (1922).

question

William Faulkner

answer

dark-eyed; pensive Mississippian; penned a bitter war novel "Soldier's Pay" in 1926; turned his attention to a fictional chronical of an imaginary history-rich deep south country; The Sound and the Fury (1929) and As I Lay Dying (1930) peeled back layers of time and consciousness from the constricted souls of his ingrown southern characters

question

Ezra Pound

answer

brilliantly erratic Idahoan who deserted America for Europe; rejected what he called an old bitch civilization gone in the teeth; proclaimed his doctrine "make it new";

question

T. S. Eliot

answer

strongly influenced by ezra pound; born in Missouri; educated at Harvard; lived in England; "The Waste Land" (1922) produced one of the most impenetrable but influential poems of the century

question

e.e. cummings

answer

daringly innovative; relied on unorthodox diction and peculiar typesetting to produce startling poetical effects

question

Eugene O'Neill

answer

new York dramatist; Princeton dropout of globe-trotting background; laid bare Freudian notions of sex in plays like strange interlude (1928); authored more than a dozen productions in the 1920s and won the nobel prize in 1936; prodigious playwright

question

Louis Armstrong

answer

jazz artist; led the harlem reniessance

question

Frank Lloyd Wright

answer

architect; advancing the theory that buildings should grow from their sites and not slavishly imitate greek and roman importations

question

Andrew Mellon

answer

Treasury Secretary; belief was that taxes forced the rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories; this hurt business; helped create a series of tax reductions from 1921-1926 to help rich people; policies shifted the tax burden from the wealthy to the middle-income groups; reduced the national debt by $10 billion

question

Warren Harding

answer

inaugurated in 1921; was unable to detect corruption in his own staff; was a very soft guy in that he hated to say "no," hurting peoples' feelings

question

Ohio Gang

answer

poker-playing, shirt sleeved cronies

question

What flaws did Warren Harding possess?

answer

He was unable to detect corruption in his own staff. He was a very soft guy in that he hated to say "no," hurting peoples' feelings

question

What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.

answer

Corporations under President Harding could expand without worries of antitrust laws

question

Railway Labor Board

answer

successor body to the wartime labor boards; ordered a wage cut of 12% in 1922, provoking a 2 month strike; ended when attorney general Daugherty clamped on the strikers one of the most sweeping injunctions in American history

question

American Legion

answer

created in 1919 by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.; was a support/social group for veterans; convinced Congress in 1924 to pass the Adjusted Compensation Act

question

Adjusted Compensation Act

answer

gave every former soldier a sum of money, depending on their years of service

question

Five-Power Naval Treaty

answer

1922; limited the construction of certain types of large naval ships, it applied ratio limits to the number of ships a country could build (ex: Japan could build 3/5 as many ships as America); submarines and destroyers were not restricted; British and Americans would refrain from fortifying their Far Eastern possessions, including the Philippines; Japanese were not subjected to such restraints in their possessions

question

Four-Power Treaty

answer

between Britain, Japan, France and the United States; replaced the 20-year old Anglo-Japanese Treaty and preserved the status quo in the Pacific

question

Nine-Power Treaty

answer

signed in 1922; agreed to nail wide open the Open Door in China

question

Kellogg-Briand Pact

answer

Calvin Coolidge's secretary of state Frank. B. Kellogg signed with the French foreign minister in 1928; Known as the Pact of Paris, it was ratified by 62 nations; tried to outlaw war, but it had a big exception: defensive wars were still permitted

question

How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20'

answer

Several world powers met at the Washington "Disarmament" Conference in 1921-1922 to discuss disarmament of their respective navies; Secretary Hughes led the American delegation

question

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

answer

1922, raising the tariff from 27% to 35%

question

Charles R. Forbes

answer

head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals in 1923

question

Albert B. Fall

answer

Teapot Dome scandal (1921), the secretary of the interior convinced the secretary of the navy to transfer valuable oil-laden land to the Interior Department (the land was owned by the navy); bribed with $100,000 to leased the lands to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny

question

Teapot Dome

answer

the secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall, convinced the secretary of the navy to transfer valuable oil-laden land to the Interior Department (the land was owned by the navy); Fall was then bribed with $100,000 to leased the lands to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny

question

Harry M. Daugherty

answer

accused of illegal selling pardons and liquor permits

question

Calvin Coolidge

answer

Vice President; took over the presidency following Harding's death; extremely shy and delivered very boring speeches;did not change the business-friendly policies that Harding had created

question

Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?

answer

yes, because he was very shy, gave boring speeches, and did not change Harding's policies

question

McNary-Haugen Bill

answer

sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy crop surpluses and sell them abroad; President Coolidge vetoed the bill because the bill would've cost the government money

question

What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?

answer

After the end of WWI, farms struggled because the Federal government stopped guaranteeing high prices and other nations started to grow more crops. Machines also enabled farmers to grow more crops, but this created crop surpluses, which decreased prices. The Capper-Volstead Act exempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from anti-trust prosecution. The McNary-Haugen Bill sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy crop surpluses and sell them abroad. President Coolidge vetoed the bill because the bill would've cost the government money.

question

Robert La Follette

answer

Senator from Wisconsin led the new liberal Progressive party; endorsed by the American Federation of Labor and by farmers

question

Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?

answer

the democratic party was split into many different factions

question

Dawes Plan

answer

negotiated by Charles Dawes; the debt repayment issue; set up German reparations and allowed for Americans to make private loans to Germany; Germans used these loans to pay the reparations, which the Allies used to pay the war debts to the Americans

question

What were the world-wide repercussions of America's insistence on debt repayment?

answer

United States never fully received its war repayments from Europe

question

Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith

answer

combination of his Catholicism, opposition to prohibition, and liberal ideals

question

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

answer

1930; intended to be a mild tariff, but Congress tacked on several amendments, turning it into a bill that raised the tariff to 60%; the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime; deepened the depression that had already begun in America and other nations, and it increased international financial chaos

question

Black Tuesday

answer

October 29, 1929, millions of stocks were sold in a panic

question

What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?

answer

stockholders had lost $40 billion; millions lost their jobs and thousands of banks closed

question

Hoover Blankets

answer

old newspapers people slept under sometimes

question

Hoovervilles

answer

nickname for tin-and-paper shantytowns

question

What causes contributed to the Great Depression?

answer

overproduction by farms and factories; over expansion

question

Rugged Individualism

answer

deeply rooted in an earlier era of free enterprise

question

The Great Humanitarian

answer

hoover who had fed the faraway Belgians but would not use federal funds to feed needy americans

question

How did President Hoover's beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression

answer

developed a plan in which the government would help the railroads, banks, and rural credit corporations in the hope that if financial health was restored at the top of the economic pyramid, then unemployment would be relieved as the prosperity trickled down. Hoover's efforts were criticized because he gave government money to the big bankers who had allegedly started the depression

question

Muscle Shoals Bill

answer

designed to dam the Tennessee River and sell government-produced electricity in competition with citizens in private companies; vetoed by Hoover

question

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

answer

created by congress; (RFC), which lent money to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and state and local governments

question

Pump-Priming

answer

loans by the RFC; no doubt widespread benefit

question

Yellow Dog Contracts

answer

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injuction Act in 1932 outlawed these

question

Bonus Expeditionary Force

answer

(BEF) converged on the Capitol in the summer of 1932; demanded that Congress fully pay the deferred bonus that Congress had passed in 1924 (the payment was supposed to be paid in 1945); refused to leave the Capitol, President Hoover sent in the army to evacuate the group

question

Douglas MacArthur

answer

carried out the eviction of convicts and communist agitators

question

Manchuria

answer

September 1931, Japanese imperialists, seeing that the West was bogged down in the Great Depression, invaded this Chinese province

question

Stimson Doctrine

answer

declared that the United States would not recognize any territory acquired by force

question

How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?

answer

it was unable to do anything because it lacked America's support

question

What was President Hoover's policy toward Latin America

answer

withdrew American troops from Haiti and Nicaragua; laid the groundwork for Roosevelt's GOod Neighbor Policy

APUSH Chapters 31-33 – Flashcards

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