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Parliamentary Sovereignty

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principle that emphasized the power of Parliament to govern colonial affairs as the preeminent authority

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Virtual representation

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an idea that although the colonists didn't elect members of Parliament, they were still represented by it, because they were part of the British Empire

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Loyalists

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colonists who, throughout the conflict with Great Britain, sided with the king and Parliament; also called Tories; believed American liberty would promote social anarchy

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Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)

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a formidable Native American resistance against American colonists; the native peoples of the backcountry attacked, showing the weakness of the British army stationed there

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Proclamation of 1763

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Declaration by the king of England stating that Americans could not move West past the Appalachian Mountains because it would provoke the Natives

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Sugar Act (1764)

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a tax placed on the colonists by Parliament on sugar, molasses, and rum in an attempt to raise money

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Quartering Act (1765)

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part of the Intolerable Acts; required colonists to give quarter to British soldiers, either by building them or letting them stay in their house

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Stamp Act (1765)

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a law passed by Parliament to raise revenue in America by taxing all paper; outraged everyone

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Patrick Henry

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member of the House of Burgesses that proposed five resolutions protesting the Stamp Act on the floor of the assembly, creating the Virginia Resolves, which sparked interest along the coast

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Stamp Act Congress

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Meeting of colonial delegates in NYC in October 1765 to protest the Stamp Act

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Sons and Daughters of Liberty

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Men and women from middle and lower-class backgrounds used violence to denounce the Stamp Act; started by Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, and James Otis

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Declaratory Act (1766)

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an act passed by the House of Commons that trumpeted the defense of Parliament's supremacy over the Americans \"in all cases whatsoever\" to not seem weak by repealing the Stamp Act

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Townshend Acts (1767)

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a tax on paint, glass, tea, and lead created by Charles Townshend, the chancellor of the exchequer; creates massive anger in the colonies, ultimately leads to the Boston Massacre

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Writs of assistance

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part of the Townshend Acts; legal document issued by Britain that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for smuggled goods

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Salutary neglect

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a hands-off policy of e=England towards its American colonies during the first half of the 1700s under the reigns of King George I and II; would be put to an end by King George III

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John Dickinson

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author of the book Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer

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Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer

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written by John Dickinson, which damns the Townshend Acts

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Samuel Adams

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founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

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James Otis

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a colonial lawyer who defended colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling; argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act.

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Massachusetts Circular Letter

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written by Samuel Adams, urging the colonies to unite against the Townshend Acts and follow a statute of non-importation

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Lord Frederick North

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Prime Minister of England who repealed the Townshend Acts, yet reacted harshly to American Resistance; was known as a \"yes man\" to George III

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Boston Massacre (1770)

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a violent confrontation between British troops and a Boston mob on March 5, 1770 in which 5 citizens were killed when the troops fired into the crowd; inflamed anti-British feelings

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Crispus Attucks

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First man killed in the Boston Massacre

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Committees of Correspondence

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vast communication network formed in Massachusetts and other colonies to communicate grievances and provide colonists with evidence of British oppression

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Gaspee incident

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The British customs ship ran aground off the coast of Massachusetts, where colonists dressed up as Indians and burned the ship in protest of the

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Tea Act (1773)

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Gave the East India Tea Company monopoly in the colonies over all tea sold; lowered the price of imported tea, and led to the Boston Tea Party

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King George III

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King of England who is ultimately responsible for the American Revolution through his inadequacies

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Whigs

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a political faction of Parliament that opposed royal influence in government and wanted to increase the reach of Parliament

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Parliament

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the lawmaking branch of Great Britain; responsible for passing all acts against the American colonies and ultimately causing the American Revolution

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Boston Tea Party (1773)

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demonstration by the Sons of Liberty who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in the Boston harbor and dumped £10,000 worth of tea into the sea in protest of the Tea Act

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Intolerable Acts

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another name for the Coercive Acts

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Coercive Acts (1774)

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the four pieces of legislation passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party meant to punish the colonies; include the Boston Port Bill, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act; known in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts

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Nonimportation

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a policy adapted by American merchants which pledged not to import or use goods from Great Britain

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Port Bill

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Part of the Coercive Acts; closed the Boston Port until the 10,000 pounds lost in the Boston Tea Party was paid back in full

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Massachusetts Government Act

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part of the Coercive Acts; stated that members of the Massachusetts Assembly would be appointed by the king; gave British officials more authority

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Administration of Justice Act

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part of the Coercive Acts; stated that any British official accused of committing a crime in the colonies had the option of being tried in England; irritated American lawyers

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Quebec Act (1774)

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part of the Coercive Acts; allowed the French to move into territory the American colonists were previously not allowed to go; enraged the colonists

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Enlightenment

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philosophical and intellectual movement that began in Europe during the 18th century; John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were part of it

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John Locke

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English philosopher who advocated the idea of a \"social contract\" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; part of the Enlightenment and a large influence to the Declaration of Independence

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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a French man of the Enlightenment who believed that human beings are naturally good and free and can rely on their instincts; government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

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First Continental Congress (1774)

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Met to determine how to react to the threat to their rights and liberties; conservatives supported the Galloway Plan, the Radicals supported the Suffolk Resolves; ultimately called for stoppage of all trade with England

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Patrick Henry

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outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with \"give me liberty or give me death\" speech

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John Adams

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Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence; argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups; as a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence.

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George Washington

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military commander of the American Revolution; first president of the United States, who set many precedents for the way government would work

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John Dickinson

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delegate of Pennsylvania, who led a group that favored quick reconciliation with Great Britain as opposed to independence; wrote the Olive Branch Petition and the Articles of Confederation

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John Jay

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United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; signed the Treaty of Paris

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Joseph Galloway

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Pennsylvania delegate to first continental congress in 1774 who proposed a plan of union between England and the colonies; forefront leader of the conservative faction

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Suffolk Resolves

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the First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's declaration that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties; was trumpeted by Samuel Adams

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Valley Forge

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Pennsylvania site of Washington's continental army encampment during the winter of 1777-1778; allowed for Washington to regroup and train his ragtag army

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Continentals

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paper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the revolution; supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them virtually worthless

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George Rogers Clark

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leader of a small patriot force that captured British-controlled fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley; secured the Northwest Territory for America

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Battle of Saratoga

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turning point of the American Revolution; convinced the French to give the U.S. military support by showing them that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy; lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River

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Absolute Monarch

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ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people

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Battle of Yorktown

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last major battle of the Revolution; Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay, sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. he surrendered October 19, 1781

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Economic sanctions

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boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that the colonies used to pressure Britain into changing its policies

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Declarations of Rights and Grievances

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a document created during the Committees of Correspondence of 1765 that petitioned for the repeal of the Stamp Act, for it went beyond controlling colonial trade which was the accepted role of commerce taxation in the colonies

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Paul Revere

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silversmith whose sketch of the Boston Massacre was propaganda for the patriots; \"the British are coming\"

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William Dawes

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one of the leaders of the Sons of Liberty who rode with Paul Revere to Lexington to warn them that the British where coming

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Minutemen

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members of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

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Lexington

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famous for being the site of the opening shots of the first engagement of the American Revolution

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Concord

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the search for weapons by the British turned up nothing; part of the first battle of the American Revolution

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Battle of Bunker Hill

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the first major battle of the American Revolution; showed the strength of both armies

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Second Continental Congress (1775)

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organized the continental army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

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Treaty of Paris (1783)

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September; between America, Great Britain, France and Spain; ended the war and defined the boundaries of America: Canada in the North, Mississippi River to the West, and Florida to the South

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Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking up Arms

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a declaration by the representatives of the United Colonies of North America, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms; \"our cause is just, our union is perfect\"

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Olive Branch Petition

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Peace petition sent to King George III by the Second Continental Congress professing their loyalty to Great Britain while still asking that he repeal the Coercive Acts

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Prohibitory Act (1775)

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act by Britain that stated all colonists were in a state of rebellion unless they begged otherwise; also launched a form of economic warfare through blockade against the colonies

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Thomas Paine

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revolutionary writer, author of Common Sense; believed in total independence from Britain

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Common Sense

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revolutionary pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 calling for independence and a republican government in America

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Declaration of Independence

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the document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.

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Thomas Jefferson

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a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and writer of the Declaration of Independence; later served as the third President of the United States

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Patriots

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American colonists who were against the oppression of the British crown and fought against them in the American Revolution

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Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher)

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heroine of the American Revolution who carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth court house and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat

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Deborah Sampson

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a woman who fought in the American Revolution disguised as a man

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