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London Economic Conference

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A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.

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Good Neighbor Policy

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FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

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Reciprocal Trade Agreements

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Activated the low tariff policies of New Dealers, aimed at both relief, recover, reversed the traditional high protective tariff

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Rome- Berlin Axis

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Alliance between Mussolini and Hitler

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Neutrality Acts

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European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

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Abraham Lincoln Brigade

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Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.

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Quarantine Speech

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The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

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Appeasement

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Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

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Hitler Stalin Pact

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An agreement between Hitler and Stalin that they would not attack one another.

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Kristallnacht

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(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

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War Refugee Board

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Federal agency created in 1944 to try to help people threatened with murder by the Nazis

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Lend- Lease Bill

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The controversial act that allowed America to lend arms to the European democracies; while touted by FDR as a device that would keep the nation out of the war

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Atlantic Charter

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1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

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Pearl Harbor

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7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

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Spanish Civil War

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In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

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Benito Mussolini

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(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

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Francisco Franco

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Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

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Cordell Hull

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Congressman from Tennessee, he became the Secretary of State under FDR and served in that position longer than anyone in American history. He is often called the "Father of the United Nations." He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945.

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Wendell L. Willkie

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Lawyer in the United States and was the dark horse Republican Party nominee for the 1940 presidential election. Liberal who was against domestic policies of the New Deal. He thought were inefficient and anti-business.

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ABC-1 Agreement

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Agreement with Britain that adopted the strategy to defeat Germany before concentrating on Japan

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Executive Order No. 9066

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Authorized the internment of tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese ancestry and resident aliens from Japan. Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066, dated February 19, 1942, gave the military broad powers to ban any citizen from a fifty- to sixty-mile-wide coastal area stretching from Washington state to California and extending inland into southern Arizona.

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War Production Board

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During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

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Office of Price Administration

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WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

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National War Labor Board

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A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

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Women's Army Corps

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During the second world war, the increased demand for labor shook up old prejudices about gender roles in workplace and in military Nearly 200,00 women served or its naval equivalent. (WAVES)

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WAVES

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Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy

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Bracero Program

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United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

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Fair Employment Practices Commission

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Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

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Congress of Racial Equality

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(CORE) Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

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Code Talkers

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Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

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Battle of Midway

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U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

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D- Day

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June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

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V- E Day

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The day (May 8) marking the Allied victory in Europe in 1945.

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Potsdam Conference

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July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

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Manhattan Project

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A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

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V- J Day

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Japan finally surrendered August 15, 1945. This was the end of WW11.

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Douglas MacArthur

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(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

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Chester W. Nimitz

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Commander of the US naval forces in the Pacific and brilliant strategist of the island hopping campaign

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

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American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe.

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Harry S. Truman

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Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

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Panay Incident

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(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

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Four Freedoms Speech

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A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism.

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Munich Conference

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1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

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Rhineland

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A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

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Annexation of Austria

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Took place in March 1938 as an attempt to reintegrate all Germans into a single homeland. Europe's major powers Britain and France did nothing about it

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Invasion of Poland

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Germany invaded, breaking their agreement, so Britain and France declared war, starting World War II

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Evacuation at Dunkirk

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English and French army remains flee to Great Britain. Many ships (various kinds) carry men out. Great Britain lasts another day.

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Battle of Britain

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An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

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Battle of the Atlantic

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Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945

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Blitzkrieg

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"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

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Cash and Carry Program

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U.S. Sold arms to other countries as long as they paid upfront and took the arms themselves

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America First Committee

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A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

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Korematsu vs US

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Supreme Court ruled that internment of Japanese Americans was justified as the country's need for protection against espionage outweighed individual rights

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Tojo

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Although he was not the emperor of Japan, as military leader and the new prime minister, he designed the Japan war plan in the Pacific theater.

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Lend Lease Program

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Act of 1941 that permitted the US to led or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying an increasing likelihood of American involvement in WWII

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War Bonds

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Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war.

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Battle of Stalingrad

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Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

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Winston Churchill

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A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

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Teheran Conference

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December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

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Yalta Conference

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1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

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Unconditional Surrender

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An announcement by FDR with Churchill's endorsement that the war would end only with this. The conquered governments would be no longer, no compromise could be reached. Later people believe that this stiffened enemy resistance

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Battle of the Coral Sea

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A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

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Island Hopping

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A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

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Iwo Jima

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A bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)

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Okinawa

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The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000.

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Battle of the Bulge

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December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

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Robert J Oppenheimer

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Scientist; his research led to the development of the atomic bomb.

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