APUSH Chapter 31 Key Terms – Flashcards

On September 11, 2001, two commercial flights were hijacked; were deliberately crashed into the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan; a third plane was flowing into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.; fourth plane was crashed into a field in Pennsylvania; was an attack led by terrorist attack, Al Qaeda; 15 of the 19 attackers were from Saudi Arabia, one from Egypt, one from Lebanon, and one from the United Arab Emirates; had been trained in Afghanistan in guerrilla warfare camps; went to flight school in the United States and studied in Germany; communicated via cell phones, emails, and websites; attacks killed 2,900 people → created anxiety and shock in America; occurred because of the technological advancements in society

A terrorist group organization; created by Osama bin Laden, uniting radical Islamic terrorists who called for a holy war against America and its allies; group responsible for the terrorist attacks of 9/11

Leader of Al-Qaeda; responsible for 9/11; trained Islamic radicals in guerrilla warfare camps in Afghanistan; was in hiding for years after September 11, 2001; was killed in a CIA-led mission, Operation Neptune Spear, by the U.S. Navy Seals on May 2, 2011

Term used to describe the proliferation of political, cultural, and economic influences and connections throughout countries, businesses, and individuals; took place due to trade, communication, immigration, and technology; led to the spread of capitalism internationally and the interconnectedness between people throughout the world

International trade and economic organization; founded in 1995; was used to enforce tariffs and import quota reductions

In Seattle, Washington, on November 30, 1999, 50,000 protestors tried to shut down the WTO meeting; rioting in the streets, chanting and holding signs → a small group of radicals broke windows of chain stores like Starbucks, Gap, and Old Navy as they were a sign of global capitalism; police armed in riot gear used pepper spray to disperse the crowds; activists were influenced by the "Declaration for Global Democracy"; believed that global trade and investment should be used to create a sustainable development in society → protecting workers and the environment

Name of a coalition of Western European nations that was founded in 1992; wanted to establish a federal state, similar to the United States; over 20 countries joined the organization with over 450 million people; was responsible for 1/5 of all global imports and exports; had the third largest population in the world; introduced the euro, a new type of currency, in 2002; euro became a major international currency; was a secondary power militaristically; presented problems to America as it was deemed a trading rival that could possibly have intentions of warfare, and was an overwhelmingly big economic institution

China is attributed to be the fasted growing economic power in the world from 2000-2010; has a population of over 1.3 billion people; economic growth rates were averaged at 10% (higher than America's when the economy was burgeoning in the 1950s and 1960s); government was primarily communist, however capitalism was embraced; factories produced cheap exportable goods, bought by Americans; China kept its currency weak against the American dollar, guaranteeing that Americans would continue to buy their products as they were cheap; beneficial in the short-term, could be detrimental in the long-term; manufacturing in America is decreasing as it increases in China → Americans and losing jobs and it affects towns which are centered around factories; China has bought 25% of America's debt in order to maintain a low currency against the dollar; believed that it is not safe to allow China to have so much power over America's currency supply

An organization founded in 1995 internationally; 8 capitalistic, industrialized nations formed an alliance → America, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Canada, and Russia; had a lot of power over the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (which evolved into WTO)

Acronym for the treaty, North American Free Trade Agreement; ratified by Congress in 1993; got rid of all tariffs and trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico; made with the vision of a free-trade zone

Name of corporations that had offices and factories in multiple countries; had expanded in order to find new markets and cheaper sources of labor; due to multinational corporations, globalization could occur; examples of multinational corporations are Nike, McDonalds, Apple

Name of the movement from government oversight to a free market; process that was pioneered by the United States and Britain in a (quiet revolution); national financial and currency markets have been opened around the world; in the 1980s, America and Britain called for the deregulation of investment firms, financial markets, brokerage houses, and banks; investment markets were "set free"; had pros and cons → allowed for financial-industry profits in America to increase from 10% to 40% in 40 years; American savings and loans industries went bankrupt; Russia, Argentina, and Asia suffered financial disasters; the entire global economy almost collapsed in 2008

Technology significantly advanced in the 1980s and 1990s; personal computers, cell phones, smartphones, the Internet, the World Wide Web, and other electronic systems were created; changed how people worked, experienced leisure, and accessed information; the Internet was first a product of military-based research, U.S. Department of Defense and Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed the decentralized computer network in the 1960s; Internet was created from the government's project, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network and was soon used by government scientists, academic specialists, and military contractors to exchange data, information and electronic mail; Internet was soon accessed by the general public in the 1980s; the World Wide Web debuted in 1991; was a collection of servers; allowed people to have access through the internet to documents, pictures, and other materials; Internet was used by over 2 billion people internationally to exchange information and send messages; helped businesses who could sell products and services virtually; gave people easy access to information

Patrick Buchanan was the speechwriter for President Richard Nixon and was a White House aid to President Ronald Reagan; wanted to influence the Republican's message to voters, even though he lost the presidential nomination; at the Republican National Convention in 1992, he stated that there was a religious war that was occurring in search for America's soul; used the term "culture war" to describe a political struggle stemming in the 1920s between religious traditionalists and secular liberals; social issues (abortion, gay rights) divided the groups

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was known as the Hart-Celler Act and was passed by the Great Society legislation; eradicated the 1924 nationality quotas; created a higher total limit on immigration; made provisions to allow immigrants to enter America more easily if they had skills in high demand; allowed immediate family members of legal American residents to be allowed entry into the country, even if the limit was passed; unintended result was a huge influx of immigrants; population grew by 77 million people in thirty years; majority of immigrants came from Latin America and East Asia; Pacific Rim was viewed as an important new region as immigration from Asian countries (China, the Philippines, India, Pakistan, South Korea, and Vietnam) dramatically increased

American policy that was popularized in the post-Civil War era (1980s); promoted gender, race, ethnic, religious, and sexual preference diversity; was a theory that people composed a diverse set of ethnic and racial groups living and working harmoniously; common set of values united society

Proposition that was proposed in 1996; approved by California voters; prohibited affirmative action in state employment and public education

New Right conservatives believed that the liberalism that was prominent in the 1960s and 1970s had ruined people's respect for marriage and "family values"; believed that the increased amount of divorce among whites (40%) and the high rate of wedlock pregnancies among African-Americans (60%) exemplified their point; believed that there were several people to blame → legislators who enacted liberal divorce laws, funded child, and let welfare money be paid to single mothers; judges who supported abortion and got rid of religion in public schools

Controversy over abortion has been an ongoing battle between feminists and religious conservatives; feminists believed that women had the right to make decisions about their own body, and were entitled to have the right to have a legal, and safe abortion (pro-choice); religious conservatives believed that the rights of an unborn fetus were more important than the mothers (prolife); fundamentalist Protestants gained control of the antiabortion movement; Randall Terry, a religious activist, established Operation Rescue in 1987; Operation Rescue led protests outside of abortion clinics; harassed staff and clients vocally; antiabortion activists won state laws; public funding for abortion was limited; minors had to have parental notices before having an abortion → restricted women's reproductive choices

Following the Stonewall Inn riots in the 1980s, more gay men and women have come out of the closet; they have demanded rights and legal protections against discrimination in employment, education, and housing; many cities and states banned discrimination based upon sexual orientation; additionally, gay rights groups have protested for rights for same-sex couples → marriage-equality, want the same recognition as opposite-sex marriages; Religious right had stated that homosexuality was morally wrong; in the 1990's, Colorado sought to have an amendment ratified to prevent local governments from enacting ordinances to protect gays and lesbians, and Oregon wanted the prevention of the state supporting homosexuality; recently, gay marriage has been legalized in 11 states

Ratified by Congress in 1998; enabled states to recognize gay marriages or civil unions in other jurisdictions

Supreme Court Case that upheld a previously-ratified law; stated that there be a 24-hour waiting period before an abortion; maintained the essential ruling in Roe v. Wade that women had the constitutional right to control their reproductive system

Supreme Court Case that prohibited the power of states to prevent private homosexual behavior between consenting adults

William Jefferson Clinton ran as a Democratic candidate in the Election of 1992; was initially the governor of Arkansas; presented himself as a New Democrat, who would attract Reagan Democrats and middle-class voters; was 46 years old; energetic, ambitious, and worked well with the details of public policy; campaign was tainted with charges of avoiding the draft to serve in Vietnam, smoked marijuana, and repeatedly cheated on his wife; chose Albert A. Gore, a Tennessee senator, as his Vice President; created the first political ticket of baby-boomers and were all-southern

George H.W. Bush was renominated for the Democratic Party, beating his lone component Pat Buchanan (conservative columnist); Democrats campaigned on the ideals of Clinton's tax cut for the middle class, reduction of the Republican budget deficit, and universal health insurance; Bush was unsuccessful in gaining support for his renomination, due to a weak economy and "tax hikes"; Bush won 38% of the popular vote, Perot won 19%, and Clinton won with 43.7%

Businessmen who ran as an independent in the election of 1992; won 19% of the popular vote → more votes than any independent candidate than Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Hillary Clinton pioneered Clinton's health-care task force to "manage competition"; private insurance companies and market forces were instructed to reduce health-care expenditures; as a result, employers were left to bear the brunt of the cost of the system; was campaigned against by smaller businesses, the health insurance industry, and the American Medical Association; universal health-care proposal was deemed in 1994 by Congress as "dead"; 40 million Americans still did not have health insurance coverage

Successful plan pioneered by Clinton in 1993; a five-year budget package was proposed to reduce the federal deficit by $500 billion; Republicans opposed the proposal as it would raise taxes on corporations and wealthy people; Democrats were not thrilled as it limited social spending; however, the plan was ultimately beneficial as the federal budget was balanced by 1998 and federal debt was being reduced at a rate of $156 billion per year between 1999-2001; economy thrived

Midterm election in 1994 reinstated 54 Republicans into the House of Representatives; conservatives had a majority, as Clinton had not created a political realignment; Republicans gained 11 governorships and had control of the Senate; "Contract with America" was promoted by Newt Gingrich, and was a campaign for significant tax cuts, reduced welfare programs, anticrime measures, and reductions in federal regulations

Conservative representative from Georgia; pioneered the Republican resurgence in 1994; promoted his ideals under the name "Contract with America"; believed his ideals were supported and respected by Reagan, however believed Bush did not emphasize them enough

Act ratified by President Clinton in 1996; served as a replacement for the Aid to Families with Dependent Children → a welfare program from the New Deal era; instead granted Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; law gave grants to states to help poor people; welfare payments were limited to two years, with a maximum of five years; time limitations were a result of people believing that the Aid to Families with Dependent Children allowed people to live dependently on government welfare forever

Clinton denied having an affair with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky; however, it was concluded by prosecutor Kenneth Starr, that Clinton had committed perjury and obstructed justice; was impeached for lying about having an extramarital affair; on December 19, 1998, the House of Representatives passed two articles of impeachment; however, only 38% of Americans favored impeachment; was acquitted but his party suffered; was preoccupied and did not create a Democratic alternative to the Republicans domestic agenda; additionally, the public was not focused on important national issues

Controversial whether America should support the admission of nations that were previously Soviet Union states into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; ultimately, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary were admitted as they were eager to join the Western alliance; by 2010, 12 other countries had joined NATO (primarily located in Eastern Europe); 10 of the nations had previously been members of the Warsaw Pact, signaling how the Cold War was in the past

Yugoslavia was a communist nation that was broken up in 1992; Slovenia and Croatia, two new NATO states, were formed as a result

Bosnia-Herzegovina was primarily a Muslim region; had a large Serbian population that did not want to live in a Muslim-led state; Slobodan Milosevic was a Serbian nationalist; created a campaign of "ethnic cleansing" to create a Serbian state; Clinton pioneered a bombing campaign and peacekeeping effort in 1995, ending the Serbians expansionist drive; in 1999, another province of the Serbian-led Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was another crisis that was repressed by the U.S. and NATO; 7 independent nations had been formed after the wreckage of Yugoslavia by 2008

Radical Muslim immigrants set off a bomb in a parking garage underneath the World Trade Center in New York City; six people were killed and thousands were injured

U.S. Embassies were blown up by terrorists in 1998; they used trucks to destroy the American buildings

Terrorists (radical Muslims affiliated with Al Qaeda) released a powerful bomb alongside the U.S.S. Cole, an America boat that was refueling in Aden, a port in Yemen on October 12, 2000; explosion created a hole in the hull of the ship; resulted in 17 American sailors dying, and 37 were wounded; repairs cost $250 million, but it returned to duty in April 2002

Clinton ordered air strikes on Al Qaeda bases in Afghanistan following the embassy attacks → which were ordered for by bin Laden; bin Laden called for a holy war, stating it was the Muslims duty to kill Americans and their allies; estimated that 15,000 radical operatives had been trained at the Al Qaeda bases since 2000; strikes did not stop the growth of Al Qaeda; CIA and the Pentagon were aware of the threat of Al Qaeda and bin Laden

One of the closest elections in history, along with the election of 1876 and 1960; George W. Bush (son of George H.W. Bush) was running as a Republican candidate; Al Gore, was Clinton's Vice President who gained the Democratic ticket; Gore was a liberal policy specialist; Gore won the popular vote with 50.9 million votes compared to Bush's 50.4 million; in the electoral college Bush won with 271 votes compared to Gore's 267; Bush won narrowly because of the vote tally in Florida

George W. Bush portrayed himself as a moderate; countertendencies controlled administration; Richard Cheney served as his Vice President; was an uncompromising conservative; became virtually a co-president to Bush

Ralph Nader ran as a Green Party candidate in the election of 2000: was a consumer and labor rights activist; took away votes that were critical to Gore, resulting in Gore's loss

Democrats demanded a recount after the voter tally in Florida exposed that Bush won narrowly on election night; after a month of confusing, the Supreme Court ordered that vote recounts stop; believed that the recounting of ballots violated Floridian voters rights under the 14th Amendment's, equal protection clause; believed that the Bush v. Gore scenario not be viewed as a legal ruling

Important swing state which voted slightly in favor of Bush; votes were recounted, but after a month, it was finalized that Bush was in fact the winner of the election

Was appointed by Bush as a campaign advisor; made the White House very politicized; argued that a permanent Republican majority could be founded on the conservative party's platform

Reinforced Rove's ideas; was the House majority leader; declared an "all-out war" against Democrats in 1995; encouraged congressional Republicans to support a partisanship; bipartisan lawmaking ended in 2002 when Republicans had control in Congress and the White House

Act passed by Congress after being introduced by Bush in 2001; slashed income taxes, marked the estate tax to be ended by 2010, and extended the earned income credit for the poor; made another set of cuts in 2003; his tax reliefs favored big estates and wealthy owners of stocks and bonds; made the most impact in slashing federal taxes than any president had in the past; federal expenditures increased 33%, sending the government into federal debt of over $8 trillion

On September 11, 2001, two commercial flights were hijacked; were deliberately crashed into the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan; a third plane was flowing into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.; fourth plane was crashed into a field in Pennsylvania; was an attack led by terrorist attack, Al Qaeda; 15 of the 19 attackers were from Saudi Arabia, one from Egypt, one from Lebanon, and one from the United Arab Emirates; had been trained in Afghanistan in guerrilla warfare camps; went to flight school in the United States and studied in Germany; communicated via cell phones, emails, and websites; attacks killed 2,900 people → created anxiety and shock in America; occurred because of the technological advancements in society

Bush declared a "war on terror"; pledged to conduct a battle on Al Qaeda, which was operated out of Afghanistan; Al Qaeda located in Afghanistan as they had been associated with the Taliban; in October 2001 Afghanistan's allies fought on the ground, as American planes attacked; in early 2002, the Taliban had been ousted, Al Qaeda training camps were destroyed, and many people involved (operatives) had been killed or captured; U.S. forces failed to press attack on bin Laden who escaped into the mountainside in Pakistan

Iraq was viewed as one of the "axis of evil" countries by Bush in 2002, along with North Korea and Iran; believed that businesses in Iraq was unfinished after the Persian Gulf War in 1991; people in Pentagon believed that an attack on Iraq would demonstrate their mission to democratize the world; believed that Iraqis would embrace democracy once exposed to it and after Saddam Hussein was removed from office; believed that the democratization would proliferate across the Middle East; believed that America's oil supply would be secured, allowing for the United States vital resource to be safe; Bush invaded Iraq without obtaining a resolution of approval from the United Nations in 2003; Britain allied with America, and their relations with France and Germany soured; the army's plan for a northern thrust into Iraq failed as Turkey (military allied) did not give America permission to use their transit; Mexico and Canada condemned Bush's decision; in Arab countries, anti-American movements were sparked; Iraqi capital was conquered within three weeks of invasion, and Saddam Hussein went into hiding (found 9 months later); Pentagon did not make plans about the post-conflict operations; Iraqis became to loot all supplies they could access, destructing the cities' infrastructures → electricity and water were not accessed reliably; all Iraqis viewed Americans as invaders → Al Qaeda supporters fled into Iraq fighting the Americans and bringing along the idea of suicide bombers; more than 1,000 U.S. soldiers had died and 10,000 had been wounded; over $100 billion was spent on the war; Bush believed that the United States had to remain in Iraq, believing that the nation would fall to chaos if they withdrew troops

Law ratified in 2001; allowed the U.S. government the power to monitor suspected terrorists and people affiliated with them; had the ability to access personal information

Prison located in Baghdad, Iraq; American guards were photographed abusing and torturing suspected insurgents during the Iraqi War; created international controversy; Muslims viewed it as proof that America was a treacherous nation; Americans were shocked and outraged

Incumbent George W. Bush was renominated for the Republican Party; Rove believed that Bush should emphasize patriotism and culture wars → mobilizing conservatives; Rove wanted to attract conservative voters in key states by promoting antigay initiatives in key states; John Kerry ran as a Democrat; Bush won the election with 286 electoral votes compared to Kerry's 252; Bush advocated that moral "values" and national security were his main priorities; voters felt "safer" because of Bush's actions

Ran as the Democrat candidate in the election of 2004; was a senator from Massachusetts, Vietnam War hero, and was twice wounded; joined the antiwar group in 1971, Vietnam Veterans Against the War → received charges of being weak and unpatriotic; television ads by Swift Boat Veterans for Truth falsely accused Kerry of lying to win his metals; believed that he was a "flip-flopper", was unclear why he had won so many votes; lost a lot of public support

In 2005 one of the most devastating hurricanes in history; affected New Orleans; floodwaters breached barricades that surrounded the city; residents were left stranded without food, shelter, and drinking water for days following the storm; over 2,000 deaths; federal and local authorities did not react well to the catastrophe; cities that were hit the hardest were poor and African-American

Began in 2007, but effects were not felt until 2008; American economy suffered; Dow Jones Industrial Average lost half of its values; major financial institutions, banks, and insurance companies were on the edge of collapsing; the automobile industry almost went bankrupt; millions of Americans lost their jobs and unemployment raised to 10%; housing prices dropped 40% and people defaulted to their mortgages; worse economic situation since the 1930s

In September 2008, the Bush administration's Secretary of Treasury, Henry Paulson, encouraged Congress to ratify the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act; was passed in early October, also known as the bailout of the financial sector; designation $700 billion to rescue the country's biggest banks and brokerage houses; U.S. government invested almost $1 trillion in saving the financial system

Obama was the first African-American to win a presidential nomination; was a candidate for the Democratic Party and formerly a senator from Illinois; campaigned against John McCain; Obama's mother was white from Kansas, and his father was an African immigrant-student; raised in Hawaii and Indonesia, connecting with multiracial and multicultural people in America; Obama was born in 1961; took the presidential oath on January 21, 2009 during a terrible economic recession and two wars in the Middle East; recognized the crises, but was optimistic that Americans must "begin again the work of remaking America"

Bill ratified by Congress in 2009; was an economic stimulus that was created in response to the Great Recession; provided $787 billion to state and local governments for hospitals, transportation projects, and schools; attributed to being one of the biggest single packages of government spending in American history

Far-right opposition groups that became publically known during Obama's first term of presidency; gave a voice to extreme individualism and antigovernment sentiment; feelings were traditionally affiliated with right-wing movements; publically condemned Obama's proposal of a health-care bill

Known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; was signed as a law on March 23, 2010, pioneered by Obama; established nearly universal health insurance; provided subsidies to large businesses, allowing them to offer health insurance coverage to employees

Obama wanted to extend his liberal policies after the Democrats lost control of the House of Representatives in 2010, and did not regain it in 2012; in 2011 he repealed the military policy that was established by Clinton; ordered that gay men and lesbians be allowed to openly serve in the military

First Latina to serve on the high court; appointed by Obama in 2009 to be a Supreme Court judge; committed liberal, however is serving under Chief Justice John Roberts (a conservative appointed by George W. Bush)

Supreme Court justice appointed by Obama in 2010; committed liberal, however is serving under Chief Justice John Roberts (a conservative appointed by George W. Bush)

Shortly following the emergence of the Arab Spring, U.S. Special Forces found and killed Osama bin Laden; was found hidden in Afghanistan; was killed in a CIA-led mission, Operation Neptune Spear, by the U.S. Navy Seals on May 2, 2011

Oil is influential to climate change; scientists discovered several decades ago that greenhouse gases are increased in the atmosphere, heating the earth when petroleum and coal are burned to produce energy; higher temperatures will change wealth patterns, cause a rise in sea levels → poses a threat to agriculture, global distributions of plant and animal life, and cities and regions at current sea levels; United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol, designed to reduce carbon emissions; additionally, a tax on carbon emissions proposed in Congress has not received political support

Obama was renominated as the Democratic Presidential candidate; ran against Mitt Romney, a Republican nominee; won with 51% of the popular vote, which was lower than his ratings in 2008, however he still won with 5 million votes; won the support of 93% of African-Americans, 73% of Asian Americans, 55% of women, and 60% of Americans under the age of 30