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Indian Territory

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Area that is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska to which Native Americans were moved

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Sioux

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American Indians that lived on the Great Plains region of the United States.

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Great Sioux Reservation

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where Native Americans were herded by the federal government after giving up their ancestral land for the promise of being left alone with food and clothing; were never sufficiently taken care of

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Tenth Cavalry

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Cavalry of Black units in the civil war that later fought the Indians

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Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans.

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Western expansion pushed them west leaving them with less land, and therefore, they had to compete for resources and such among other tribes. So it caused rivalry and competition among the many tribes and also among the settlers.

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George Armstrong Custer

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Former General during the Civil War, he set out in 1874 with his Seventh Cavalry to return the Plains Indians to the Sioux reservation. Defeated by an army that outnumbered his men 10 to 1. killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn

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Bozeman Trail

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In attempts to block the construction of this road to MT, Sioux massacred and mutilated 81 soldiers under Capt. Fetterman's command

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Sitting Bull

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American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

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Battle of Little Big Horn

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1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

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Chief Joseph

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Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

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Geronimo

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Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona.

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How was the West "won?"

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By exterminating - as a deliberate act of state policy - most of the Native American population and stealing their land.

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Buffalo Bill Cody

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United States showman famous for his Wild West Show

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How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand?

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The bison had been slaughtered for their tongues, hides, or for amusement. Both whites and natives were using the buffalo for a source of food and other things.

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans

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Ghost Dance

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a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

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Battle of Wounded Knee

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US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

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Dawes Act

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1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

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Carlisle Indian School

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Failed attempt to forcibly integrate children of Native American's into US culture by way of a boarding school

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Indian Reorganization Act

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partially reversed the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restor the tribal basis of Indian life that was stripped by the Dawes Severalty Act

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What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans?

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Boarding Schools, Teaching Christianity to them, They tried to get natives to settle down and become farmers (Look at things like the Intercourse Act of 1793.) , Indian Removal

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Pike's Peak

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a mountain peak in the Rockies in Central Colorado where gold and silver were discovered...this led to a mad rush in the direction of this area.

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Comstock Lode

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First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

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Silver Senators

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Politicians who used their influence to promote the interests of Silver Miners in Congress

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How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West?

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The discovery of precious metals in the American West led to the increase in westernized movement, and also spurred a more industrialized society in the west. Gaps between political parties widened, as different parties had different views on the values of these precious metals, and the "American dream" became more clear, as many people became prosperous from the metals.

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How was the culture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?

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The Plains Indians were nearly wiped out by white people. The white settlers took over the Indians' land and waged war on the Indians.

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Long Drive

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General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming

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Wild Bill Hickok

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an Indian scout and town marshal who starred in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

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Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's?

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Cattle-ranching was so profitable in the 1870's because there was a very high demand for the leather and meat obtained from cattle.

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Homestead Act

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1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

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Great American Desert

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The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Known as this before 1860, they were the lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast.

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John Wesley Powell

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Geologist, warned people that so little rain fell in the midwest, farming was only possible through mass irrigation

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Joseph F. Glidden

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Invented barbed wire

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Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains?

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The Homestead Act did not live up to its purpose, because also ten times as much land that actual small farmers obtained was taken by greedy land-grabbing promoters. While a considerable amount of farmers were able to make successful lives with this cheap land, most of it was obtained through fraud by business-minded people.

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Boomers

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Settlers who ran in land races to claim land upon the 1889 opening of Indian Territory for settlement

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Sooners

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people who illegally claimed land by sneaking past government officials before the land races began

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history

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Yellowstone

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1st National Park

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What were some milestones in the "closing" of the West?

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Some milestones in the "closing" of the West were that the population of the United States had exponentially increased, and many nature-preservation steps were being taken, such as the founding of Yellowstone in 1872.

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Francis Parkman

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Early American historian who wrote a series of volumes on the imperial struggle between Britain and France in North America.

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George Catlin

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First painted portraits of American Indian Life. First person to envision the idea of a national park

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Frederic Remington

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Painter and sculptor, his works portrayed the cowboy as a natural aristocrat, living in a natural world in which all the normal supporting structures of "civilization" were missing.

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What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States?

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The frontier was accountable for the opening of many new opportunities for immigrants to be successful, vast, new areas of land to be filled, and as such, a huge population increase. The frontier, because of its profitability, also promoted industrialization.

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Montgomery Ward

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United States businessman who in 1872 established a successful mail-order business

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Combine

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A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.

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Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry."

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Historians generally agree that the Civil War was the first modern war, meaning the first in which technology and industrial strength played a significant role.

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Deflation

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A situation in which prices are declining

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What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century?

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In the closing decades of the 19th century, the explosion with the amount of farmers correlated to a drastic increase in the supply of many of the once-cash crops. With an overabundance of these crops, farmers experienced rapid deflation of their cash crops. As a result, many found themselves in debt and unable to support themselves or their family.

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How did nature, government, and business all harhttps://quizlet.com/33321441/edit#auto-definem farmers?

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The good soil of the West was becoming poor, and floods added to the problem of erosion. Beginning in the summer of 1887, a series of droughts forced many people to abandon their farms and towns. Farmers were forced to sell their low-priced products in an unprotected world market, while buying high-priced manufactured goods in a tariff-protected home market. Farmers were also controlled by corporations and processors. Farmers were at the mercy of the harvester trust, the barbed-wire trust, and the fertilizer trust, all of which could control the output and raise prices to high levels. Even though farmers made up ½ the population in 1890, they never successfully organized to restrict production until forced to do so by the federal government 50 years later.

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The Grange

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Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads

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Cooperatives

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farms owned and operated by the government

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Greenback-Labor Party

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Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor

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James B. Weaver

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American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency, as the Greenback-Labor candidate and as the Populist candidate

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How did the Grange attempt to help farmers?

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The Grange in the late 1800's helped farmers by getting them organized in relation to their crops. They helped the farmers figure out what they needed to grow and when they needed to grow certain things to get the best prices.

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The Farmers' Alliance

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Farmers formed this in Texas in the late 1870s in order to break the grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling.The Alliance weakened itself by excluding blacks and landless tenant farmers.

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Mary Elizabeth Lease

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Known as "Mary Yellin'" and "the Kansas Pythoness," she made about 160 speeches in 1890. She criticized Wall Street and the wealthy, and cried that Kansans should raise "less corn and more hell."

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What steps did the Farmers' Alliance believe would help farmers?

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The Farmers' Alliance operated free mills and gins that small farmers could use. They believed in graduated income taxes, sub-treasures-warehouses, and government ownership of railroads.

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Coxey's Army

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unemployed workers marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief

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Eugene V. Debs

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Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

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Pullman Palace Car Company

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manufactured railroad cars; nationwide conflict between labor unions and railraods; 3000 employees began a wilde cat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, stopping traffic in chicago

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Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike?

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The strike was broken by President Cleveland because the railroad workers had stopped the trains, harming commerce in the US.

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Mark Hannah

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In the election of 1896, McKinley's campaign manager who raised an enormous campaign fund from business

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William McKinley

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25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

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William Jennings Bryan

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Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

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Cross of Gold speech

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An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

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Fourth Party System

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New party system that emerged in 1896 after the McKinley/Bryan election; marked the end of a large scale effort to gain agrarian votes, diminished voter participation, weakening of party organization, & fading issues of $ & civil service reform

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Dingley Tariff Bill

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passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits.

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Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain.

answer

The idea that the American character was shaped only by the western wilderness was wrong. Sure, the railroad expansions, cowboy lifestyles, and precious metal rushes shaped the United States, but it didn't entirely define it. The culture of the United States was also defined in the eastern cities, where many centers of activities occurred.

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