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The federal government contributed to the building of the national rail network by

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providing free grants of federal land to the railroad companies

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A large share of the capital that financed the growth of American industry came from

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a system of revolving industrial development loans run by individual states

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The railroad most significantly stimulated American industrialization by

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creating a single national market for raw materials and consumer goods

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The railroad barons aroused considerable public opposition by practices such as

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stock watering, rate discrimination, and bribery of public officials

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The railroads affected even the organization of time in the United States by

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introducing four standard time zones across the country

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Congress finally stepped in to pass the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate the railroad industry because

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the supreme court had ruled in the Wabash case that the states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

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Financier J. P. Morgan exercised his tremendous economic power most effectively by

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consolidating and controlling rival industries through interlocking directorates

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Two late-nineteenth century technological inventions that especially drew women out of the home and into the workforce were the

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typewriter and the telephone

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Andrew Carnegie's industrial system of vertical integration involved the

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combination of all phases of the steel industry from mining to manufacturing into a single organization

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The large trusts like Standard Oil and Swift and Armour justified their economic domination of their industries by claiming that

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only large scale methods of production and distribution could provide superior products at low prices

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So called Social Darwinists like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner justified harsh competition and vast disparities in wealth by agruing that

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the wealthy who came out on top were simply displaying their natural superiority to other

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Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth proclaimed his belief that

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those who acquired great wealth were morally responsible to use it for the public good

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The attempt to create an industrialized New South in the late nineteenth century generally failed because

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the South was discriminated against and kept in constant debt as a supplier of raw materials to northern industry

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For American workers, industrialization generally meant

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a long term rise in the standard of living but a loss of independence and control of work

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In contrast to the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor advocated

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concentrating on improving wages and hours and avoiding general social reform

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Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines

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land grants

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The original transcontinental railroad, commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha

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Union Pacific railroad

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The California based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford, that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains

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Central Pacific railroad

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The luxurious railroad cars that enabled passengers to travel long distances in comfort and elegance

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Pullman Palace Cars

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Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially infalted the price of their stocks and bonds

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stock watering

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Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other businesses engaging in interstate commerce

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Wabash case

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The region of northern Minnesota that supplied most of the iron ore for temendously profitable American steel idustry

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Mesabi range

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Late nineteenth century invention that revolutionized communications and created a large new industry that relied havily on female workers

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Telephone

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First of the great industrial trusts, organized through the principle of horizontal integration, that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors in an energy industry

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Standard oil company

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The first billion dollar American corporation, organized when J. P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie

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United States steel corporation

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Term that southern promoters used to proclaim their belief in a technologically advanced, industrail South

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New South

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Somewhat misleading term to describe the ideas of theorists like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, who claimed that vast wealth was the result of the natural superiority of those who achieved it

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Social Darwinism

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Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing

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Knights of Labor

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Shorthand term for the image of the independent and athletic new woman created by a popular magazine illustrator of the late nineteenth century

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Gibson Girl

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The conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out

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American Federation of Labor

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Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture

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Thomas Edison

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The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the United States Steel Corporation

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J. P. Morgan

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Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists

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John P. Altegeld

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Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South

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Henry Grady

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Aggressive energy industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on horizontal integration

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John D. Rockefeller

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Wealthy southern industrialist whose development of mass produced cigarettes led him to endow a university that later bore his name

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James Buchanan Duke

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Aggressive eatern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise

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Cornelius Vanderbilt

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Pro business clergyman whose acres of diamonds speeches criticized the poor

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Russell Conwell

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Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of vertical integration

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Andrew Carnegie

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Former California governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad

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Leland Stanford

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Organizer of conservative craft union group and advocate of more wages for skilled workers

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Samuel Gompers

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Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed

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Terence V. Powderly

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Public spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines

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James J. Hill

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Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed nothing to the poor

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William Graham Sumner

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Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry

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Alexander Graham Bell

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