APUSH Chapter 23 review – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
How were the central causes of the Great Depression in the United States and the rest of the world related?
answer
WW1 - disrupted international gold standard
question
On what two American principles did Hoover base his response to the Great Depression?
answer
1. Economic outcomes based on INDIVIDUAL CHARACTER 2. through VOLUNTARY ACTION business community could recover
question
How did Adherence to gold standard intensify the economic problems of the Great Depression?
answer
inflexible money supply discouraged investment and prevented growth
question
How did High Tariffs intensify the economic problems of the Great Depression?
answer
triggered retaliatory acts from other countries
question
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
answer
Herbert Hoover's effort to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression - Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.
question
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (definition and criticism)
answer
Prvided Federal loans to rr banks and other businesses - lent money cautiously - not aggressive enough
question
Demands of the Bonus Army
answer
immediate payment of pension awards that were due to be paid in 1945
question
Hoovervilles
answer
Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress
question
Why was treatment of the Bonus Army a massive political relations blunder for Hoover?
answer
his popularity plumged
question
What did Roosevelt claim the country needed?
answer
"bold and persistent experimentation"
question
20th amendment
answer
(FDR) , change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms "Lame Duck" ammendment
question
Fireside Chats
answer
informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace - gained the confidence of the people
question
How did the use of radio by Roosevelt affect citizens' feelings towards Roosevelt?
answer
felt a personal relationship with FDR
question
What four problems did Congress focus on during the first Hundred Days?
answer
1. Banking Failures 2. Agricultural overproduction 3. The business slump 4. Soaring Unemployment
question
Hundred Days
answer
Session during the first few months of FDR admin - Congress enacted 15 major bills
question
"Alphabet Soup"
answer
Nickname given to all the agencies during the New Deal - BC of abbreviations
question
Glass-Steagall Act
answer
1933 law that created the FDIC
question
What was the purpose of the "bank holiday"
answer
- closed all banks - Congress pass the Emergency Banking Act
question
Emergency Banking Act
answer
Permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed that they had sufficient cash reserves
question
FDIC
answer
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporations - insured deposits up to 2,500 - prohibited banks from making risky ; unsecured investments w/ customer's deposits
question
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
answer
Provided direct gov reg for the 1st time - briefly stabilized the economy - Problem: went mostly to large and medium sized farms **Agriculture**
question
What problems lay in agriculture and manufacturing?
answer
Overproduction in AG Underproduction in Manu
question
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
answer
Set up self-governed, private associations in 600 industries - solidified power of large companies **Manufacturing**
question
Overall evaluations of the AAA and NRA: Effective?
answer
No
question
Criticisms of the "dole" or government welfare programs and the solution-
answer
Criticisms: - may cause budget deficit - effect character Solutions: - Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) : Provide $$ - Public Works Administration(PWA) & Civil Works Administration
question
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
answer
Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people.
question
Public Works Administration (PWA)
answer
Construction program -(FDR) 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief.
question
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
answer
Agency that stimulated the housing industry by granting loans to home owners
question
How did Congress attempt to reform the housing sector?
answer
refinancing mortgages through HOLC and FHA
question
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
answer
monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds
question
New Deal Under Attack: Problems with Wall Street
answer
- reckless speculation - overleveraged buying of stocks
question
Liberty League
answer
conservative group who complained New Deal interfered with buisnesses and peoples lives
question
Economic conservative criticisms of the New Deal
answer
too much government control - reckless spending
question
Schlechter v. U.S.
answer
Court ruled National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional bc -- gave congress' lawmaking power to the Executive branch
question
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)
answer
leaders led publicity campaigns - produced radio programs, motion pictures, billboards and direct mail - promoted free enterprise and capitalism - critic of liberalism
question
Why did the Supreme Court proceed to strike down other New Deal legislation?
answer
gave congress' power to executive branch
question
Why did Townsend Clubs spring up?
answer
in support of the Townsend Plan
question
Huey Long's beliefs and actions
answer
Policies for the people - Increase taxes on corporations; lower on consumers - broke w/ ND - Share Our Wealth Society - push toward split of ND
question
Townsend Plan
answer
A pre-Social Security scheme to provide for federal pensions for senior citizens.
question
Share Our Wealth Society
answer
Huey Long - proposed heavy taxes on wealthy Americans to distribute to poor
question
Father Coughlin
answer
- a critic of the New Deal - popular radio show - created the National Union for Social Justice - nationalize banks
question
What about these individuals and organizations gave the Republican Party hope?
answer
split between ND and Populist reformers give rep more power
question
Why is this time period (1935-1938) known as the Second New Deal
answer
Shift in policy politically left
question
How did FDR respond to the threats of Populist reformers?
answer
adopted parts of their programs
question
Welfare State
answer
A system in which the government takes responsibility for its citizen's social and economic needs.
question
Focus of the First New Deal
answer
Economic Recovery
question
Focus of the Second New Deal
answer
Social Justice - creation of a safety net (use of fed gov to assist working people)
question
Three provisions of Social Security
answer
1. Old-age pensions for workers 2. Joint fed-state system for unemployed compensation 3. program of payments to widowed mothers, blind, deaf and disabled
question
Wagner Act
answer
upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions
question
How could the passage of the Social Security Act be seen as a major shift in responsibility for the government?
answer
greater responsibility of Fed Gov for more citizens than ever before
question
How does New Deal liberalism and classical liberalism differ?
answer
ND Liberalism - gov involvement CL - weak gov
question
How do New Deal liberalism and classical liberalism shape politics in the future?
answer
liberals vs. conservatives
question
Classical Liberalism
answer
Emphasizes freedom, democracy, and the importance of the individual. - weak gov and free market
question
What type of citizens supported FDR in the 1936 election?
answer
Laborers and Progressive republicans
question
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
answer
New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.
question
Republican strategy for the 1936 election
answer
opposed efficiency of New Deal bc it was too popular to oppose
question
FDR's proposal for adding new judges to the Supreme Court
answer
Court had struck down a lot of ND measures - too Conservative minded
question
Roosevelt Recession cause:
answer
- unemployment declined - Roosevelt slashed the fed budget so... congress cut WPA funding in half then... Fed Reserve raised intersts
question
Roosevelt Recession Outcome:
answer
stock market dropped sharply
question
Roosevelt Recession Fix:
answer
boost WPA funding - resume pub works projects
question
Keynesian Economics
answer
Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes - government spending should increase during business slumps -curbed during booms.
question
After Congress rejected the "court packing" scheme, the text states "If Roosevelt lost the battle, he went on to win the war." What do the authors mean by this statement?
answer
"timely resignations" with the Wagner and SSA allowed him to reshape the court after all
question
What caused many Americans to accept Keynesian economics?
answer
WWII defense end Great Depression
question
How did the New Deal set in motion a profound change in the relationship between American citizens and the government?
answer
gov provide assist to a wide range of ppl
question
What led to an increase in labor union numbers during the New Deal?
answer
Wagner Act
question
Why did many New Deal measures not address women's welfares directly?
answer
saw depression primarily a crisis of male breadwinners
question
Frances Perkins
answer
1st woman in cabinet
question
How was Eleanor Roosevelt the conscience of the New Deal era?
answer
pushed her husband to do more for the disadvantaged
question
Mary McLeod Bethune
answer
United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)
question
Scottsboro Boys
answer
Nine black boys were accused of raping two white women near Scottsboro, Alabama
question
Why was the New Deal limited in its approach to African Americans?
answer
FDR racism - need for white southern democrats votes in Congress
question
How did the AAA fail to help African American farmers during the Great Depression?
answer
white landowners did not distribute subsidiary checks to black sharecroppers
question
Previous government policies towards Native Americans
answer
left them isolated and w/out basic determination
question
What did the Indian Reorganization Act (Indian New Deal) do for Native Americans?
answer
promoted Indian Self-Government
question
Dawes Act of 1887
answer
The recognition that confinement of the Native Americans to reservations wasn't working.
question
Indian Reorganization Act
answer
"Indian New Deal" partially reversed the Dawes Act and restored the tribal status and Indian reservation system
question
Conditions drawing immigrants to California and the West
answer
ag increased
question
FDR's "gospel of conservation"
answer
environmentalism
question
How did the government regulate the environment during the Dust Bowl?
answer
Created Soil Conservation Service - Shelterbelts
question
Created Soil Conservation Service
answer
paid farmers to take some crops out of production to preserve soil
question
Shelterbelts
answer
220 mil trees on 99th meridian as a windbreaker
question
"Dust Bowl"
answer
Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
question
"Oakies"
answer
Nickname for Migrant Workers from the state of Oklahoma
question
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
answer
A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.
question
Effects of electricity on farmers?
answer
broke down barrier between urban and rural life
question
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
answer
cheap electricity for isolated area
question
Effects of the Grand Coulee on the West
answer
largest electric dam irrigation to major crops
question
Relationship between the New Deal and artists
answer
entire community not just cultural elite
question
How did the New Deal change the role of the U.S. government?
answer
gov involve in social life
question
What was the long-term legacy of the New Deal?
answer
shift from republican to democrats
