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Foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt that was based on the proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far," which advocated that the US engage in diplomacy but also maintain a strong military readiness to back up US goals

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"Big stick" diplomacy

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Law that authorized the President to divide tribal land and distribute it to individual Native Americans; it gave 160 acres of land to each head of the household and promised eventual US citizenship in an attempt to assimilate them

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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

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Book by Alfred Thayer Mahan that argued nations should expand their world power through foreign commerce and a strong navy; strongly influenced American politicians who advocated expansion, especially Theodore Roosevelt

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The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)

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Policy set forth in 1899 in letters sent to world powers by Secretary of State John Hay preventing further partitioning of China by European powers and protecting the principle of free trade for all nations within China

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Open Door Notes

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US army general who directed attacks against Native Americans in the 1870s; commanded forces killed in 1876 at Little Bighorn in Montana

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George Armstrong Custer

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Officer in United States Navy who led a surprise attack in the Manila Bay in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War that destroyed the entire Spanish fleet

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George Dewey

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Leader of Nez Perce who were forced to give up their homeland by the US army and flee toward Canada; captured in 1877

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Chief Joseph

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Leader of the Sioux in their clash with the US army in the Black Hills in 1876 and 1877

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Sitting Bull

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These cases involved the extent to which constitutional rights are granted to people of newly acquired US territories. The Court ruled that the Constitution does not necessarily guarantee these rights unless they are granted by Congress

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Insular Cases (1901 to 1904)

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Settlers who rushed into Indian Territory upon its opening for settlement

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"89ers"

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Name given by Native Americans to black soldiers in the U.S. Army who served in the West during the late 1800s and early 1900s.

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Buffalo soldier

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Techniques used to raise crops in areas that receive little rain

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Dry farming

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Group of African Americans who migrated to the Great Plains after Reconstruction; many were led by "Pap" Singleton

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Exodusters

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Agreement between the US and Japan that restricted Japanese worker immigration in exchange for the right of Japanese children to attend schools in California

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Gentleman's Agreement (1907)

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Town that has been abandoned due to a lack of economic activity

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Ghost town

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A force of US naval ships that undertook a world cruise in 1907 to demonstrate TR‟s "big stick" policy

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Great White Fleet

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Policy of a stronger nation which creates an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily

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Imperialism

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A feeling of intense national pride and a desire for an aggressive foreign policy; often encouraged by yellow journalists, Social Darwinists, and naval expansionists

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Jingoism

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Moving of cattle from the Texas grasslands to railroad centers in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming that shipped the cattle to the market

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Long drive

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Location of the shooting by army troops of over 300 group of captured, unarmed Sioux in their attempt to end the Ghost Dance; last major battle between the US army and the Indians

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Wounded Knee (1890)

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Attempt by farmers, debtors, and silver miners to convince the federal government to increase the use of silver coins to increase the supply of money to increase inflation

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Free silver movement

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A method of mining used by individual prospectors

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Placer mining

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Area that the federal government controlled that was set aside for Native Americans who had lost their homelands in wars or treaties

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Reservation

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People who staked out claims in Indian Territory before it was legally opened to settlement

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"Sooners"

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Area of economic and political control exerted by one nation over another nation

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Sphere of influence

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Argument made by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier regions had strongly influenced the development of democracy and individualism in American life

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Turner thesis (1893)

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Citizen who takes the law into his or her own hands, without authority from the government

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Vigilante

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Law that offered 160 acres of government land in the West to settlers who lived on the land for five years

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Homestead Act (1862)

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Law in which the federal government distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments to sell pay for state agriculture colleges

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Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862)

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A political party founded in 1874 to promote the use of paper currency to increase inflation.

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Greenback Party

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Sensationalistic press accounts of the Cuban situation in the 1890s, led by William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, which helped mobilize pro-interventionist public opinion prior to the Spanish-American War

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Yellow journalism

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Newspaper publisher of the New York Journal who used "yellow journalism" in the 1890s to stir up sentiment in favor of the Spanish-American War

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William Randolph Hearst

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Newspaper publisher of the New York World who used "yellow journalism" in the 1890s to stir up sentiment in favor of the Spanish-American War

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Joseph Pulitzer

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Book written by Reverend Josiah Strong that advocated US expansion to allow American missionaries to spread American religions and values to other nations

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Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis (1885)

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Social organization founded in 1867 by Oliver Kelley in Minnesota to help farmers cooperate economically and politically

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The Grange (Patrons of Husbandry)

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Historian who wrote an essay in 1893 emphasizing the western frontier as a powerful force in the formation of the American character

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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Queen of Hawaii who was unjustly overthrown by American business leaders living in Hawaii in 1893 after she insisted that Native Hawaiians have more political control

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Queen Lilioukalani

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Central American waterway built by the US that vastly improved American naval defenses but angered Colombia because the US encouraged a Panamanian revolt

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Panama Canal

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US and Japan agreed to respect each other‟s territorial holdings in the Pacific Ocean

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Root Takahira Agreement (1908)

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Treaty that ended the Spanish American War; Spain agreed to Cuban independence and the US obtained control of the Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

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Treaty of Paris (1898)

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Sioux leaders Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeated the US army forces led by General Custer during the Second Sioux War

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Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)

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Conflict that started when gold was discovered on the Sioux reservation and the federal government allowed thousands of miners to go into the Black Hills and claimed, despite treaty promises to the Sioux.

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Second Sioux War (1875 to 1877)

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War with Spain to free Cuba from Spanish control and protect US business investments in Cuba; ended in US victory

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Spanish American War (1898)

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Filipino nationalist who led an insurrection against both Spanish rule (1898) and US occupation after the Spanish American War (1899 to 1901)

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Emilio Aguinaldo

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Revolt against US occupation of the Philippines at the end of the Spanish American War

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Philippine Insurrection (1899 to 1902)

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Agreement between Japan and Russia negotiated by President Roosevelt, which earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906

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Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

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US intervened to settle a dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana over land, demonstrating that the US would uphold the Monroe Doctrine

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Venezuelan boundary dispute (1895)

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Leader of the Sioux who helped defeat Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, who was later captured by the US army

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Crazy Horse

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Religious ritual celebrating the earlier freedom of the Indians; the federal government banned it in 1890

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Ghost dance

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Theory that the availability of the frontier reduced social problems in American by providing economic opportunities for eastern factory workers

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"Safety valve"

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Program of reforms to help farmers adopted by the National Farmers‟ Alliance in Florida; ideas adopted by the Populist Party in 1892 and 1896

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Ocala Platform (1890)

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Leader of the Apache Indians of the Southwest who fought against the US army until they were captured and forced to settle on government reservations

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Geronimo

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Rich deposit of gold and silver discovered in 1859 that brought wealth to Nevada in the 1860s and 1870s

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Comstock lode

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Former Indian Territory where "sooners" tried to get the jump on "boomers" when it was opened for settlement in 1889

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Oklahoma

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Improved type of fencing that allowed farmers to enclose land on treeless plains

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Barbed wire

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Reformer who wrote A Century of Dishonor and Ramona to arouse sympathy for the plight of the Indians

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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Eloquent leader of the Farmers‟ Alliance from Kansas who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell"

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Mary E. Lease

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Valuable naval base acquired by the US from Hawaii in 1887

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Pearl Harbor

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Congressional statement that the US would not annex Cuba to the US after the nation was free from Spanish rule

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Teller Amendment

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The US defeated the Spanish fleet in a dramatic naval victory in Manila, which led to the US acquisition of these islands in the Pacific at the end of the Spanish American War

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Philippines

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Aggressive Assistant Secretary of the Navy who advocated for US imperialism and led a cavalry regiment known as the "Rough Riders" during the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba

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Theodore Roosevelt

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Extension of the Monroe Doctrine that declared a US right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations to guarantee debt repayment and prevent European intervention

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Roosevelt Corollary

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US battleship sent to Cuba to protect US business investments in 1898 whose explosion was blamed on Spain

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USS Maine

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Part of Cuba‟s 1901 Constitution which gave the US the right to keep two naval stations in Cuba and to intervene to keep order

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Platt Amendment

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Theodore Roosevelt led this cavalry group during the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba

answer

Rough Riders

question

Anti-foreign Chinese revolt that brought military intervention by western troops, including the US

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Boxer Rebellion (1900)

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A political party established primarily by former members of the Farmers' Alliance and Greenback Party that sought to inflate the currency with silver dollars, regulate the railroads, and establish an income tax; Democrats adopted some of its platform in 1896 and it died out after the defeat of joint candidate William Jennings Bryan, higher farm prices, and discoveries of gold in Alaska

answer

Populist (People's) Party (1892)

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Railway workers' strike that started when the Pullman Company cut workers‟ wages but not the company housing rents; the strike spread nationwide under the leadership of Eugene Debs, leader of the American Railway Union

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Pullman strike (1894)

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This case involved the Illinois law that prohibited the practice of charging different rates for long and short hauls. The Court ruled that only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce, so railroads could not be regulated by states

answer

Wabash v. Illinois (1886)

question

Short-lived pro-farmer and worker third party that gained over a million votes and elected fourteen Congressmen in 1878

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Greenback Labor Party

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Political party founded to promote the issuance of paper currency to increase inflation

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Greenback Party (1874)

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Westerners and farmers description of the decision by the federal government to stop making silver dollars, thus limiting the supply of money

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Crime of '73

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Law that required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver

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Bland-Allison Act (1878)

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This case involved the Illinois law that prohibited the practice of charging different rates for long and short hauls. The Court ruled that only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce, so railroads could not be regulated by states

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Wabash v. Illinois (1886)

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Short-lived pro-farmer and worker third party that gained over a million votes and elected fourteen Congressmen in 1878

answer

Greenback Labor Party

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State laws in the 1870s and 1880s which regulated railroads; declared unconstitutional in the Supreme Court case of Wabash v. Illinois in 1886

answer

Granger laws

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Author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the US rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy

answer

Alfred T. Mahan

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Organization formed to encourage cooperative buying and selling among farmers and to support laws to regulate railroads

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National Farmers‟ Alliance (1889)

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A movement among Christian ministers who believed that churches had an obligation to help the poor

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Social gospel

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Political activist and women's rights leader in the late 1800s who served as president of NAWSA from 1892 until 1900

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Susan B. Anthony

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Author of Progress and Poverty (1879) linking land speculation to poverty; proposed a single tax based on land value

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Henry George

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Progressive reformer active from 1886 to 1920 who worked in state and federal government for laws on child labor, workplace safety, and consumer protection

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Florence Kelley

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Reformer who wrote How the Other Half Lives, describing the lives of poor immigrants in New York City in the late 1800s

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Jacob Riis

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Image of the independent "new woman" of the 1890s

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Gibson girl

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Book that advertised a wide range of goods that could be purchased by mail

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Mail-order catalog

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Relating to a city

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Municipal

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Supreme Court decision that allowed states to regulate certain businesses, including railroads, within their borders; overturned by the Wabash decision in 1886

answer

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

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Women‟s rights group formed in 1890 that worked nationwide to obtain the right to vote and other civil rights

answer

National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

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Women's rights group formed in 1869 and led by Susan B. Anthony that refused to support the 14th and 15th Amendments because they did not guarantee voting rights for women; worked to obtain a national amendment to guarantee women‟s suffrage

answer

National Women's Suffrage Association

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Moderate women's rights group formed in 1869 that supported the 14th and 15th Amendment that worked to get individual states to give women the right to vote

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American Women's Suffrage Association

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Person who gives donations to worthy causes

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Philanthropist

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Variety-show popular in the late 1800s and early 1900s

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Vaudeville

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Newspaper publisher who used "yellow journalism" (sensationalism) to make his newspaper The New York Journal successful

answer

William R. Hearst

question

Author of popular dime novels in which young men worked hard and led "clean" lives and earned fame and fortune.

answer

Horatio Alger

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Requirement that students attend school; supported by educational reformers of the late 1800s but opposed by some families and businesses who depended on child labor

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Compulsory education

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People who found a way to believe in Christianity and Darwinism

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Religious modernists

question

Newcomers to the US who came mostly from southern and eastern Europe and were frequently blamed for the poverty and corruption in the cities of the late 1800s

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New immigrants

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Darwin's idea of natural selection and survival of the fittest that cast a doubt on the literal interpretation of the Bible

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Theory of evolution

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Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned home to their native country

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Birds of passage

question

Type of ornamental architecture in the late 1800s made popular by Henry Richardson who is often referred to as the "first American architect"

answer

Richardsonian

question

President of NAWSA in the early 1900s who argued that women should be given the right to vote because it would lead to laws that would help family life

answer

Carrie Catt

question

Nativist organization in the 1880s and 1890s that urged restrictions against immigrants and Catholics

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American Protective Association

question

Campaigned for sexual purity and supported a federal law that banned obscene materials, including information about birth control, from being sent through the mail

answer

Anthony Comstock

question

Midwestern born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on realism and humor

answer

Mark Twain

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Gifted New England poet, most of whose works were not published until after her death

answer

Emily Dickinson

question

Civil War nurse and founder of the American Red Cross

answer

Clara Barton

question

Organization founded by Frances Willard and others in 1874 to oppose alcohol consumption

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Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

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Leading Protestant urban "circuit rider" (traveling minister) who tried to revive religion in the industrial cities of the late 1800s

answer

Dwight L. Moody

question

Community center established by Jane Addams that provided social services to people living in the Chicago slums

answer

Hull House

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Book written by Andrew Carnegie which defended the wealth of the industrialists but also argued that they had a responsibility to help society

answer

Gospel of Wealth

question

Privately-owned community center in the late 1800s that provided various services to the urban poor

answer

Settlement house

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First territory and state in the US to allow women to vote

answer

Wyoming

question

Designed the first all-steel skeleton skyscraper in Chicago

answer

Louis Sullivan

question

Religious doctrine preached by ministers in the late 1800s, which argued that churches had a duty to help the poor

answer

Social gospel

question

Area where most of the immigrants to the US came from before 1880

answer

Western Europe

question

Area where most of the "new immigrants" to the US came from after 1880

answer

Eastern Europe

question

Crowded high-rise apartment building with poor standards of sanitation, safety, and comfort.

answer

Dumbbell tenements

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