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american cities experienced tremendous growth between 1865-1900 because peole were drawn from farms in the country to the cities because

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available industrial jobs

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one of the most important factors leading to increased divorce rate of late 19th century was

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stress of urban life

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the place offering great opportunities for women in the USA between 1865-1900 was

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the big city

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one early symbol of the dawning era of US urban consumerism was

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the rise of large department stores

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"new immigrants" who came to the USA after 1880 were

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culturally different from previous immigrants (old were northern european protestants and new were southern and eastern europeans-such as Italians and Poles who brought anarchy and socialism)

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most italian immigrants cam to escape

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poverty and underdevelopment (backwardness)

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"birds of passage"

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immigrant who came to the US to work for a short time and then return home (Europe etc..)

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most new immigrants tried to preserve

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their old country culture

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The "New Immigrants" who came to USA after 1880

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were from S & E Europe (not northern Protestant Euro's), tended to settle in NE cities like Boston, NY, Philadelphia, etc..., & were largely Roman Catholic or Jewish (many pogroms - violent acts directed at Jews) in E Europe, like Russia ( a "push" factor like war, refugee, famine, discrimination, etc...), primarily sought economic opportunity (the "pull" factor), & had been highly mobile even before coming to the USA

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Many native born Americans tended to blame "New Immigrants" for

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corruption of city gov't, lower industrial wages (b/c of some much cheap, unskilled labor available), degradation of life in US cities, & importing alien social & economic doctrines (like anarchism & socialism)

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by 1900 congressional legislation barred the _ and _ from immigrating to the US

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chinese and contract laborers

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Labor unions favored immigration restriction b/c

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most immigrants were not opposed to factory labor, used as scabs/strikebreakers, willing to work for lower wages, difficult to unionize, and non-English speaking

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The American Protective Association (APA) opposed

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immigration, - supported immigration restrictions to support labor in USA (like a labor tariff)

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Religious denomination that responded most favorably to "New Immigration"

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Roman Catholics Why? B/c many were Catholics from Ireland, Italy, and other nations.

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New urban environment - most liberal Protestants - rejected

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Biblical literalism & adapted religious ideas to modern culture (the way Darwin intended)

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Late 19th century, orthodox Protestant churches were challenged by

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- Darwin's theory, mounting emphasis on materialism (consumerism), social doctrines of Catholicism & Judaism

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Darwinian theory of organic evolution through natural selection ("survival of the fittest") affected US religion by

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creating a split between religious conservatives who denied evolution and "accomodationists" who supported it

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Settlement Houses such as Hull House engaged in

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child care, English instruction, cultural activities, social reform lobbying (no instruction in socialism)

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In the 1890s, positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and/or telephone operators were largely reserved for

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native born (white) women

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The new, research-oriented, modern American university tended to

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deemphasize religious & moral instruction in favor of practical subjects & professional specialization

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The "pragmatists" were a school of American philosophers who emphasized

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the provisional & fallible nature of knowledge & valued ideas that (practically) solved problems

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Americans offered growing support for a free public education system bc

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people accepted the idea that a free & democratic gov't cannot function w/out educated citizens

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Post-Civil War era witnessed

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an increase in compulsory (mandatory) school attendance laws

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Booker T. Washington believed the key to political & civil rights for Af-Am's was

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economic independence

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Af-Am leader, Booker T. Washington promoted

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black self-help but did not challenge segregation

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W E B Du Bois

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- "talented tenth" of Af-Am's should lead the race to full social & political equality

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(Washington vs Du Bois) accepted Jim Crow but sought economic equality & independence; demanded total equality immediately

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Washington, Du Bois

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helped start the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - NAACP

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Du Bois

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Morrill Act of 1862

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granted public lands to states to support higher education (creating state universities through gov't land grants - research oriented & trained military too)

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In decades after Civil War, college education for women increased

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1 in 4 graduates were women

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Major research universities founded after the Civil War

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University of California (Davis), Johns Hopkins, University of Chicago (Rockefeller), Stanford (jr)

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During the industrial revolution, life expectancy

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measurably increased (eventually for most all in society)

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The public library movement in Gilded Age USA greatly aided by generous philanthropy of

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Andrew Carnegie

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American newspapers expanded circulation & public attention by

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printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal (like today) [Called "Yellow Journalism" - Pulitzer's newspaper's "Yellow Kid" - Pulitzer & Hearst]

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Henry George believed the root of social inequality & social injustice lay in

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landowners who gained unearned money from rising land values - wrote Progress and Poverty - argued windfall real estate profits caused by rising land prices should be - taxed at 100% rate by gov't (& used to help the poor)

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Gen. Lewis Wallace's book Ben Hur

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defended Christianity against Darwinism

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American novelists' turn from romanticism & transcendentalism to rugged social realism reflected

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materialism (consumerism) & conflicts of new industrial society

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Authors who reflected increased attention on social problems by those from less affluence in late 19th century

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Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane (The Red Badge of Courage), Kate Chopin

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Late 19th century novels often pusued themes of

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social problems & conflict, the American West, corrupting influences of the city, & dilemmas of the "new woman"

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1865-1900, changes in sexual attitudes & practices were reflected

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- soaring (higher) divorce rates, spreading practice of birth control (Comstock & Sanger), more frank (open) sexual discussion, & more women working outside of the home

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In course of late 19th century, family size

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gradually decreased

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By 1900, advocates for women's suffrage

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argued vote enabled women to extend roles as mothers & homemakers in public world - not as equals to men and therefore deserving - this was a strategic shift from earlier emphasis on equality

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National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

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- limited its membership to whites only

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Carrie Chapman Catt (new head of NAWSA) argued women should be granted suffrage b/c

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in city, women needed to affect such issues as public health & education & suffrage was a logical extension of a women's traditional role/"sphere" ("cult of domesticity") in caring for the home & family - not equality w/ men - a shift away from past arguments for women's suffrage

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Growing prohibition/temperance movement especially reflected the concerns of

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many middle class women (Husbands often drank away paycheck &/or w/ prostitutes)

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Term "Richardson" in late 19th century pertained to

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architecture

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During industrialization, Americans increasingly

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shared a common & standard popular culture

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Leading pastimes of late 19th century included

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- bicycling, watching college football, watching baseball, the circus (P.T. Barnum - walked elephants across the new Brooklyn Bridge - suspension steel cable bridge -many people did not trust it at first), & vaudeville (variety acts such as comedians, acrobats, jugglers)

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Sports developed after the Civil War

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basketball, bicycling (huge craze once "safety bicycle" was invented - Wright Brothers owned a bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio), croquet, college football (very dangerous compared to today b/c of rules not yet applied, lack of protection)

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By 1900, American cities were becoming

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heavily populated, segregated by race & ethnicity (neighborhoods), & more homogenous

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