Test Answers on APUSH CH 25 – Flashcards
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"new immigrants" who came to the USA after 1880 were
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culturally different from previous immigrants (old were northern european protestants and new were southern and eastern europeans-such as Italians and Poles who brought anarchy and socialism)
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most italian immigrants cam to escape
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poverty and underdevelopment (backwardness)
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"birds of passage"
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immigrant who came to the US to work for a short time and then return home (Europe etc..)
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most new immigrants tried to preserve
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their old country culture
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The "New Immigrants" who came to USA after 1880
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were from S & E Europe (not northern Protestant Euro's), tended to settle in NE cities like Boston, NY, Philadelphia, etc..., & were largely Roman Catholic or Jewish (many pogroms - violent acts directed at Jews) in E Europe, like Russia ( a "push" factor like war, refugee, famine, discrimination, etc...), primarily sought economic opportunity (the "pull" factor), & had been highly mobile even before coming to the USA
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Many native born Americans tended to blame "New Immigrants" for
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corruption of city gov't, lower industrial wages (b/c of some much cheap, unskilled labor available), degradation of life in US cities, & importing alien social & economic doctrines (like anarchism & socialism)
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by 1900 congressional legislation barred the _ and _ from immigrating to the US
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chinese and contract laborers
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Labor unions favored immigration restriction b/c
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most immigrants were not opposed to factory labor, used as scabs/strikebreakers, willing to work for lower wages, difficult to unionize, and non-English speaking
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The American Protective Association (APA) opposed
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immigration, - supported immigration restrictions to support labor in USA (like a labor tariff)
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Religious denomination that responded most favorably to "New Immigration"
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Roman Catholics Why? B/c many were Catholics from Ireland, Italy, and other nations.
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New urban environment - most liberal Protestants - rejected
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Biblical literalism & adapted religious ideas to modern culture (the way Darwin intended)
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Late 19th century, orthodox Protestant churches were challenged by
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- Darwin's theory, mounting emphasis on materialism (consumerism), social doctrines of Catholicism & Judaism
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Darwinian theory of organic evolution through natural selection ("survival of the fittest") affected US religion by
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creating a split between religious conservatives who denied evolution and "accomodationists" who supported it
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Settlement Houses such as Hull House engaged in
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child care, English instruction, cultural activities, social reform lobbying (no instruction in socialism)
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In the 1890s, positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and/or telephone operators were largely reserved for
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native born (white) women
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The new, research-oriented, modern American university tended to
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deemphasize religious & moral instruction in favor of practical subjects & professional specialization
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The "pragmatists" were a school of American philosophers who emphasized
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the provisional & fallible nature of knowledge & valued ideas that (practically) solved problems
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Americans offered growing support for a free public education system bc
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people accepted the idea that a free & democratic gov't cannot function w/out educated citizens
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Post-Civil War era witnessed
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an increase in compulsory (mandatory) school attendance laws
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Booker T. Washington believed the key to political & civil rights for Af-Am's was
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economic independence
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Af-Am leader, Booker T. Washington promoted
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black self-help but did not challenge segregation
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W E B Du Bois
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- "talented tenth" of Af-Am's should lead the race to full social & political equality
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(Washington vs Du Bois) accepted Jim Crow but sought economic equality & independence; demanded total equality immediately
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Washington, Du Bois
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helped start the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - NAACP
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Du Bois
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Morrill Act of 1862
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granted public lands to states to support higher education (creating state universities through gov't land grants - research oriented & trained military too)
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In decades after Civil War, college education for women increased
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1 in 4 graduates were women
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Major research universities founded after the Civil War
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University of California (Davis), Johns Hopkins, University of Chicago (Rockefeller), Stanford (jr)
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During the industrial revolution, life expectancy
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measurably increased (eventually for most all in society)
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The public library movement in Gilded Age USA greatly aided by generous philanthropy of
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Andrew Carnegie
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American newspapers expanded circulation & public attention by
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printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal (like today) [Called "Yellow Journalism" - Pulitzer's newspaper's "Yellow Kid" - Pulitzer & Hearst]
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Henry George believed the root of social inequality & social injustice lay in
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landowners who gained unearned money from rising land values - wrote Progress and Poverty - argued windfall real estate profits caused by rising land prices should be - taxed at 100% rate by gov't (& used to help the poor)
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Gen. Lewis Wallace's book Ben Hur
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defended Christianity against Darwinism
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American novelists' turn from romanticism & transcendentalism to rugged social realism reflected
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materialism (consumerism) & conflicts of new industrial society
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Authors who reflected increased attention on social problems by those from less affluence in late 19th century
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Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane (The Red Badge of Courage), Kate Chopin
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Late 19th century novels often pusued themes of
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social problems & conflict, the American West, corrupting influences of the city, & dilemmas of the "new woman"
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1865-1900, changes in sexual attitudes & practices were reflected
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- soaring (higher) divorce rates, spreading practice of birth control (Comstock & Sanger), more frank (open) sexual discussion, & more women working outside of the home
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In course of late 19th century, family size
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gradually decreased
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By 1900, advocates for women's suffrage
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argued vote enabled women to extend roles as mothers & homemakers in public world - not as equals to men and therefore deserving - this was a strategic shift from earlier emphasis on equality
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National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
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- limited its membership to whites only
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Carrie Chapman Catt (new head of NAWSA) argued women should be granted suffrage b/c
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in city, women needed to affect such issues as public health & education & suffrage was a logical extension of a women's traditional role/"sphere" ("cult of domesticity") in caring for the home & family - not equality w/ men - a shift away from past arguments for women's suffrage
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Growing prohibition/temperance movement especially reflected the concerns of
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many middle class women (Husbands often drank away paycheck &/or w/ prostitutes)
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Term "Richardson" in late 19th century pertained to
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architecture
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During industrialization, Americans increasingly
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shared a common & standard popular culture
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Leading pastimes of late 19th century included
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- bicycling, watching college football, watching baseball, the circus (P.T. Barnum - walked elephants across the new Brooklyn Bridge - suspension steel cable bridge -many people did not trust it at first), & vaudeville (variety acts such as comedians, acrobats, jugglers)
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Sports developed after the Civil War
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basketball, bicycling (huge craze once "safety bicycle" was invented - Wright Brothers owned a bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio), croquet, college football (very dangerous compared to today b/c of rules not yet applied, lack of protection)
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By 1900, American cities were becoming
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heavily populated, segregated by race & ethnicity (neighborhoods), & more homogenous
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