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in the late nineteenth century industry in the united states

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saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth

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cyrus field, jp morgan, john d rockefeller, andrew carnegie, samuel morse

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John D. Rockefeller began to develop an oil empire by taking control of competing oil companies in Ohio

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prior to the civil war the steel industry in the united states

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saw little development, barely developed at all

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the process of making steel developed by henry bessemer

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included blowing air through molten iron, involved adding ingredients to molten iron, was also developed by an American, William Kelly, included both blowing air through and adding ingredients to molten iron

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the open hearth process of making steel, abram hewitt

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made the production of large dimension pieces possible

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in the united states the steel industry first emerged in

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Pennsylvania and Ohio

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important centers for steel production

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Pittsburgh Chicago Birmingham Detroit NOT Atlanta

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in the late nineteenth century the needs of the american steel industry directly contributed to the further development of

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NOT the automobile industry steam engine technology, freighters on the Great Lakes, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the oil industry

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the first significant oil production in the united states

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occurred in Pennsylvania

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in the 1870s the internal combustion engine

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developed in Europe

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in 1917 automobile production in the united states

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saw five million cars on American roads

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orville and wilbur wrights first successful airplane flight in 1903

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took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

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in 1900 the emergence of research laboratories in american corporations

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led to a diversification of research interests

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in the early twentieth century a principal goal of taylorism

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organize industrial production into many simple tasks

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a key to henry fords success in mass production of automobiles

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the use of interchangeable parts

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in 1929 the base price of a ford model t

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$290

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the american railroad industry in the late nineteenth century

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included the nation's largest businesses, relied partially on government subsidies for its growth, was among the first to adopt new corporate form of organization, became a national symbol of concentrated economic power did NOT see Congress outlaw railroad combinations

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during the late nineteenth century the growth of large corporations was helped

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by sales of company stock to the public, by "limited liability" laws, by the realization that great ventures could not be financed by any single person.

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what men are significantly associated with steel industry

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Henry Bessemer Andrew Carnegie J. Pierpont Morgan Henry Clay Frick NOT James J. Hill

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vertical integration

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Carnegie Steel & Standard Oil

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horizontal integration

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Carnegie Steel & Standard Oil

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to john d rockefeller the great curse of business in the late nineteenth century

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cutthroat competition

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in the american business community at the end of the nineteenth century

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one percent of businesses controlled one-third of all manufacturing

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in the late nineteenth century most american business millionaires

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began their careers from positions of wealth and privilege

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the social theory of social darwinism

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promoted the idea that capitalism offered all people a chance for great wealth

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in the late nineteenth century social darwinists argued

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people who failed economically in the United States did so because they had poor individual character

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in the late nineteenth century the first and most important promoter of social darwinism

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Herbert Spencer

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according to the ideas expressed by andrew carnegie in his gospel of wealth

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the rich had great responsibilities to society

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in his books horatio alger

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emphasized the value of personal character in business

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the late nineteenth century sociologist lester frank ward

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believed that human intelligence, not natural selection, shaped society

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in the late nineteenth century daniel de leon

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founded the Socialist Labor Party in the United States

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in the late nineteenth century the social writer henry george argued

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a single land tax to replace all other taxes

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edward bellamys 1888 book looking backward

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imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust

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in the late nineteenth century due to the growth of industrial capitalism american workers

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saw a rise in their standard of living, experienced a loss in their control over their own work, were forced to contend with arduous and dangerous working conditions

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during the 1870s and 1880s immigrants to the united states

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came from Great Britain and northern Europe

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until its repeal in 1885 the labor contract law

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put many new immigrants in debt to American businessmen

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by 1900 the average yearly income of american workers

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NOT about $600, did NOT allow most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living, did NOT remain generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles

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in 1900 in regards to the work conditions in american factories

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laborers could expect to work at least sixty hours a week

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during the late nineteenth century child labor in the united states

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increased significantly

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the molly maguires

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were a militiant labor union in the coal industry

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the great railroad strike of 1877

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was launched in response to a wage cut

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the knights of labor

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began as a secret fraternal organization

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at its height in 1886 the knights of labor

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was led by Terence V. Powderly

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the american federation of labor

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Samuel Gompers was the leader

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the hay market square riot of 1886

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resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists

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during the late nineteenth century century anarchists in the united states

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were relatively peaceful, were linked with violence and terrorism in the public mind, became tied to the labor movement in the public mind

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in what industry, the homestead act of 1892

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steel

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events, the homestead strike of 1892

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Henry Frick shut down the plant in an attempt to destroy the Amalgamated union, the entire Pennsylvania National Guard was ordered to protect strikebreakers, hundred of guards hired by Homestead were defeated in a deadly battle with strikers, one radical made a failed attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick Amalgamated trade union did NOT win the strike

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the pullman strike of 1894 began when george pullman, owner of the company

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cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy

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the pullman strike of 1894

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saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike

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eugene debs

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played a leading role in Pullman strike

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in the late nineteenth century reasons organized labor failed to make great gains

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tensions between ethnic and racial groups which divided the work force, labor unions which faced powerful and wealthy corporations, geographical mobility which served to dilute institutional ties and class consciousness, major labor organizations which represented only a small percentage of the industrial work force. NOT state and federal laws to protect the rights of workers which did not exist

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