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The Clovis people

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ppl from Mongolian origins. made up the land migrations, crossing over from asia over land bridge into modern-day alaska, brought on by development of stone tools (spears). other non-clovis people came by water.

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developments that led to civilizations

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fishing, hunting, gathering tools developed, farming of corn*, beans, and squash, sedentary settlements developed from the farming.

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where were the early civilizations in the americas most developed/elaborate?

answer

in south/central america and mexico

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the Incas

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located in peru in early 15th c, with capital city of cuzco, and were the largest empire in the Americas. leader pacachuti expanded the empire territorially and thru persuasion, and its innovative admin. systems and network of paved roads helped strengthen it too.

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the Olmecs

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the first truly complex society in the Americas, 1000BC

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the Maya

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located in central America and Yucatan Peninsula around 800 BC. very sophisticated w/ own written lang., number system, calendar, agricultural system, trade routes. downfall by the aztecs

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The Aztecs/ Mexica

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captial city of tenochtitlan was the greatest city ever built at the time. created aqueducts to connect water supplies, built public buildings, boys' schools, organized military and medical system, slave work force of conquered tribes.

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the mexica tribute system

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tax paid in goods, crops, animals, etc. and enforced by military power. allowed mexica to dominate central mexico and beyond

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mexica religion

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polytheistic, gods feed on human sacrifices

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weaknesses of the early civilizations

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not as strong / developed as the invading europeans, couldn't defend themselves against them, their weapons, diseases, etc., but still became great civilizations

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early civilizations in USA and Canada

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smaller and less elaborate empires than the south, but still complex with hunting (moose and caribou), gathering, fishing (salmon), farming, nomads

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Eskimos

answer

lived in arctic circle - vast, frozen land. fished and hunted seals and used dogsledding as transportation.

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pueblos

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stone and adobe terraced structures found in the chaco canyon in the SW

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Great Plains Indians

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sedentary farming as well as buffalo hunting nomads. 18th c: Europeans brought horse to america and allowed buffalo hunting to support a large pop., people can pursue herds.

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Linguistic Roots

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linked the tribes, but they never really united mil. language groups: algonquian (biggest, North), iroquoian (NY), muskogean (east)

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the Agricultural revolution

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more sedentary tribes, new food, clothing, shelter sources, pop. growth, elaborate social customs and rituals

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Native American Religion

answer

crucial to tribes and tied with natural world, polytheistic with many gods of nature, totems used in rituals

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Gender roles of tribes

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women take care of children, make and gather food, some worked in the fields. left alone while men away --> control social and econom. organization of settlements, some tribes even traced matrilineally.

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What sparked European exploration of the new world?

answer

1)new population rebound after the black death: reawakens commerce, trade, shipbuilding/navigation, and increases interest in finding new markets for goods and trade routes 2) nationalism: new more united and powerful governments develop. the monarchs want to increase their wealth and power as much as possible

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First European country to finance expeditions to the new world

answer

Portugal: they wanted to find a western route to Asia (muslims had east). Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama explored the western coast and southern tip of africa, and da Gama reached india

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Christopher Columbus

answer

explorer from Italy who wanted to find a western route to asia. rejected by portugal for financing, so he turned to strongest european monarchy: spain w/ Ferdinand and Isabella. Sailed for Japan in august 1492 with the Nina, the Pinta and Santa Maria. believed from his maps that there was nothing but water between europe and asia so when he landed on island in the bahamas and cuba, he thought it was japan and china. returned with natives "indians" as evidence. later founded colony on hispaniola. effect: allowed spain to overpower portugal in seafaring

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Amerigo Vespucci

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new world named after him. explorer who realized the Americas were a whole new continent.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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strait of magellan named after him. crossed into and named pacific ocean, sailed to philippines where he died. his expedition continued to accomplish 1st known circumnavigation of the globe

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Spain claims all of America except for

answer

Brazil - given to portugal by papal decree

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goal of the conquistadores

answer

indian slaves, treasure: gold, silver after discovered in mexico/south america

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Hernando Cortes

answer

most brutal spanish conquistador. sent 600 military men to mexico in search of treasure. met resistance by aztecs and emperor Montezuma. smallpox epidemic decimated natives and were defeated by cortez's 2nd attempt.

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Franciso Pizarro

answer

conquered peru - fall of inca empire

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Legacy of Conquistadores

answer

military daring, achievement, also brutality and greed. conquest, exploitation, extermination of natives = creation of spanish empire in New World

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3 Periods of Spanish Empire

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1) age of discovery and exploration 2) age of conquistadores 3)colonization

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Spain's goals as a whole for the americas

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1) wealth (conquistadores) 2) agricultural economy 2) conversion

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Religion and Spanish Empire

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Ferdinand and Isabella made Catholicism the only accepted religion in the new world. missions started in order to convert the natives, protected by military bases called presidios. missionary efforts spread the Church throughout the new world.

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St. Augustine

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first permanent european settlement in the US. spanish fort, military outpost, and missionary center in FL founded in 1565.

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The colony of New Mexico

answer

Don Juan de Onate came from mexico and claimed Pueblo indian land for spain and established the colony. founded Santa Fe (1609). onate = cruel, used enconmiendas as licenses to exact labor and tribute from the pueblos. relationship improved over time after onate removed as governor and some pueblos converted.

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ranchos

answer

ranches around the towns where cattle and sheep were raised - economic center for pueblos

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Pueblo Revolt of 1680

answer

gov't suppressed tribal rituals incompatible with christianity, major droughts, and raids by apache and navajo enemies = instability. Pope (indian religious leader) lead the revolt, captured santa de and temporarily drove out the spanish who came back and crushed the revolt 12 yrs later. result: compromise: spanish increased assimilation efforts w/ pueblos, allowed them to own land, replaced enconmienda system, became allies against apaches and navajos. significance: rejected both christianity and spanish culture, almost destroyed the colony

question

Contrasting early English and spanish colonies

answer

1) spain more successful in extracting wealth from colonies and had stricter commercial policies (all trade thru one port, 2 voyages/year) 2) english colonies more independent of the throne, spanish colonies subject to direct authority of the monarchy 3) english (dutch and french too) = more focus on permanent settlement and family life in colonies but spain did not "people" its colonies and were outnumbered by natives.

question

most profound exchange between Europe and americas

answer

disease

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European disease and exchange

answer

diseases like smallpox imported from europe, natives not immune and millions died = demographic catastrophe: as much as 90%-95% of natives died in some areas

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another cause of decimation

answer

deliberate extermination b/c natives seen as uncivilized, inhuman savages.

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Beneficial Exchange/Columbian Exchange

answer

from europe: new crops to america (bananas and sugar), livestock imported and domesticated (cattle, sheep, horses*) from americas: new agricultural techniques for the new land, new crops (maize = staple) like squash, pumpkins, potatoes, beans, peppers etc.

question

Indian and European cultures mix

answer

why: europeans and indians lived in near constant close contact with each other, and european men outnumbered european women, needed domestic labor -intermarriage and mestizos (ppl of mixed race) dominated, mixing dialects, hybrid of faiths developed

question

Racial Hierarchy in Spanish colonies

answer

1) spanish 2) mestizos 3) natives -(could "become spanish" is successful/powerful enough)

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role of natives in the colonies

answer

principal labor source, used through slavery or the wage system: forced to work in mines/plantations for fixed periods and couldn't leave w/o consent.

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europe turns to africa

answer

natives can't meet all demands of colonists (decimation) = turning to africa

question

european view of africans

answer

primitive and uncivilized

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most slaves came from

answer

guinea in the west

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Western and Southern Africans Origins

answer

had complex civilizations and political systems, and extensive trade w/ mediterranean (gold,ivory, even slaves)--> had some converts to islam. timbuktu (mali emp. capital) was a trading/learning center. the south was more isolated and politically fragmented. there were no large empires- village and the extended family were the main social units. economy of both: most did fishing, rice cultivation, food crops, livestock. others were hunter-gatherers/nomads.

question

African Gender Roles

answer

matrilineal societies like the indians, but the ways work was divided varied greatly. women= main traders, farmers, caretakers of children and cooks. men hunted fished and raised livestock. **overall greater gender equality than most societies.

question

African religion

answer

some islam. also polytheism: gods and spirits of natural world, ancestor worship, high priests held some power.

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african social hierarchy

answer

1) priests and noble elite 2) middle - farmers, workers, craftsmen (most ppl) 3) slaves

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Origins of African slave trade

answer

oriental slave trade (as early as 8AD) with Mediterranean in response to need for domestic servants, and spread to europe after decimation of native pop and demand for SUGAR

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Role of sugar

answer

sugar = labor intensive crop = demand for workers. native pop. couldn't meet the demands so europe turned to africa = expansion of slave market

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England Begins to colonize

answer

why: 1) attraction to the new world: a place to start new and create a "perfect society" 2) financial, religious, economic troubles in England during Tudor dynasty 3) Enclosure movement creates surplus population issue 4) merchant capitalists and mercantilism urge expansion

question

Sir Thomas more's Utopia

answer

portrayed mythical perfect society to promote interest in the new world (1516)

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Enclosure Movement

answer

converting fields for crops into pastures for sheep to meet the growing demand for wool - consolidating and fencing off land for private property. it displaced poor farmers and tenants which created a large mass of unemployed men roaming around the countryside, often in dangerous gangs. with less land for everyone to cultivate, there was less food to feed growing population = surplus population issue.

question

merchant capitalists

answer

new moderately wealthy class that marketed finished goods like cloth at home and abroad. formed chartered companies --> increased desire to expand markets to new world

question

mercantilism

answer

16th-18th cent. economic ideology. the goal of a nation's economy is to increase the wealth of that nation, and a nation can only prosper at the expense of another. a country must extract as much wealth as possible and export as little as possible. effects: increased competition among countries and urged them to start colonies to increase wealth

question

Richard Hakluyt

answer

propagandist for colonization who believed colonies could bring new goods and markets to England and would become solution to poverty, unemployment, increase self-sufficiency

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Religious incentive for other european countries besides spain

answer

started after protestant reformation

question

Martin Luther: German Reformation

answer

German priest in 16th cent. who challenged catholic doctrine and indulgences: believed salvation thru faith alone, Bible is the only true voice of God, not clergy. only meant to reform from within, but was excommunicated = permanent schism and start of protestant reformation (lutheranism)

question

John Calvin: Swiss Reformation

answer

swiss theologian who believed in predestination: only the "elect" go to heaven, others damned. you can't change your fate, can only try to figure out what it is --> incentive to live virtuous lives. the congregation should be main unit, not a hierarchy, also believed in sola scriptura and a personal covenant with God. became calvinism--> huguenots, puritanism.

question

The English Reformation

answer

King Henry VIII asked pope for divorce from his spanish wife, pope refused and Henry used his authority to break england's ties with RCC to become the supreme head of the church of england (anglican church). His daughter mary ("bloody mary") restored catholicism thru violence/persecution of protestants, but her successor Elizabeth I severed England's catholic ties again.

question

Puritanism

answer

protestants who wanted to "purify" the Anglican church from all catholicism left in it. Some were radical separatists who worshipped (illegally) in their own independent congregations, but most were moderate non-separatists who wanted to simplify anglican forms of worship, reform the clergy, and increase the Church's spiritual role

question

James I and the Stuart Dynasty

answer

had catholic sympathies--> antagonized puritans who sought refuge in distant lands, also with king Charles afterwards

question

The French and Dutch in America

answer

also driven by mercantilism and settled in north america away from most of spanish threat

question

France in America

answer

1st settlement in Quebec founded in 1608 but protestants excluded and few catholics wanted to leave france = slow growth. Jesuit missionaries and fur traders/trappers established the first native contact in the region. the traders adopted indian life, and the missionaries also assimilated themselves into indian life and allowed the indians to keep their own culture. this allowed french to expand thru n. america, form alliances with tribes (algonquians) and establish a "middle ground" better than england's

question

Samuel de Champlain

answer

founder of quebec who attacked mohawks in 1609

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The Dutch in America

answer

established active fur trade around NY (the Hudson) with the Dutch West india company, and encouraged settlement thru patroons: landlords given large feudal estates in exchange for immigrants. Founded the colony of New Netherland--->New Amsterdam (manhattan)

question

Jamestown

answer

(1607) 1st lasting english settlement in america.

question

Roanoke

answer

modern-day NC discovered and claimed by Sir Walter Raleigh. turned to private investors for funding: Richard Grenville who drops settlers off, raids natives as revenge for theft, then leaves. sir Francis Drake arrives and takes colonists back to england (out of supplies)

question

The Lost Colony

answer

2nd expedition to colonize Roanoke more focused on families ("nucleus of a viable plantation") with john white as commander. white leaves for supplies, held up in england b/c of tension w/ spain, returns 3 years later to find colony completely deserted with no evidence except cryptic inscription "croatoan". colonists either killed by indians or joined native society. ended raleigh's colonization attempts.

question

The Two charter companies in england

answer

london company-->VA company plymouth company--> Council for New England

question

"middle ground"

answer

2 sides forced to work together tolerably thru conforming, compromise, accomodation, but it's temporary - ends when one nation sets out to overpower another french was probably the best at this dutch as well, though more economic and not really any diffusion english were probably the worst: forced middle ground unless they wanted war w/ indians (which later happened)

question

The founding of jamestown

answer

charter granted to VA company by james I and founded in 1607. colony almost failed at first: mostly all men, inadequate diets and disease like malaria, poor leadership and bad location. Lord de La Warr was the first governor

question

Captain john smith

answer

saved the Jamestown colony i by imposing work and order / organizing raids against indians. Lord de la Warr imposed harsh discipline and formed work gangs after him, but that didn't work very well.

question

John Rolfe

answer

VA planter who began to grow tobacco in Jamestown which created profitable but uncertain tobacco economy as cultivation spread. More settlers needed to work in cultivation.

question

Headright system

answer

land grants given to new settlers of jamestown, rewarded those who paid for passages for others. encouraged families to migrate together

question

VA House of Burgesses

answer

met July 30 1619: 1st meeting of elected legislature/representative assembly in the US. allowed the colonists to share in self-gov't

question

how did the jamestown colony grow and survive

answer

thru suppression of indians, esp by sir thomas dale who repeatedly put down powhattans. colonists also borrowed agricultural techniques from the indians like corn

question

First arrival of Black slaves to America

answer

by a Dutch ship in 1619, but planters favored indentured servants b/c cheaper and more abundant

question

The virginia company

answer

the chartered company that started jamestown. brought over women and skilled workers, but defunct about 20 years later, lost all funds, charter revoked by James I and colony put under control of the crown.

question

Founding of Maryland

answer

dream of george Calvert (first lord baltimore) as a refuge for english catholics oppressed by anglican church. son got it chartered by the king and other son became governor.

question

"Act Concerning Religion"

answer

in MD: granted religious toleration even to protestants (needed more settlers) catholics became minority, catholic/protestant conflicts continued, eventually civil war broke out

question

VA's problems after jamestown

answer

how to deal w/ indians

question

Sir William Berkley

answer

appointed governor of VA by Charles I, put down indian uprising in 1644 and agreed not to cross settlement line. proved impossible b/c of growing colonial pop., esp after flight of purtian cromwell's opponents to VA after he won English civil war.

question

Bacon's Rebellion

answer

causes: nathaniel Bacon disagreed w/ policies towards natives, backcountry under constant threat of indian attack b/c on indian land and underrepresented compared to the dominant east. events: bacon led counter-attacks against indians against orders, kicked off governors council, his army marched on jamestown but he later died suddenly. effects: showed unwillingness of settlers to obey agreements w/ natives, potential for instability betw. landless western men and landed eastern gentry that was hard for colonial gov't to control. also leads to growth of african slave trade to prevent social unrest.

question

Plymouth Plantaton

answer

Separatist Puritans living in holland gained permission from VA company to settle in VA where the king would not interfere. Sailed on Mayflower in 1620 w/ both "saints" and "Strangers". destination was hudson river valley but actually landed on cape cod, on land cleared by indians killed by disease. indians like squanto helped them live off the new land.

question

The Mayflower Compact

answer

Plymouth settlers were going to land on area outside of VA company territory, so they made the compact to establish civil gov't and give allegiance to the king

question

William Bradford

answer

leader of Puritans, historian, governor.

question

The Massachusetts Bay Experiment

answer

John Winthrop founded it as a safe haven a in new england for (non-separatist) puritans oppressed in England and a "city upon a hill" for piety, thrift, hard work. chartered by Mass. Bay Company. Boston became Mass. Bay Company headquarters and capital.

question

Religion in Mass. Bay colony

answer

not totally broken off from england, but set up "congregation church"- became a theocracy with a tax supported church.

question

founding of Connecticut

answer

connecticut valley attracted new settlers who didn't follow the other colonies' religions, also b/c of its fertile land. Thomas Hooker led his congregation to Hartford and established Fundamental Orders of Connecticut for self gov't. the Fundamental Orders of New Haven later established New Haven (also from religious dissent), which joined w/ Hartford to make connecticut as a royal colony.

question

Rhode Island

answer

Founded by Separatist Roger Williams of MA who was banished from Mass Bay b/c he called for complete separation of church and state and believed only indians had right to their land. founded providence in 1644, his charter from Parliament established gov't w/ freedom of religion.

question

Anne Hutchinson

answer

believed Mass. Clergy not among the elect and had no right to spiritual office, went against assumptions of proper role of Puritan women and gained a large female following. she was banished from Mass. Bay and moved to RI

question

New Hampshire and Maine

answer

Hutchinson's followers originally moved to the area, established by two proprietors who received grant from the council of New England (former plymouth company)

question

Role of Natives for Settlers

answer

nearly exterminated by disease and conflicts but provided assistance to settlers on how to live on and farm their land, also formed a lucrative trade business with them. this middle ground did not last long

question

the Pequot war (1637)

answer

settlers in connecticut valley and pequot indians competed for trade w/ Dutch and land for ppl and livestock. colonists allied w/ rival indians against pequots and almost wiped them out

question

King Philip's War

answer

the most prolonged and deadly encounter with indians in the colonial period betw. Wampanoags under chief King Philip and Mass. settlers. Puritans sentenced 2 "praying Indians" to death for killing a non-praying indian which caused tension and when Puritans shot a non-praying indian = war. Mohawks assisted puritans and quickly defeated Wampanoags- decimated them.

question

the flintlock rifle

answer

used in these indian conflicts by indians and settlers which allowed them to inflict more casualties. indians were still no match for colonists in their numbers and weapons expertise.

question

The Restoration Colonies

answer

Stuart Restoration (after oliver Cromwell's death) put Charles II on the throne who awarded his attendants with land grants: the carolinas, NY, NJ, PA as proprietary colonies

question

Founding of The Carolinas

answer

Colony carved out of VA by Charles I to proprietors/land speculators who tried to attract settlers thru the headright system and by promising religious freedom to christians and a rep. assembly. efforts failed but Anthony Ashley cooper later financed migration from England and founded charleston in 1690. Cooper and John Locke drew up the Fundamental Constitution for Caroline, created elaborate system of land distribution and social order.

question

North and South Carolina: differences and conflicts

answer

differences: the north and south remained separated socially and economically. North = backwoods territory w/ subsistence farming and South = more prosperous and aristocratic with its trade -rice is principal crop- and location of Charleston. South also had ties to Barbados/Caribbean where slavery existed and white caribbean migrants brought slave based plantation society w/ them. conflicts: between N farmers and S wealthy planters. colonists took control from proprietors after coopers death and king divided region into 2 royal* colonies (North and South Carolina)

question

Founding of New York and population

answer

Charles II gave brother james, duke of york territory between CN and DE rivers, much of which was claimed by the Dutch whom england competed with as part of a wider commercial rivalry. English fleet forced surrender of New Amsterdam which became NY, a center of prosperity and religious toleration* pop.: very diverse and dense along hudson river, included dutch patroons (landlords), wealthy english landlords, fur traders allied with iroquois. some tension over uneven power distribution.

question

Founding of New Jersey

answer

Duke of York gave land out of NY Territory to two political allies which became new Jersey. supported a large diverse pop., but no major city and was eventually ceded back to the crown to become a royal colony (due to polit./econom. instability/conflicts)

question

The quaker colony of Pennsylvania

answer

founded by the society of Friends with leaders George Fox and Margaret Fell as a "holy experiment" + home for quaker religion and its distinctive social order that were not widely accepted in England. William Penn claimed a debt owed by charles II in the form of large land grant which became PA.

question

The Quakers

answer

beliefs: rejected predestination and original sin but believed in a person's "inner light" (divinity), which allowed a person to achieve salvation. - the most anarchistic and democratic of all protestants in england, with congregation meetings instead of church gov't and without class or gender distinctions; they also were pacifists.

question

was PA prosperous

answer

yes, b/c of mild climate and fertile soil, but not enough for Penn to avoid debt

question

Delaware

answer

developed out of the "lower counties" granted their own rep. assembly under the Charter of liberties in PA.

question

The Caribbean colonies

answer

populated by both Spain and England with a sugar cane and rum exportation economy that relied on enslaved african work force. slaves subjected to legal codes and deadly conditions of the environment, many wealthy whites left while the poor lived and worked there. Slaves developed own indep. culture.

question

The Founding of Georgia

answer

General James Oglethorpe and a group of unpaid trustees hoped to achieve economic success and create Military barrier vs. Spanish + refuge for impoverished English/debtors to begin anew as farmer-soldiers. No Africans, catholics, or rum allowed and strict rules stifled early development

question

Reorganization of British Empire

answer

empire wanted to monopolize trade with english colonies to promote mercantilism and increase wealth - Navigation Acts and Dominion of New England

question

Navigation Acts

answer

3 acts passed by Charles II: 1) (1660) trade only can occur thru british ships 2) (1663) all goods to Europe had to pass thru England on the way, taxable 3) (1673) imposed duties on coastal trade and allowed customs officials to enforce the acts

question

The Dominion of New England

answer

James II combined gov'ts of MA and rest of New England colonies, also added NY and NJ. eliminated assemblies, appointed single governor, strengthened Anglican Church and required enforcement of navigation acts. was a dismissal of the "rights of englishmen"

question

The Glorious Revolution

answer

a "bloodless coup" when power changed hands from autocratic James II to daughter Mary and William of Orange. Abolished the Dominion of New England and re-established separate colonial governments with rep. assemblies.

question

John Coode's Rebellion

answer

Coode started a revolt against the Catholic Lord Baltimore, believed he had sided w/ catholic James II. Drove out Lord Batlimore's officials, MD became a royal colony, established church of England as official Religion. Catholics forbidden to hold office/practice religion publicly.

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