apush 36-37 test – Flashcards
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Americans feared that the end of World War II would bring mainly a) renewed racial tensions b) a return to the Depression c) a staggering round of deflation d) a resurgent Nazi Germany e) a new war with the Soviet Union
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b
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The U.S. believed that it was desirable to have the Soviet Union participate in the projected invasion of Japan because a) the communists would be so busy in Asia that they could commit no mischief in Europe b) without Soviet help, the Japanese could not be defeated c) Soviet help could reduce the number of American casualties d) Roosevelt believed that Stalin could help to control the communists in China e) The Soviets could help control the Chinese communists
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e
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The growth of organized labor in the post-World War II era was slowed by all of the following except a) the Taft Hartley Act b) the rapidly growing number of service-sector workers c) the failure of Operation Dixie d) the reduced number of women in the work force e) the growing number of part-time workers
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d
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Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalist government lost the Chinese civil war to the communists and Mao Ze-dong mainly because a) Jiang lost the support and confidence of the Chinese people b) the U.S. failed to give Jiang enough aid c) Mao received much assistance from the Soviet Union d) communists within the Truman administration undermined Jiang's efforts e) the communists were closer to traditional Chinese culture
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a
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The huge "baby boom" crested in the ________________ and has been declining ever since. a) late 1940s b) early 1950s c) late 1950s d) mid-1960s e) early 1970s
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b
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The United States and the Soviet Union resembled one another in that they a) had long experience as great powers in Europe b) accepted the idea of balance of power and sphere of influence c) believed that control of the middle east was essential to maintaining nation security d) had been largely isolated from world affairs and practiced an ideological "missionary" foreign policy e) both believed that Britain and France had to be destroyed as major powers
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d
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The Marshall Plan succeeded in reviving Europe's economy and thwarting the large internal Communist parties threatening to take over a) West and East Germany b) Spain and Italy c) Italy and France d) Greece and Turkey e) The UN
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c
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President Truman's domestic legislative plan was dubbed the a) New Frontier b) Fair Deal c) Re deal d) Square Deal e) New Deal
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b
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The United States' participation in NATO a) reduced the need for increased military spending. b) reaffirmed our long-standing commitment to the defense of Europe. c) marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism. d) helped to resolve the problem of Germany. e) all of these
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c
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In 1948, many southern Democrats split from their party to support Governor J. Strom Thurmond because a) China had fallen to the communists b) they opposed American membership to the United Nations c) President Truman took a strong stand in favor of civil rights d) They found Republican candidate, Thomas E. Dewey, more sympathetic to their conservative ideology e) Truman appointed an ambassador to the Catholic Vatican City
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c
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Match each postwar American program below with its primary purpose: ___ A. Point Four ___ B. NATO ___ C. Truman Doctrine ___ D. Marshall Plan 1. assist communist-threatened Greece and Turkey 2. promote economic recovery of Europe 3. aid underdeveloped nations of Latin America, Asia, and Africa 4. resist Soviet military threat
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a3 b4 c1 d2
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Arrange the following in chronological order of their appearance a) Marshal Plan b) Truman Doctrine c) NATO
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bac
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The earliest and most serious failure of the United Nations involved its inability to a) preserve peace in places such as Iran b) command widespread support in the U.S. c) control atomic energy, especially in the manufacture of weapons d) prevent the Soviet Union from exercising its veto power in the Security Council e) established a Jewish homeland in Israel
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c
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America's postwar containment policy was based on the assumption that the Soviet Union was fundamentally a) weak but dangerous. b) irrational but fearful. c) revolutionary and warmongering. d) ripe for a democratic revolution. e) expansionist but cautious.
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e
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NSC-68 called for a) the invasion of North Korea by United Nations troops. b) a blockade of the China coast and bombing of Manchuria. c) a program of spying on the Soviet Union. d) the reorganization of the Defense Department. e) a massive increase in military spending.
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e
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American membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization did all of the following for the country except A) strengthen the containment of the Soviet Union. B) help reintegrate Germany into the European family. C) reduce our defense expenditures, since we would get help from other countries. D) reassure Europeans that the U.S. would not abandon them. E) strike a major blow to American isolationists.
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c
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President Truman's Marshall Plan called for A) military supplies for Britain and France. B) substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe. C) economic aid for Japan. D) foreign aid for Third World countries to resist communism. E) an alliance to contain the Soviet Union.
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b
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Before he was elected Vice President of the United States in 1944, Harry S. Truman had served all of the following except A) a World War I artillery officer. B) a haberdashery store owner. C) a United States Senator. D) secretary of the navy. E) a Missouri judge
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d
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The victorious World War II Allies quickly agreed that A) Germany should pay economically crippling war reparations. B) Nazism should be destroyed in Germany and high-ranking Nazis should be tried and punished for war crimes. C) occupied Germany should be reunited as soon as possible. D) Germany should receive massive economic aid. E) Germany should be divided into East and West Germany.
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b
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Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Berlin airlift, (B) Korean War, (C) fall of China. A) A, C, B B) B, C, A C) A, B, C D) C, A, B E) C, B, A
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a
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One sign of the stress that the widespread post-World War II geographic mobility placed on American families was the A) increasing reliance on television as a "baby sitter." B) increased number of long-distance telephone calls. C) popularity of advice books on child-rearing. D) dramatic rise in divorces. E) redistribution of income
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c
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Which of the following was not true of the new Japanese government installed by General Douglas MacArthur in 1946? A) it joined an American military alliance to prevent the spread of communism in East Asia. B) it pledged itself to providing for women's equality. C) it introduced a Western-style democratic constitution. D) it paved the way for a spectacular economic recovery. E) it renounced militarism.
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a
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Postwar Japan A) was governed from the island of Formosa (Taiwan) until 1949. B) resisted the imposition of American-style democracy. C) had its military leaders tried for war crimes, as had occurred in Germany. D) was destabilized by a civil war between nationalist and communist elements. E) was, like Germany, divided into Allied occupation zones
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c
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Which of the following did not contribute to the rapid rise of suburbia in post-WWII America? A) the baby boom. B) government mortgage guarantees. C) new highways. D) "white flight." E) the environment crisis.
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e
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The imperious and insubordinate commander in Korea who was fired by President Truman was General A) Dwight Eisenhower. B) George Patton. C) "Bull" Halsey. D) Matthew Ridgeway. E) Douglas MacArthur.
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e
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The Taft-Hartley Act delivered a major blow to labor by A) outlawing strikes by public employees. B) creating a serious inflationary spiral. C) banning labor's political action committees. D) outlawing "closed" (all-union) shops. E) forbidding union organizers to enter workplaces.
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d
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The dramatically reduced number of American farms and farmers in the postwar era was accompanied by A) growing poverty in rural America. B) increasing shortages of American-grown food and fiber. C) radical protests by farmers and farm laborers. D) a romantic "back to the land" movement among city dwellers. E) spectacular gains in American agricultural productivity and food growing.
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e
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Since 1945, population in the United States has grown most rapidly in the A) Northeast. B) Midwest. C) Sunbelt. D) Frostbelt. E) Pacific Northwest.
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c
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Unlike the failed League of Nations, the new United Nations A) denied the power of veto to any party in an international dispute. B) established no forum for the smaller nations besides the great powers. C) assumed that there would eventually be conflict among the great powers. D) was unable to achieve approval by the United States Senate. E) was established in a spirit of cooperation before the war's actual end.
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e
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Population distribution after World War II followed a pattern of A) movement into the Northeast and out of the South. B) mass migration of blacks from the West to the Midwest. C) movement from the Southwest to Appalachia. D) movement out of the cities and into small towns. E) an urban-suburban segregation of blacks and whites in major metropolitan areas.
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e
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The immediate crisis that prompted the announcement of the Truman Doctrine was related to the threat of a communist takeover in a) Iran b) Greece and Turkey c) China d) Berlin
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b
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In an effort to detect communists within the federal government, President Harry Truman established the A) Committee on Un-American Activities. B) Central Intelligence Agency. C) Smith Act. D) McCarran Internal Security Act. E) Loyalty Review Board.
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e
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President Truman risked American access to Middle Eastern oil supplies when he A) sent U.S. military forces into Lebanon.. B) refused to recognize the authoritarian Saudi Arabian monarchy. C) supported British control of the Suez Canal. D) tried to force the Soviet Union out of the Middle East. E) recognized the new Jewish state of Israel.
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e
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Match each 1948 presidential candidate below with his political party. A. J. Strom Thurmond 1. Progressive B. Henry Wallace 2. Democratic C. Harry S Truman 3. States' Rights D. Thomas E. Dewey 4. Republican A) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 B) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 C) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 D) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2 E) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
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c
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Soviet specialist George F. Kennan framed a coherent approach for America in the Cold War by advising a policy of A) détente. B) appeasement. C) containment. D) limited war. E) negotiation.
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c
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One striking consequence of the postwar economic boom was A) the continued exclusion of most women from the workplace. B) the growing split between urban and rural America. C) the growing concentration of wealth at the top of society. D) a vast expansion of the homeowning middle class. E) the growth of blue-collar employment.
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d
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Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States pledged to A) refrain from polarizing the world into pro-Soviet and pro-American camps. B) maintain prosperity in America after World War II. C) give very limited assistance to nations fighting communism. D) support those who were resisting subjugation by communists. E) work to liberate the "captive nations" of Eastern Europe.
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d
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President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur from command of United Nations troops in Korea when A) MacArthur continued to lose crucial battles. B) MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel and entered North Korea. C) the Chinese entered the Korean War after MacArthur said they would not. D) MacArthur began to take issue publicly with presidential policies.
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d
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Much of the prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s rested on the underpinnings of A) foreign aid. B) a rising stock market. C) foreign trade. D) a thriving automobile industry. E) colossal military budgets.
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e
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The NSC-68 document reflected the American belief A) in the limitless capabilities of the American economy and society. B) that we needed help to fight the spread of communism. C) that huge sacrifices would be needed by Americans to fight the Cold War. D) in the futility of containment. E) that military spending would help the economy.
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a
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The new militancy and restlessness among many members of the African American community after 1945 was especially generated by A) the growing moral criticism of segregation by white church leaders. B) the gap between American ideals and racial practices revealed by World War II. C) the appointment of Thurgood Marshall, chief legal counsel of the NAACP, to the Supreme Court. D) Dwight Eisenhower's commitment to civil rights. E) the agitation of A. Philip Randolph.
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b
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Which of the following is least related to the other three? A) the launching of Sputnik B) Landrum-Griffith Act C) National Defense Education Act D) "rocket fever" E) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
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b
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Senator McCarthy's anticommunist crusade ended when he A) began to attack the personal integrity of his critics. B) alleged that there were communists in Hollywood. C) alleged that there were communists in the Foreign Service. D) alleged that many college professors were communists. E) alleged that there were communists in the army.
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e
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As a part of his "New Look" foreign policy, President Eisenhower A) sought an alliance with China. B) refused to talk with leaders of the Soviet Union. C) called for "open skies" over both the United States and the Soviet Union. D) sent help to the Hungarian freedom fighters. E) allied with Israel against the Arab states.
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c
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In response to a supposed Soviet threat to Middle Eastern oil, the American Central Intelligence Agency in 1953 A) began seeking alternative sources of energy. B) staged a coup to overthrow the Iranian government and install Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi as dictator. C) engaged in sabotage against pro-Soviet governments in the region. D) developed close cooperation with Israeli intelligence agencies. E) gathered conclusive evidence of the Soviets' plans to control Egypt.
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b
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The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to nations of ____________________ that wanted help to resist communist aggression. A) Southeast Asia B) Africa C) Central and Eastern Europe D) the Middle East E) Latin America
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d
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The Paris summit conference scheduled for 1960 collapsed because of the A) Suez crisis. B) Bay of Pigs. C) Quemoy episode. D) launching of Sputnik. E) U-2 incident
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e
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Dwight Eisenhower's policies toward Native Americans included A) efforts at tribal preservation. B) the establishment of tribes as legal entities. C) incentives for tribes to hold onto their land. D) a return to the assimilation goals of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. E) an emphasis on education and job training for Indians.
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d
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n response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957, A) Harry Truman condemned the Republicans for allowing a scientific gap to occur. B) the federal government began spending millions of dollars to improve American science and language education. C) the United States spent nearly a decade trying to equal this achievement. D) the Republican party took responsibility for the fact that the United States had fallen behind the Soviets in this area of scientific discovery. E) scientists blamed America's slowness on poor math and science education in the schools.
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b
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The Supreme Court began to advance the cause of civil rights in the 1950s because A) the Court was the only branch of government with the Constitutional authority to do so. B) the courts were dominated by New Deal liberals. C) President Eisenhower had requested the Court's assistance. D) Congress and the presidency had largely abdicated their responsibilities by keeping hands off the issue. E) the Constitution clearly prohibited any segregation.
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d
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In terms of politics, television did all of the following except A) threaten the traditional role of political parties. B) apply the standards of show business and commercialism to political messages. C) enable political parties to continue their role of educating and mobilizing the electorate. D) allow lone-wolf politicians to address voters directly. E) encourage reliance on short slogans and sound bites.
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c
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By the end of the 1950s, Latin American anger toward the United States had intensified because Washington had done all of the following except A) extend massive aid to Europe and little to Latin America. B) continue to intervene in Latin American affairs. C) support bloody dictators who claimed to be fighting communism. D) provide encouragement to Fidel Castro's communist government in Cuba. E) the CIA-directed coup in Guatemala.
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d
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Which one of the following is least related to the other three? A) nonviolent direct action. B) Martin Luther King, Jr. C) Rosa Parks D) Montgomery bus boycott E) Orval Faubus
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e
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During the 1952 presidential campaign, Republican candidate Dwight Eisenhower declared that he would ____________________ to help to end the Korean War. A) use atomic weapons B) blockade the China coast and bomb Manchuria C) open negotiations with Mao Zedong D) order United Nations troops to invade North Korea E) personally go to Korea
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e
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During the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency engineered pro-American political coups in both A) Iran and Guatemala. B) Iraq and Nicaragua. C) Lebanon and El Salvador. D) Libya and Costa Rica. E) Egypt and Cuba.
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a
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The factor that may well have tipped the electoral scales for John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960 was A) his age. B) his religion. C) his televised debates with Richard M. Nixon. D) President Eisenhower's heavy loss of popularity in his last two years in office. E) his family.
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c
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As president, Dwight Eisenhower supported A) putting the brakes on military spending. B) the abolition of the Social Security system. C) the dismissal of his secretary of health, education, and welfare for condemning free distribution on the Salk polio vaccine as "socialized medicine." D) the continuation of the Tennessee Valley Authority. E) a stronger voice for organized labor.
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a
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In response to Senator Joseph McCarthy's anticommunist attacks, President Eisenhower A) publicly denounced him only after he attacked General George Marshall. B) quietly encouraged him to continue his attacks on Democrats. C) publicly opposed his ruthless tactics but privately enjoyed his personal charm. D) allowed him to control personnel policy at the State Department. E) privately supported him but publicly kept his distance.
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d
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Many of the better known American poets in the post-World War II era A) actually produced second-rate verse. B) consisted mainly of those who wrote before the war. C) ended their lives through suicide. D) left the country to live in Paris. E) turned to nature for subject matter
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c
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The title of Ralph Ellison's novel Invisible Man refers to A) an anticommunist agent who is forced to live underground. B) a World War II bomber pilot who is ignored upon his return home. C) a victim of nuclear testing who is dying of radiation. D) a father who is disrespected by his family. E) an African American whose supposed supporters are unable to see him as a real man.
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e
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In 1956, when Hungary revolted against continued domination by the Soviet Union, the United States under Dwight Eisenhower A) sent money to the rebels. B) quickly recognized the new Hungarian government. C) refused to admit any Hungarian refugees. D) gave only outdated military equipment to the Hungarian freedom fighters. E) did nothing to help to defeat the communists.
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e
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The Suez crisis marked the last time in history that the United States could A) use the threat of nuclear war to win concessions. B) criticize Israel's foreign policy. C) condemn its allies for their actions in the Middle East. D) invoke the Eisenhower Doctrine. E) use its "oil weapon" to make foreign policy demands.
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e
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he 1955 Geneva Conference A) unified the two Vietnams. B) made Ngo Dinh Diem president of Vietnam. C) called for the two Vietnams to hold national elections within two years. D) created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. E) established a permanent division of Vietnam.
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c
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Senator Joseph McCarthy first rose to national prominence by A) revealing that Communist spies were passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. B) charging that there was extensive Communist influence in Hollywood and the media. C) asserting that General George Marshall was part of a vast Communist conspiracy within the U.S. Army. D) mobilizing Republicans to demand a stronger anticommunist foreign policy in East Asia. E) charging that dozens of known Communists were working within the U.S. State Department.
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e
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In the epochal 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court A) declared that the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional. B) upheld its earlier decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. C) rejected desegregation. D) supported the "Declaration of Constitutional Principles" issued by Congress. E) ordered immediate and total integration of all American schools.
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a
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The leader of the nationalist movement in Vietnam since World War I was A) Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung). B) Ngo Dinh Diem. C) Dienbienphu. D) Ho Chi Minh. E) Nguyen Cao Ky
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d
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Compared to World War I, the literary outpouring from World War II can be best described as A) much more realistic. B) lower in quality. C) more simplistic in nature. D) less realistic. E) more disillusioned.
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d
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When Dwight Eisenhower left the presidency in 1961, A) it was noted that his second term had produced little of value, since he was a "lame duck." B) Congress was firmly in the hands of the Republicans. C) he was unhappy with Vice President Nixon's unbending anticommunism. D) he had clearly lost control of the Democratic-dominated Congress. E) he remained an extraordinarily popular figure.
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e
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Richard Nixon was selected as Dwight Eisenhower's vice-presidential running mate in 1952 as a concession to the A) isolationists. B) liberal Republicans. C) hard-line anticommunists. D) moderate Republicans. E) southern Republicans.
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c
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On the subject of racial justice, President Eisenhower A) had demanded the integration of the armed forces as early as 1948. B) publicly endorsed the 1954 Supreme Court school-desegregation decision. C) vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1957. D) had advised against integrating the armed forces. E) admired the Christian philosophy of Martin Luther King
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d
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President Eisenhower defined the domestic philosophy of his administration as A) "the Fair Deal." B) "the silent majority." C) "dynamic conservatism." D) "two cars in every garage." E) "compassionate conservatism."
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c
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The Eisenhower-promoted public works project that was far larger and more expensive than anything in Roosevelt's New Deal was A) the interstate highway system B) the Grand Coulee dam project. C) the St. Lawrence seaway. D) the airport construction program. E) the public housing system.
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a
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Which of the following was not true of the changing nature of work in the 1950s? A) science and technology drove economic growth. B) there were fewer jobs in the military-related aerospace industry. C) white collar workers were surpassing blue collar workers in numbers. D) labor unions reached a peak and then began to decline. E) job opportunities were opening to women in the white collar work force.
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b
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The 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racially segregated school systems "inherently unequal" was A) Roe v. Wade. B) Plessy v. Ferguson. C) Sweatt v. Painter. D) Johnson v. Little Rock School District. E) Brown v. Board of Education.
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e
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President Eisenhower's "New Look" foreign policy in the 1950s planned for A) the dismantling of the military-industrial complex. B) massive new military spending. C) greater reliance on air power and the deterrent power of nuclear weapons than on the army and navy. D) a buildup of unconventional and guerrilla-warfare forces. E) the rapid deployment of the navy and marines to trouble spots.
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c
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In an effort to overturn Jim Crow laws and the segregated system that they had created, African Americans used all of the following methods except A) economic boycotts. B) legal attacks on underpinnings of segregation in the courts. C) appeals to foreign governments to pressure the United States to establish racial justice. D) mobilization of black churches on behalf of black rights. E) use of the nonviolent tactics of Mohandas Gandhi.
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c
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Among anticommunists, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy was the A) most effective. B) first Republican. C) only true World War II hero. D) one who most damaged free speech and fair play. E) one who organized a national movement.
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d
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In 1956 the United States condemned ____________________ as the aggressors in the Suez Canal crisis. A) Egypt and Jordan B) the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact members C) Israel and Turkey D) Lebanon and Syria E) Britain and France
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e
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During his presidency, Dwight Eisenhower accepted the principle and extended the benefits of A) federal health care programs. B) the Tennessee Valley Authority. C) deficit spending. D) racial equality. E) the Social Security system.
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e
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The record would seem to indicate that President Eisenhower's strongest commitment during his presidency was to A) social justice. B) social harmony. C) party loyalty. D) racial desegregation. E) political reform.
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b
