APUSH 31 and 32 – Flashcards

name referring to the 1920s; a time of cultural change; generally refers to the arts such as writing, music, artwork, and architecture, American Jazz music emerges from African American church and community, becomes international, uniquely American, white America and Europe embrace

Baseball was the king of American sports with heroes like Babe Ruth. It was now practical to follow your team on a daily basis, home or away. Boxing was popular, with champ Jack Dempsey. Horse racing was the second most popular sport by attendance.

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs., United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947)

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speak easy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

1925. john scopes was a high school biology teacher in dayton, Tennessee, he was occused of violating tennessee law by teaching the theory of evolution to his students. some religious leaders rejected evolution, saying it denied the word of the Bible. a number of states, including tennessee, passed laws that banned the teaching of Darwin's theory. scopes wanted to challenge the law, so he announced that he taught evolution. the trial became a national sensation. the prosecutor was william jennings bryan, who had run for president 3 times. the defense attorney was clarence darrow, a famous chicago criminal defense lawyer. the trial seemed to pit modern, urban americans against traditional, rural americans. in the end, scopes was conviced and lost his job. laws against teaching evolution remained but were rarely enforced.

This was a time when African Americans were very expressive of their culture. Harlem is a part of New York City where the renaissance started. Blacks advanced in music literature, drama, art and dance.

The Ku Klux Klan was somewhat re-vamped at this time. The KKK had been started as an anti-black group. In the 20's, it added to its list of "we don't likes": Catholics, Jewish, pacifists, communists, internationalists, revolutionists, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, and birth control.By expanding its scope of hatred and by riding the mood of the time, the KKK reached its numerical peak during the 20's—about 5 million members strong. The KKK employed the same tactics as it always had: fear, lynchings, and intimidation. Finally, the KKK was given a stiff setback due to an internal money/initiation fee scam.

There were a few popular writers, especially Edith Wharton and Willa Cather (who wrote plainly about life on the Plains). The new writers were from broad backgrounds (not just New England protestants) and they were very good. H.L. Mencken used wit and biting criticism to jab at almost every aspect of society in his American Monthly. F. Scott Fitzgerald was the de facto spokesman for the Jazz Age (his term). He gained fame with This Side of Paradise (partying college-kids) and then his best work The Great Gatsby (a ruined WWI vet). His stories, along with his life and wife Zelda, described the period's glamor and senselessness. Theodore Dreiser wrote in the ugly form of a realist (not a romantic) in An American Tragedy. It told of a pregnant woman murdered by her socially ambitious lover. Ernest Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises (young adults partying in Paris, Spain) and A Farewell to Arms (young officer fleeing war, seeking love). Roughly based on his own life, both stories showed the empty, hollow lives of young adults. Hemingway became the voice of the "Lost Generation"—those who'd gone to WWI with Wilsonian ideals, only to become disillusioned and ruined by the realities of war. Sherwood Anderson wrote Winesburg, Ohio which dredged the insides small-town America. Sinclair Lewis also depicted small-town America in Main Street and 20's materialism/consumerism in Babbitt. William Faulkner wrote hauntingly about the Southern experience in novels such as The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, and Absolom, Absolom! His books sometimes stunned or confused readers with the new, choppy "stream of consciousness" writing technique. Poetry cut new paths too, led by Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot with his poem "The Waste Land." Robert Frost wrote of New England ("The Road Not Taken"). And e.e. cummings experimented with the typeset, diction, and punctuation—his poems sounded different but also looked different, adding to their effect. Eugene O'Neill was one of America's greatest playwrights. Plays like "Strange Interlude" which meddled with Freudian ideas of sex.

The Radio Revolution Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraphy in the 1890's. His invention was used in WWI. The beep-beep radio would soon give birth to voice radio. The first major radio broadcast was made by KDKA it Pittsburgh. They broadcast the results of Warren Hardings presidential victory. Radio spread out from being local, to powerful national shows that often drowned out the local stations. Entrepreneur Powel Crosley's station sent out 500,000 watts (10 times the limit today) and could be reached nearly anywhere in the U.S. Like the car, the radio also changed society. Radio standardized or homogenized Americans in a way never before possible—everyone could hear the same news at exactly the same time. Whereas the car scattered people, the radio drew them back to their homes. Sitting as a family listening to the radio was the norm. Popular shows were "Amos 'n' Andy. Radio was a new and powerful medium for advertisers as well. They sponsored shows like the "A&P Gypsies" and the "Eveready Hour." It was even easier for sports fans to follow their teams—sports grew even more in popularity. Politicians had to adjust to the new media as well.

(a fear of communism) emerged. This fear was fueled by (1) the recent Russian revolution, (2) Eugene Debs growing numbers, (3) loads of strikes, and (4) a series of mail bombs. The logic went that communism was from Europe—all the more reason to shun foreigners and their ways. Right or wrong, people blamed the bombs on the reds. Atty. Gen. Mitchell Palmer vowed to round up the reds. He arrested about 6,000 people; some were deported. He slowed down a bit after a bomb blew up his house. Again, free speech, such as explaining one's political views, was under fire. States passed laws outlawing advocacy of violence for social change. Some elected officials were denied seats on the legislature because they were Socialists. The faces of the Red Scare were Sacco and Vanzetti. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants accused of murder. The importance is that although there was some evidence against them, many concluded their case was based less on evidence and more on other strikes against them. The other strikes: they were Italian, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers. They were tried, convicted, and executed.

The gas engine also led to airplanes. In Orville and Wilbur Wright man flew for the first time on December 17, 1903 for 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, N.C. Airplanes grew as heard spread. Many first saw a plane when a stunt flier would barnstorm their town or county fair. Planes were used minimally in World War I—mostly for recon (spying), dog fighting each other, and crude bombing. After WWI planes really got going. They were used for air mail. The first transcontinental airmail route started from New York to San Francisco in 1920. America got a hero when Charles Lindbergh was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. It took him 33 1/2 hours, he won a $25,000 prize, and instantly became a celebrity. Lindbergh was sort of represented the anti-Jazz Age. Whereas many young people were living the high life of fast cars, illegal booze, jazz, nightclubs, "petting parties", Lindbergh was traditional, wholesome and shy. It was said that for a brief moment, the Jazz Age crowd paused their party and tipped their glasses to Lindbergh's accomplishment.

was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. It took him 33 1/2 hours, he won a $25,000 prize, and instantly became a celebrity. Lindbergh was sort of represented the anti-Jazz Age. Whereas many young people were living the high life of fast cars, illegal booze, jazz, nightclubs, "petting parties", Lindbergh was traditional, wholesome and shy. It was said that for a brief moment, the Jazz Age crowd paused their party and tipped their glasses to Lindbergh's accomplishment.

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Architecture was perhaps the most symbolic of the changing society because it mixed art and science in a very tangible way. Frank Lloyd Wright was an understudy of Louis Sullivan (of earlier Chicago skyscraper fame). Wright stunned people with his use of concrete, glass, and steel and his unconventional theory that "form follows function."

The business period was personified by Henry Ford. He perfected the assembly line at his Rouge Rive Plant and could produce a new car every 10 seconds. Ford-style mass production was then applied to other industries, lowering costs, and starting mass consumption.These cars were unreliable—a driver would have to also be half mechanic. But, they were inexpensive, especially Ford's Model T. When Ford switched to the Model A, the assembly line technique made the Model A affordable for practically any working person. When the stock market crashed in 1929, there were 26 million registered cars—1 car for every 4.9 people America. The Advent of the Gasoline Age Cars created 6 million new jobs and quickly became America's number one mode of transportation. Cars brought fundamental changes to America: Roads were now needed—there was a boom in paving and cars' accompanying gasoline industry started and mushroomed. There were social changes as well. Cars brought independence to young people who "dated" in them and America began to reshape itself by spreading out into suburbs. There were many crashes too. By 1951, a million people had died in car crashes—more than all the wars combined.

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

After the immediate post-war recession, the 1920's generally enjoyed a robust economy. Treasury Sec. Andrew Mellons low-tax policies helped encourage growth. Machinery got better and ran on cheap energy. The business period was personified by Henry Ford. He perfected the assembly line at his Rouge Rive Plant and could produce a new car every 10 seconds. Ford-style mass production was then applied to other industries, lowering costs, and starting mass consumption. To sell the tons of new stuff, new advertising techniques were needed. Ads began to employ persuasion and sex appeal. The ad-master was Bruce Barton. He wrote a best-seller called The Man Nobody Knows. That man was Jesus Christ, whom Barton said was the best advertiser ever and others marketers would do well to follow his steps. People began to buy things they didn't know they'd needed or wanted, until they saw the ad. Folks followed new (and dangerous) buying techniques...they bought (1) on the installment plan and (2) on credit. Both ways were capable of plunging an unsuspecting consumer into debt. The growing mass media, like newspapers, magazines, and infant radio, made America more homogeneous, more the same from coast-to-coast. This was great for mass consumption. Mass media helped sports grow in popularity. Baseball was the king of American sports with heroes like Babe Ruth. It was now practical to follow your team on a daily basis, home or away. Boxing was popular, with champ Jack Dempsey. Horse racing was the second most popular sport by attendance.

United States magician (born in Hungary) famous for his ability to escape from chains or handcuffs or straitjackets of padlocked containers (1874-1926)

he stock market was the speculator's paradise in the 20's. The desire to get rich quick on rising stock prices created a "buy-now" feeling. This is turn, drove the market higher, and built on that buy-now feeling, artificially. Worse, many people bought "on margin", meaning they bought with borrowed money. Usually 10% was paid up-front, 90% borrowed. That meant wild profits if the stock went up, wild debt if it dropped. This type of structure was like building a house of cards, it could not stand forever.

Attorney General, ordered immigrants suspected of radical views to be rounded up and deported, Was head of the Witch hunt that was related to the red scare that occured around the time of the Russian revolution. He jailed anyone who spoke of communism or anarchy. The people who were put in jail were treated terribly.

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

renounced Chicago trial lawyer and confessed agnostic who was the defense attorney in the Scopes "Monkey Trial" of 1925. He ultimately lost but the ruling was merely a gesture and was overturned by the State Supreme Court. While cross-examining Bryan he made a great argument against fundamentalists because Bryan "the bible interpretation expert" had revealed ignorance and single minded interpretations

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

young author; published the monthly American Mercury; attacked marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Author who fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (about American expatriates in Europe) and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. He was very distraught, and in 1961 he shot himself in the head.

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

He was a Republican governor of New York who was a reformer. He was later a supreme court justice who ran for President against Woodrow Wilson in 1916., Started government regulation of public utilities. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote.

The Secretary of the Interior who accepted bribes from an oil company and started the Teapot Dome Scandal.

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Founded in Paris in 1919 by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. Was distinguished for its militant patriotism, conservatism, and zealous anti-radicalism, but was notorious for aggressive lobbying for veterans' benefits.

(1921) An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets

Signed by Frank B. Kellogg. Outlawed War

Albert B. Fall leased oil rich land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny, but not until Fall had received a "loan" of $100,000 form Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair. The scandal greatly affected the public view of the government in a negative way.

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

organizations offering technical and general assistance to entrepreneurs in a specific profession or industry

increased tariff rates from 27 to 38.5%.

tried to keep the price of agricultural goods high. This was to be done by the government buying up excess surpluses then selling them to other nations. Coolidge, the thrifty conservative, vetoed this bill twice.

He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

president of the U.S from 1923-1933 leader of the US in the beginning of the great depression. He didn't want the gov involved in the peoples lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights.

a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan.

Conservative Christians who as a group have become more active in politics in the last two decades and were espeically influential in the 2000 presidential election., Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.

An artist who rejected enlightenment thinking and tried to reshape, and improve on the surrounding world. It developed partly in response to WWI in that it stands out against technology., This group of people supported Darwinism and they refused to accept the bible as history or science.

Launched a chain of black owned grocery stores and pressed for the creation of other black businesses. Garvey insisted that his supporters return to Africa and begin a new society. The decline of UNIA and the Garvey movement occurred after Garvey was charged with business fraud and deported back to Jamaica.