Flashcards and Answers – APUSH 24-25
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When private railroad promoters asked the United States government for subsidies to build their railroads, they gave all of the following reasons for their request except that it was a. too risky without government help. b. too costly without government help. c. too costly to move people in some areas without government help. d. too unprofitable in some areas without government help. e. impossible to serve military and postal needs without government help.
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c. too costly to move people in some areas without government help.
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During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons a. rejected government assistance. b. built their railroads with government assistance. c. relied exclusively on Chinese labor. d. refused to get involved in politics. e. focused on public service.
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b. built their railroads with government assistance.
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The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with a. cash grants from new taxes. b. land grants. c. cash grants from higher tariffs. d. reduced prices for iron and steel. e. aid for construction of railroad stations.
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b. land grants.
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Match each railroad company below with the correct entrepreneur. A. James J. Hill 1. Central Pacific B. Cornelius Vanderbilt 2. New York Central C. Leland Stanford 3. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe 4. Great Northern a. A-4, B-2, C-1 b. A-3, B-4, C-2 c. A-2, B-1, C-3 d. A-4, B-3, C-1 e. A-1, B-3, C-4
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a. A-4, B-2, C-1
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The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the a. New York Central. b. Northern Pacific. c. Union Pacific. d. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe. e. Great Northern
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e. Great Northern
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One by-product of the development of the railroads was a. a scattering of the U.S. population. b. fewer big cities. c. the movement of people to cities. d. a reduction in immigration to the United States. e. a loss of population in the East.
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c. the movement of people to cities
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The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was a. agriculture. b. mining. c. the steel industry. d. electric power. e. the railroad network.
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e. the railroad network.
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The United States changed to standard time zones when a. Congress passed a law establishing this system. b. the major rail lines decreed the division of the continent into four time zones so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks. c. factories demanded standard time schedules. d. long-distance telephones required standard time coordination. e. all of the above.
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b. the major rail lines decreed the division of the continent into four time zones so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.
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Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called a. pools. b. trusts. c. rebates. d. interlocking directorates. e. holding companies.
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a. pools.
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Early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to a. increase competition by establishing more companies. b. water their stock. c. divide business in a particular area and share profits. d. choose the best workers. e. avoid wasteful competition
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c. divide business in a particular area and share profits
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Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in the form of action by a. Congress. b. the Supreme Court. c. private lawsuits. d. President Cleveland. e. state legislatures.
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b. the Supreme Court.
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The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the a. Federal Trade Commission. b. Interstate Commerce Commission. c. Consumer Affairs Commission. d. Federal Anti-Trust Commission. e. Federal Communications Commission.
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b. Interstate Commerce Commission.
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One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it a. revolutionized the business system. b. represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business. c. actually did nothing to control the abuses of big business. d. failed to prohibit some of the worst abuses of big business, such as pools and rebates. e. invoked the Constitution's interstate commerce clause.
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b. represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business.
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After the Civil War, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the United States a. helped to build the nation into an industrial giant. b. was not a significant force, because industrialization required skilled workers. c. came almost exclusively from rural America. d. increasingly found work in agriculture. e. was almost entirely native born.
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a. helped to build the nation into an industrial giant.
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One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was a. increased competition. b. support for the idea of a centrally planned economy. c. funding research on new technologies. d. elimination of the tactic of vertical integration. e. elimination of as much competition as possible.
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a. increased competition.
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Match each entrepreneur below with the form of business combination with which he is historically identified. A. Andrew Carnegie 1. interlocking directorate B. John D. Rockefeller 2. trust C. J. Pierpont Morgan 3. vertical integration 4. pool a. A-2, B-4, C-1 b. A-3, B-2, C-4 c. A-3, B-2, C-1 d. A-1, B-3, C-2 e. A-4, B-1, C-3
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c. A-3, B-2, C-1
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Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which he is historically identified. A. Andrew Carnegie 1. steel B. John D. Rockefeller 2. oil C. J. Pierpont Morgan 3. tobacco D. James Duke 4. banking a. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 b. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 c. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 d. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 e. A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
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d. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
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The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of a. Jay Gould. b. Henry Bessemer. c. John P. Altgeld. d. Thomas Edison. e. Henry Clay Frick.
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b. Henry Bessemer
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J.P. Morgan monitored his competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as a(n) a. interlocking dictorate. b. trust. c. vertical integration. d. pool. e. holding company.
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a. interlocking dictorate.
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America's first billion-dollar corporation was a. General Electric (GE). b. Standard Oil. c. American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T). d. The Union Pacific Railroad. e. United States Steel.
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e. United States Steel.
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The first major product of the oil industry was a. kerosene. b. gasoline. c. lighter fluid. d. natural gas. e. heating oil.
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a. kerosene.
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The oil industry became a huge business a. with the building of electric generator plants. b. when it was taken over by the government. c. with the invention of the internal combustion engine. d. when diesel engines were perfected. e. when oil was discovered in Texas.
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c. with the invention of the internal combustion engine.
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John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve success in the oil industry except a. employing spies. b. extorting rebates from railroads. c. showing mercy to his competitors. d. pursuing a policy of rule or ruin. e. using high-pressure sales methods.
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c. showing mercy to his competitors.
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The gospel of wealth, which associated godliness with wealth, a. relied on the sayings of Jesus. b. inspired the wealthy to try to help the poor. c. stimulated efforts to help minorities. d. was opposed by most clergymen. e. discouraged efforts to help the poor.
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b. inspired the wealthy to try to help the poor.
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To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to a. help freedmen to work in factories. b. incorporate big businesses. c. allow the captains of industry to avoid paying taxes. d. avoid corporate regulation by the states. e. protect the civil rights of business people.
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d. avoid corporate regulation by the states.
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The ___ Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themselves against regulation by state governments. a. Fifth b. Fourteenth c. Fifteenth d. Sixteenth e. Seventeenth
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b. Fourteenth
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The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of a. manufacturing corporations. b. labor unions. c. state legislatures. d. railroad corporations. e. banking syndicates.
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d. railroad corporations.
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During the age of industrialization, the South a. took full advantage of the new economic trends. b. received preferential treatment from the railroads. c. turned away from agriculture. d. held to its "Old South" ideology. e. remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
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e. remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
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The South's major attraction for potential investors was a. readily available raw materials. b. a warm climate. c. good transportation. d. cheap labor. e. ethnic diversity.
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d. cheap labor.
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67. In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor attracted manufacturing to the "new South." a. textile b. steel c. machine tool d. electrical appliance e. farm equipment
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a. textile
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68. Many Southerners saw employment in the textile mills as a. high-wage positions. b. unacceptable. c. a poor alternative to farming. d. institutions that broke up families. e. salvation, since the jobs and wages were steady.
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e. salvation, since the jobs and wages were steady.
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69. One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was a. their movement to the suburbs. b. the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock. c. the opportunity to relearn the ideals of Thomas Jefferson. d. the narrowing of class divisions. e. the encounter with other races.
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b. the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock.
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70. The group most affected by the new industrial age was a. Native Americans. b. African-Americans. c. women. d. southerners. e. small town residents
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c. women.
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To provide workers with job security, reformers wanted to introduce all of the following except a. job protection. b. wage protection. c. establishment of a workers' political party. d. temporary unemployment compensation. e. safety and health codes.
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c. establishment of a workers' political party.
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The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented a. a revival of the colonial feminine ideal. b. a portrayal of the modern corporate business woman. c. an exploitive image of a woman as a sex object. d. an independent and athletic "new woman." e. a sentimental image of a woman as mother.
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d. an independent and athletic "new woman."
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Most women workers of the 1890s worked for a. independence. b. glamour. c. economic necessity. d. the service sector. e. personal spending money.
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c. economic necessity.
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Which one of the following is least like the other three? a. closed shop b. lockout c. yellow dog contract d. blacklist e. company town
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a. closed shop
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Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor a. labor unions. b. corporations. c. state regulatory agencies. d. individual entrepreneurs. e. independent workers and craftsmen
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b. corporations.
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Match each labor organization below with the correct description. A. National Labor Union 1. the "one big union" that championed arbitration B. Knights of Labor C. American Federation of Labor 2. a social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s 3. an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions a. A-3, B-1, C-2 b. A-3, B-2, C-1 c. A-1, B-2, C-3 d. A-1, B-3, C-2 e. A-2, B-1, C-3
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e. A-2, B-1, C-3
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In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National labor Union won a. an eight-hour day for all workers. b. government arbitration for industrial disputes. c. equal pay for women. d. an eight-hour day for government workers. e. the right to collective bargaining.
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a. an eight-hour day for all workers.
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One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was a. African-Americans. b. Chinese. c. women. d. Irish. e. social reformers.
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b. Chinese.
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The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when a. the government owned the means of production. b. labor controlled the government. c. workers accepted the concept of craft unions. d. business would understand the principles of social justice. e. labor would own and operate businesses and industries.
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e. labor would own and operate businesses and industries.
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The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be preserved from corrupt monopolists a. when Republicans were removed from office. b. by strengthening the economic and political independence of the workers. c. through the destruction of the American Federation of Labor. d. by the development of strong craft unions. e. by forming an independent political movement.
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b. by strengthening the economic and political independence of the workers.
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81. One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was its a. racial exclusiveness. b. support of skilled workers. c. failure to admit women to its ranks. d. abandonment of the concept of independent producers. e. lack of class consciousness.
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e. lack of class consciousness.
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82. The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the a. National Labor Union. b. Knights of Labor. c. American Federation of Labor. d. Knights of Columbus. e. Congress of Industrial Organizations.
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c. American Federation of Labor.
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83. By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. Nevertheless, a. labor unions continued to decline in membership. b. the American Federation of Labor failed to take advantage of the situation. c. the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor. d. Congress declared the AFL illegal. e. workers began to turn to the Socialist Party.
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c. the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor.
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By 1900, organized labor in America a. had temporarily ceased to exist. b. had enrolled nearly half of the industrial labor force. c. was accepted by the majority of employers as a permanent part of the new industrial economy. d. had begun to develop a positive image with the public. e. relied heavily on the National Labor Relations Board.
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d. had begun to develop a positive image with the public
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Some people who found fault with the captains of industry argued that these men a. were basically socialists. b. diminished the workers' quality of life. c. tried to take the United States back to its old values. d. failed to develop the industrial system quickly. e. retarded technological advances.
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b. diminished the workers' quality of life.
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Historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because a. most employers tried to treat their workers well. b. few Europeans brought their political philosophies to the United States. c. the captains of industry did not allow protest to take root. d. many Americans inherited fortunes. e. America has greater social mobility than Europe has
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e. America has greater social mobility than Europe has
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All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except a. a large pool of unskilled labor. b. an abundance of natural resources. c. American ingenuity and inventiveness. d. immigration restrictions. e. a political climate favoring business.
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d. immigration restrictions.
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The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was the a. development of the skyscraper. b. availability of industrial jobs. c. compact nature of those large communities. d. advent of new housing structures known as dumbbell tenements. e. lure of cultural excitement.
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b. availability of industrial jobs.
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The development of electric trolleys in the late nineteenth century transformed the American city by a. ending horse-drawn transportation in the city. b. enabling cities to build upward as well as outward. c. separating the mass transportation of the working class from the private vehicles of the wealthy. d. enabling cities to plan streets along regular grid lines. e. creating distinct districts devoted to residential neighborhoods, commerce, and industry.
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b. enabling cities to build upward as well as outward.
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One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was a. mass-production factories. b. the Sears catalog. c. advertising billboards. d. public transportation systems. e. large department stores.
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e. large department stores.
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Which one of the following has the least in common with the other four? a. Slums b. Dumbbell tenements c. Bedroom communities d. Flophouses e. The "Lung Block"
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c. Bedroom communities
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The two immigrant ethnic groups who were most harshly treated in the mid to late nineteenth century were the a. Spanish and Greeks. b. Irish and Chinese. c. Germans and Swedes. d. Japanese and Filipinos. e. French and Russians.
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b. Irish and Chinese.
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Most Italian immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1920 came to escape a. political oppression. b. famine. c. the political disintegration of their country. d. the military draft. e. the poverty and backwardness of southern Italy.
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e. the poverty and backwardness of southern Italy.
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By the late nineteenth century, most of the Old Immigrant groups from northern and Western Europe a. actively promoted the idea of a multicultural America. b. were still regarded with suspicion and hostility by the majority of native Americans. c. had largely abandoned their ethnically based churches, clubs, and neighborhoods. d. were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods. e. still maintained a primary loyalty to their country of origin, especially Ireland or Germany.
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d. were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods.
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New Immigrant groups were regarded with special hostility by many nativist Americans because a. most Americans considered Italian, Greek, or Jewish culture inferior to their own. b. many New Immigrants attempted to convert Americans to Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, or Judaism. c. in many New Immigrant families, women were kept in distinctly subordinate roles. d. New Immigrants were often more politically loyal to their homelands than to the United States. e. their religions were distinctly different and some New Immigrants were politically radical.
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a. most Americans considered Italian, Greek, or Jewish culture inferior to their own.
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Prominent Protestant pastors like Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden argued that a. the ancient Bible should be replaced by more modern scientific sociology and social theory. b. the Christian Gospel required that churches address poverty and other burning social issues of the day. c. the churches were in danger of being taken over by anti-intellectual fundamentalism. d. it was up to women to lead the church in an age of industrial democracy. e. the clergy should become the advance guard of a militant working class revolution.
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b. the Christian Gospel required that churches address poverty and other burning social issues of the day.
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The Darwinian theory of organic evolution through natural selection affected American religion by a. turning most scientists against religion. b. creating a split between religious conservatives who denied evolution and accomodationists who supported it. c. raising awareness of the close spiritual kinship between animals and human beings. d. causing a revival of the doctrine of original sin. e. sparking the rise of new denominations based on modern science.
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a. turning most scientists against religion.
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Besides serving immigrants and the poor in urban neighborhoods, settlement workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley a. actively lobbied for social reforms like anti-sweatshop laws and child labor laws. b. created the new, largely female profession of teaching. c. looked down on the immigrant populations they served. d. saw themselves primarily as feminists who worked to advance women's causes. e. steered clear of controversial international questions like war and peace.
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a. actively lobbied for social reforms like anti-sweatshop laws and child labor laws.
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Settlement houses, such as Hull House, engaged in all of the following activities except a. child care. b. instruction in English. c. cultural activities. d. evangelical religious instruction. e. lobbying for social reform.
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d. evangelical religious instruction.
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Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except a. opposed to factory labor. b. used as strikebreakers. c. willing to work for lower wages. d. difficult to unionize. e. non-English speaking.
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a. opposed to factory labor.
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The two major sources of funding for the powerful new American research universities were a. tuition paid by undergraduate students and fees charged to those served by the universities. b. state land grants and wealthy, philanthropic industrialists. c. the federal government and local communities. d. income from successful patents and corporate research grants. e. churches and numerous private individual donors.
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b. state land grants and wealthy, philanthropic industrialists.
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The pragmatists were a school of American philosophers who emphasized a. the provisional and fallible nature of knowledge and the value of ideas that solved problems. b. that ideas were largely worthless and only practical experience should be pursued. c. that the traditional Greek ideals of Plato and Aristotle should be revived. d. that scientific experimentation provided a new and absolutely certain basis for knowledge. e. that most academic knowledge was based on bourgeois ideas that oppressed the working class.
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a. the provisional and fallible nature of knowledge and the value of ideas that solved problems.
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Booker T. Washington believed that the key to political and civil rights for African Americans was a. the vote. b. rigorous academic training. c. the rejection of accommodationist attitudes. d. to directly challenge white supremacy. e. economic independence and education
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e. economic independence and education
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Black leader, Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois a. demanded complete equality for African Americans. b. established an industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama. c. supported the goals of Booker T. Washington. d. was an ex-slave who rose to fame. e. None of these
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a. demanded complete equality for African Americans.
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The two late-nineteenth-century newspaper publishers whose competition for circulation fueled the rise of sensationalistic yellow journalism were a. Horatio Alger and Harlan E. Halsey. b. Henry Adams and Henry James. c. Henry George and Edward Bellamy. d. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. e. Edwin L. Godkin and Stephen Crane.
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d. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.
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Edward Bellamy's novel, Looking Backward, inspired numerous late-nineteenth-century social reformers by a. demonstrating that women's work in the home was seriously undervalued. b. showing how a single tax on land speculation would end poverty. c. portraying the sufferings of an immigrant worker in Chicago's stockyard meat industry. d. showing the hypocrisy of the urban wealthy. e. portraying a utopian America in the year 2000, where nationalized industry had solved all social problems.
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e. portraying a utopian America in the year 2000, where nationalized industry had solved all social problems.
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Which of the following prominent post-Civil War writers did not reflect the increased attention to social problems by those from less affluent backgrounds? a. Mark Twain b. William Dean Howells c. Stephen Crane d. Kate Chopin e. Henry Adams
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e. Henry Adams
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In the course of the late nineteenth century a. the birthrate increased. b. the divorce rate fell. c. family size gradually declined. d. people tended to marry at an earlier age. e. children were seen as a greater economic asset.
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e. children were seen as a greater economic asset.
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By 1900, advocates of women's suffrage a. acknowledged that women were biologically weaker than men but claimed that they deserved the vote anyway. b. temporarily abandoned the movement for the vote. c. formed strong alliances with African Americans seeking voting rights. d. argued that the vote would enable women to extend their roles as mothers and homemakers to the public world. e. insisted on the inherent political and moral equality of men and women.
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d. argued that the vote would enable women to extend their roles as mothers and homemakers to the public world.
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One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the a. decline in farm income. b. stresses of urban life. c. emerging feminist movement. d. passage of more liberal divorce laws. e. decline of religious organizations.
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b. stresses of urban life.
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Reflecting women's increasing independence in the late 1890s, author and feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman supported all of the following except a. women abandoning their dependent status. b. women seeking power via their roles as wives and mothers. c. notions that biology made women fundamentally different from men. d. centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens. e. women becoming productive members of the economy as workers.
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c. notions that biology made women fundamentally different from men.
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The National American Woman Suffrage Association a. achieved its central political goal in 1898. b. conducted an integrated campaign for equal rights. c. abandoned the goals of Susan Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. d. elected Ida B. Wells as its president. e. limited its membership to whites.
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e. limited its membership to whites.
