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APUSH 1960-Present – Flashcards

Sara Edwards

8 July 2022

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President Richard Nixon

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United States President from 1969 to 1974 Withdrew troops from Vietnam Resigned due to Water Gate Stressed the important of the "American Dream" Positives: Improve Foreign Relations (china and russia), Improve the Economy by controlling it

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To what extent was Nixon's foreign policy effective?

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Nixon was very effective in improving US relations with other nations. Goal: Vision of many nations such as the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Western Europe, and Japan to all cooperate in proffitable ways that would prevent events that require much revenue spending in defense to situations with third world countries such as Vietnam. Visited China and Russia and built relationships with them. Ex: Summit meetings with Leonid I. Brezhnev led to a limit on strategic nuclear weapons. Ex: Establishment of the detente with the Soviet Union brought assurance of peace. Ex:Use of SoS, Henry Kissinger to negotiate disengagement agreements between Israel and its enemies Egypt and Syria.

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What were the effects of Nixon's Watergate Scandal

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After Americans found the news of the Watergate scandal, many were disappointed and began to lose trust for President Nixon. It affected his approval ratings greatly because they took a nosedive. He did not leave office a very popular president after his resignment on August 8, 1974 in fear of impeachment. The Watergate scandal also caused a sense of mistrust of the government.

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How did Nixon handle the cold war?

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The approach that Nixon and his administration had towards the end of the Cold War sucessfully helped reduce the many tensions that existed in the world during the time of the Cold War. Because of the strategic foreign policy nixon's administration had, it helped escalate the position of the United States as sort of a "peace maker". Nixon and his secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, were at many meetings and events such as the summit meetings in Russia and the meeting in China that slowly withdrew the U.S. from harm of the effects of the Cold War.

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To what extent was Nixon's domestic policy effective in the United States?

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During the presidency of Nixon, he was able to come up with a domestic policy that seemed to have helped the United States and prove effective. Economically, he was very involved especially with trying to dettach the U.S. dollar from the gold currency to utilize the dollar to its maximum potential. He also removed excise taxes which basically put more money into people's wallets. He also put a 10% tax on all imports into the U.S., this helped boost the economy. Socially, Nixon had some positives that helped. Dealing with key issues such as civil rights and women's rights, he urged for better legislation. He fought for intergration in schools to improve the quality of education. example: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

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President Ronald Reagan

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Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th president of the United States of America. He resided as president two terms, from 1980-1988. Born in 1911 and a graduate from Eureka College Reagan worked as a sport broadcaster before becoming a movie star in Hollywood. At first a liberal Reagan supported the New Deal but became a Republican in 1962 after supporting the campaigns of Eisenhower and Nixon. In 1964 Reagan delivered a rousing speech on the behalf of Barry Goldwater's presidency, which cast him into the political spotlight. After winning the election of 1980 Reagan served two terms have a great effect on American foreign, economic and social policies. But despite promises to downsize the influence of the federal government Social Security, medicare, and major welfare programs were not dismantled.Reagan however did control inflation and simulate the longest period of prosperity in US history. Reagan left office with the same popularity he had entered with, leaving known as the "Great Communicator."

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Which of Reagan's economic policies proved to be more fatal? The "Reaganomics" or David Stockman "Revenue Enhancements?" (Provide arguments for both as "more fatal")

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"Reaganomics"- More Fatal The supply-side economics was a great idea had the United States been in a position to give up money funding programs, but a majority of the programs were being used, the United States was in a large deficit and could not meet the budget and needed more taxation. There was also a failure to bring about substantial reductions to the federal spending as Legislators consistently approved of budgets that were higher than what Reagan wanted. David Stockman-More Fatal The mix of increasing taxes and pushed for 35 billion dollar budget cuts in education, cultural programs, housing, food stamps, and school lunches. This was to create a "safety net" of government for the truly needy. These programs would be only available to those who could not work because of a disability or child care responsibility.1982, 100 billion dollar tax bill in attempt to tame the soaring budget deficit.

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To what extent did Reagan's foreign policy positively or negatively effect the America's?

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1980 El Salvador struggle between communist supported revolutionaries and right wing militants, US sent economic and military assistance. Critics worry that US would ensure that revolutionary forces would capitalize on anti US sentiment. Supporters believe that US nonintervention would lead to communist victories in other parts of Central America, such as Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala. Administration ordered CIA to train and supply guerrilla bands of anti communist Nicaraguans(contras), staged attacks on Sandinista bases, want to replace Sandinista Governments with a democratic government.

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To what extent did Reagan's foreign policy positively or negatively effect the Middle East?

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1984, Iran and Iraq began to attack tankers in the Persian Gulf, major source of the worlds oil.Lebanon collapse into anarchy of warring groups Beirut became a battle ground between Sunni, Shiite Muslims, Druze, Palestine Liberation Organization(PLO), Arab Christians, and Syrian invaders.US sent special Ambassadors to negotiate a settlement between Israeli forces and the PLO. American forces sent in to act as peace keepers, but small numbers had little affect and were continually harassed by the Muslims. October 23, 1983 Islamic suicide bomber killed 41 Americans at Beirut airport, Reagan announce Marines would be redeployed.

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To what extent did Reagan's foreign policy positively or negatively effect Relations with the soviet Union?

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Reagan and Secretary of Defense Casper Weinberg major buildup of conventional and nuclear weapons. 1983 Authorize department of defense to Develop a Strategic Defense Initiative. Reagan express American resolve in face of "communist aggression anywhere in the world." Reagan work behind the scenes against the solidarity movement. Reagan protest crackdown of soviets on communist satellites, and impose economic sanctions on Poland's communist government. December 9, 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev sign treaty to eliminate intermediate range nuclear missiles. Treaty represented first step towards eventual end to arms race. Reagan push for the ending of the Cold War "tear down this wall" Reagan challenge Gorbachev to tear down Berlin Wallas a symbol of desire to increase the freedom of the eastern bloc. *Italicized Points can be used toward negative effect of Reagan's policies

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Reagan Granada

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Reagan order Marines to invade Grenada to dispose new government, and evacuate American medical students, this move popular in the United States. Made Reagan look decisive

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Reagan Iran Contra Affair

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US secretly selling arms to Iran in hope to receive US hostages in Lebanon Oliver North plan to use the profits from sale weapons to Iran to support Contra Rebels in Nicaragua. Ronald Reagan appoint three man counsel headed by John Tower to investigate scandal. Blame put on Reagan's loose management style, also a House-Senate Investigation reveal incriminating government documents, crass profiteering, and misguided patriotism.

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Reagan Central America

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1988 Daniel Ortega Nicaraguan President pledge to negotiate with Contra rebels. Produced Cease Fire. Contra Rebels seeing diminished support in US congress saw truce as only chance to gain some concessions, such as amnesty for political prisoners, return of contras from exile, and freedom of expression.

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What key factors where major contributors to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980

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Ronald Reagan was able to gain the title of President of the United Sates by winning the election of 1980, the success of Reagan's campaign can be attributed to his past career as an actor and governor of California and charisma, the moral majority within America, and his promises to the American People. Reagan former career as an actor allowed him to thrive in the political arena to endear the American people. Also the demographic change within America had favored Reagan and the conservative movement. The rising moral majority within America and feminist backlash also contributed to the rising popularity of Ronald Reagan and campaign for "family values." Lastly Reagan had promised the American people to lower taxes and inflation and weaken the strength of the federal government. These promises helped endear Reagan to the American People.

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Reagan's Governorship on His Election

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Governor of California -Drawn into campaign by wealthy admirers, Reagan won the 1966 election by a landslide. -As Governor Reagan appeal reached to the middle and lower class, because of his views of resentment towards high taxes, welfare programs for dependents, the vulgar activities of college students, crime and challenges against the traditional family values. -Reagan established his views during his governorship and this allowed him to take advantage of the changing political views of Americans.

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Who did Reagan appeal to?

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-Appealed to the middle and lower-middle class who were resentful of high taxes, welfare programs for the dependent, and deterioration of traditional values. -Elderly became more numerous and moved to the sun belt states of south and west which were areas deeply rooted in conservative hostility towards big government carrying the US demographic in Reagan's favor

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Reagan Moral Majority

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Reagan benefited from the revival of evangelical religion as 70 million in America described themselves as born again Christians -Moral majority expressed views such as economy operating without government intervention, abortion illegal, and prayer in school in line with the views of Reagan and his campaign. -Feminist Backlash-Formation of counter organizations such as the campaign to defeat the equal rights amendment. Wanted women to embrace god given role of mothers and wives. -rising anti abortion "pro life" movement, supported by the national Conference of Catholic Bishops, this group supported Reagan who campaigned for "family values" and the right of the unborn. -Many northern working class Catholics support Reagan.

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Election of 1980

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The Election of 1980 -Reagan promise less government, lower taxes, prosperity, lower inflation, and military strength. - Democrats had embraced fiscal conservatism alienated appeal towards blue collar workers who decided then to vote for neither party.

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Analyze the social effect Ronald Reagan presidency and whether these effects were contributed to positive or negative changes in America?

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Ronald Reagan as President of the United States had a impact on the social elements in America. Reagan's administration had given up building public housing and the urban renewal program had demolished infected areas. This all despite the growing prosperity among the wealthiest Americans. Also the Reagan administration had at first showed little interest in the AIDS epidemic in America, because it was seen as a "gay" disease. Eventually though Reagan could not ignore the epidemic, and the Surgeon General releases a public education program to help prevent the spread of the deadly virus.

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Teftlon Presidency on Reagan

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Teflon Presidency -Reagan was able to avoid any damage due to the nearly 200 appointees that were accused of unethical or illegal activities. -Reagan was able to avoid the connections due to his charisma and loose managerial style. -Reagan broke the political power of the AFL-CIO with his electoral victories in 1980. -Criticism of union follow public trend, record number of new jobs created despite union membership down, with only 17% of nations full time workers part of unions.

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Reagan Result: Housing

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Shortage of low cost housing despite prosperity among the wealthiest Americans. Government had given up on building public housing urban renewal program demolish blighted areas owners abandon unprofitable buildings in poor neighborhoods or convert them to condominiums (gentrification)

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Reagan: Aids

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Gay men and intravenous drug users at risk. Those with the disease show fatigue, strange combination of infections, and eventually die. Reagan Admin show little interest because AIDS seen as a "gay" disease. By 2000 300,000 die from AIDS and one million infected by AIDS. Surgeon General release public education program which include message of "safe sex". Italicized Points can be used toward negative effect of Reagan's policies*

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Reagonomics

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Reagonomics: Also called, "supply-side" economics and voodoo economics, suggested that the stagflation of the 1970s resulted from high taxes of the period that weakened incentives to work hard, save money, and reinvest in the economic market, and the solution was to reduce regulation, taxes, and federal spending to produce more government revenue.

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Moral Majority

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Moral Majority: A group of people, led by Reverend Jerry Falwell, categorized the major goals of the religious right wing: the economy should operate without interference from the government, the decision for the court case Roe v. Wade (1973) should be reversed, Darwinism should be replaced in schoolbooks by the bible story of creation, prayer should be allowed in public schools again, and communism should be opposed. They supported Ronald Reagan, even though a lot of them were born-again Christians and Jimmy Carter was also.

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Economic Recovery Tax Act

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Economic Recovery Tax Act: Signed August 1, 1981, cut personal income taxes by 25 percent, lowered the maximum tax rate from 70 to 50 percent for 1982, cut the capital gains tax by 33 percent, and offered a broad variety of other tax concessions such as indexing individual income parameters, allowing all taxpayers to establish IRAs, expanding provisions for employment stock ownership plans, etc.

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David Stockman

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David Stockman: Reagan's budget director, pushed $35 billion in budget cuts in education programs, cultural programs, housing, food stamps, and school lunches, and although promised to still provide for the "truly needy," poverty levels rose from 11.7 percent in 1979 to 15.3 percent in 1983.

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Revenue Enhancements

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Revenue Enhancements: Term that basically means tax increases, aides of Ronald Reagan realized after that cuts in domestic spending fell far short of what would be needed to meet the budget, that the taxes would need to be raised, in which $100 billion were raised in a new tax bill in 1982.

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Labor Setbacks

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Labor setbacks: Presidential appointments to the National Labor Relations Board favored management, 1981 Reagan fired members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization who participated in a strike, Reagan's electoral victories in 1980 and 1984 broke the political power of the American Federation of Labor-Committee for Industrial Organization (AFL-CIO); 1979, 24 percent of nation's full-time workers were represented by unions, and in 1987, only 17 percent.

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Sandra Day O'Connor

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Sandra Day O'Connor: Appointed to the Supreme Court by Ronald Reagan as the first woman justice, but thought of as a token achievement as opposed to an actual commitment to gender equality.

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The Evil Empire

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The Evil Empire: Reagan called Soviet Union, in which Reagan thought that Soviets were "prepared to commit any crime, to lie, to cheat" to promote Communism.

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Strategic Defense Initiative "Star Wars"

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Strategic Defense Initiative "Star Wars": 1983, Reagan authorized the Defense Department to construct a complex anti-missile defense system in outer space; such defense systems could be built and would force Soviets to launch an expensive research and development program of their own.

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Solidarity

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Solidarity: Polish worker movement which challenged the Communist monopoly of power, which caused Soviet Intervention; Détente deteriorated and Reagan imposed economic sanctions against Poland's Communist government and also supported the Solidarity movement.

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Death Squads

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Death Squads: right-wing Salvadoran militants who engaged in systematic terror and murder, Reagan abandoned Jimmy Carter's criticism of these groups.

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President José Napoelón Duarte

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President José Napoelón Duarte: president of American-backed government of El Salvador; brought about moderate stability.

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Contras

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Bands of guerillas of anti-Communist Nicaraguans, "freedom fighters"

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Issues in Nicaragua during the Reagan Administration

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Nicaragua: State Department claimed that the Cuban-sponsored government (Sandinista) in Nicaragua was giving Soviet and Cuban arms to leftist Salvadoran rebels, which Reagan responded by ordering the CIA to train and supply Contras; Reagan sought to prevent arms being sent to rebels and replace Sandinistas with a democratic government.

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Jerry Farwell

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Jerry Farwell-Leader of the moral majority ( Liberty Alliance), which expressed the major goals of the right wing

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Women Who Want to Be Women and Females Opposed to Equality

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Women Who Want to Be Women and Females Opposed to Equality- groups who were counter organizations to the goals of the feminist movement.

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Pyhllis Schafly

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Pyhllis Schafly- leader of the campaign to defeat equal rights amendments

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Oliver North

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Oliver North- Aide to the National Security Counsel who specialized in counter terrorism

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1971 26th Amendment

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gratified 18 year olds to vote legally

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Equal Rights Amendment

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Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

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Environmental Protection Agency

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protect human health and the environment

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Watergate Scandal

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a break in the Democratic National Committee during the 1972 campaign in order to obtain information. Nixon claimed no personal involvement but after giving up tape recordings to the courts, evidence did not show very positive for Nixon.

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State and Local Assistance Act (Revenue Sharing)

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State and Local Assistance Act (Revenue Sharing)- Revenue from income taxes that is shared with the other state and local governments. Under this act a 1/3 of funds went to State governments, and 2/3 of it went to local governments.

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NASA

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Nixon approved of the development of Space Shuttle Program. However budget under Nixon decreased, and many plans of Nasa did not go through.

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Salt I

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first real limitation pact on nuclear weapons between United States, and Russia.

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission- independant law enforcement agency that enforces laws against workplace discrimination.

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Committee of the Reelection of the President

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Committee for the Reelection of the President (CREEP)- committee created to help get President Nixon reelected. Creep was made in 1971. They were involved in a couple illegal activities including the water gate scandal

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1972 Election

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1972 election- Between George S. McGovern and Richard Nixon. People feared that McGovern was a isolationist because he wanted cuts in military spending (defense spending)

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White House Plumbers

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Associated with CREEP, their job was to prevent information from being spread.

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Wage and Control Prices

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Wage and Control Prices- For a period of ninety days, President Nixon froze wages, prices, and revenue in the U.S.

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Was the United States policy of containment from 1945-1988 effective in Europe? (Points for YES)

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Politically -Greece(Crushing of the Rebellion) -Turkey(Crushin the Rebellion) -Berlin Blockade?Berlin Airlift- Prevented the Soviets from completely controlling Berlin -Marshall plan- Gave U.S aid to countries in need so communism would not look so good for the lower class -Truman Doctrine -Collapse of the Soviet Union Economically -Marshall plan -Molotov Plan -Growth of western Germany used as a example of success Socially: -NATO -ARMS race -Support for Polaska

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Was the United States policy of containment from 1945-1988 effective in Europe (Points for NO)

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Politically -Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe after the war -Soviets still stirred up trouble in the Balkans -Berlin Wall -U.S did not prevent the build up of soviet nuclear arms -Congress of Sajudis -The U.S supported some dictator/bad governments in order to stop communism -Many of the weapons the U.S gives to the Balkans will be used in later inhumane wars such as the later Balkin conflict Economically -The Soviets denied the marshall plan and issued the molotov plan instead -The Soviet Unions economic system spread to other poor countries -The U.S failed to create capitalist values in the minds of many Eastern European states. Socially: -U.S Failed to support many of the Soviet Unions states who wanted out of the soviet union. -The U.S failed to maintain Detante -The U.S failed to stop the ideals of communism from spreading to other nations across the world -Once the Soviet Union Clapsed the U.S did not do a good job of helping build governments. This leads to crisis in the Balkans.

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How did the two spheres of influence between the United states and the Soviet Union sculpt the governments in eastern and central Europe

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Politically: -NATO -WARSAW Pact -Truman Doctrine -Occupation of Germany -Greece/Turkey Economically: -Marshall plan -Molotov Plan -Fueling governments with aid such as Turkey and Greece Socially: -Arms Race -Detante -End of WW2

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Did the US handle the Berlin Blockade properly (points for yes)

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Blockade ended Showed the U.S Truman Doctrine Let the Soviets no the U.S was up to the challenge Did not break any rules in the process Created a greater liking to the U.S among the people in Western Germany

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Did the US handle post WWII properly (points for no)

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U.S letting the Soviets reach berlin was a big mistake The U.S was to soft on the Soviet take over of eastern europe More resistance to the the communist government of East Germany More of a U.S presence in eastern Europe

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Who was more responsible for the fall of communism? (Points for Soviet Union)

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Political -Mikhail Gorbachev's rise to power -Perestoika -Glasnot -Reversing of the Brezneth Doctorine -Gorbachev announces he will be more as secrative -Polaska -Arms Race(Spent themselves to death) Economic: -People were starving in the Soviet Union -It was evident that the communist agriculture methods were not working -Accepting of out side help with the U.S grain trade trade -People were sick of waiting in line for hours for simple items Cultural: -People were sick of all of the Control -Many people did not want to become communist run -Having no religion bothered many of the communists -The wealthier professions were sick of being payed the same as the regular workers

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Who was more responsible for the fall of communism? (Points for United States)

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Political -Containment policy -Truman Doctrine -Aiding of countries such as Greece and Turkey -Berlin Airlift -NATO intervention Economic: -U.S was able to out Spend the Soviets in Nuclear Weapons -U.S was able to put more aid into both Greece and Turkey than the soviets were able -The U.S economic image seemed like a dream for the people of the Soviet Union Cultural: -The Soviet Union wanted Western things such as food, toys,ect.... -The Ideals of Capitalism finally reached the Soviet Union -Premiers wife shocked at how much food was in the U.S grocery stores

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Berlin Airlift

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As a Response to the Berlin Blockade the allies begin a massive airlift flying supplies into west berlin and successfully break the blockade.

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Berlin Wall

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As a result of the U2 plane incident as well as the flow of East berliners moving into West Berlin the Soviet Union Builds a wall splitting the city in half. This becomes the iconic Symbol of the Cold War.

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NATO

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Is a military pact between North America and Western Europe in which each country vowed to protect each other if one was attacked by the soviet union or any other countries.

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WARSAW Pact

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Was used to counter NATO. basically is the same thing just with the satellite states of the Soviet Union

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Turkey Civil War

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Was fought between the Turkish government and the communist rebels. The U.S aided the Turkish government significantly and basically made it so that Turkey did not become communist.

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Greece Civil War

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Very Similar to the Turkish civil war but initially the British were aiding the goverment in Greece against the communist rebels. During the conflict the British bowed out and made it clear that the Americans would have to be the sole proprietor in the fight against communism.

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Truman Doctrine

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Basically set the standard for American containment of communism world wide

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Marshal Plan

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After World War 2 the U.S gave billions of dollars to all of the European countries for free use without any strings attached. The Sovet Union and its bloc countries did not accept any aid because of the fear of western influence.

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Molotov Plan

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Was in response to the marshall plan in which the soviet union tried to issue out similar aid to any of the block states that needed it.

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West Germany

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Was controlled by the allies. After the reconstruction is seen as the most successful country in europe in terms of industry.

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East Germany

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was a bloc state led by the puppet leaders of Wilhelm Pieck and Otto Grotewohl.

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Arms Race Between the US and The Soviet Union

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although not European it is still important because if there was a nuclear war Europe would have been a battle ground for the two powers. The United states had missiles in Turkey and G.B and the soviets had missiles located in its bloc states.

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Atomic Weapons

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at one point both countries had the capability to blow up the world several times. This caused a constant fear in the hearts of many Europeans.

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U2 Spy Plane Scandal

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At the paris peace conferences between the U.S and the Soviets there was a U.S Plane U.S shot down over the Soviet union. The U.S denied the claim that it was a U.S plane. Gorbachev then announced that they had captured the pilot and broke off relations at the peace conference.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

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Was the premier of the Soviet Union. Unlike many of the premiers before he had a much more democratic and liberal mind set. This eventually would lead to the decline and fall of the soviet union.

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Glasnot

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Was a system implemented by Gorbechev in which the soviet Union tried to have less secrecy and less censorship. Is considered one of the reasons for the collapse.

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Perestroika

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Was a program that Gorbachev put into place in which he gave more independence to different parts of the government as well as many bloc states. Can be seen as one of the major reasons for the collapse of the soviet union.

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Congress of Sajudis (Lithuania)

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Was one of the first resistance movements agianst the Communists regime in lithuania.

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Polaska

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Resistance in Poland

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Increased US Involvement in Latin America in Cold War Years

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Increased Involvement - Cold War competition with Soviet Union makes any leftist movement a perceived threat. Funding of right-wing, friendly leaders such as Batista, Pinochet, and Trujillo. Opposition of left wing leaders and movements such as Castro, Guevara's forces, Sendero Luminoso, etc. Military intervention in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Ecuador, etc. Increased importance shown by Cuban Missile Crisis and Bay of Pigs. Military and naval bases mantained (e.g. Guantanamo). Abandonment of Good Neighbor Policy. Economic Cooperation through the Alliance for Progress

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Maintained or Decreased Levels of US Involvement in Cold War Latin America

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Mantained or Decreased Involvement United States was historically always interested in Latin America, Cold War just represents a new shift: economic and military interests are still in play, just a different political shift. Leftist movements had always been suppressed in Latin America by the US such as in Nicaragua and Cuba and complacent governments had always replaced them. Decreased publicity and importance of Pan-American Conferences later in the decades.

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Was the United States justified in intervening Latin American affairs from the years 1945 to 1988?

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Main argument: protection of Cold War interests and defeating the Soviet Union. Cuban Missile Crisis showed Soviet Union's desire to spread Communism to the region, and missiles were a direct threat. Leftist movements were anti-American. Leftist movements such as Cuba nationalized American businesses and thus were a cause of economic loss. US government did not know that funded dictators would commit crimes against humanity. Moral arguments against Communism can also apply.

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Was the United States justified in intervening Latin American affairs from the years 1945 to 1988?

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Violation of claimed American beliefs such as liberty and self-determination. Funding dictatorships in Latin America caused widespread government-sponsored death such as 30,000 "desaperecidos" in Argentina, repression by Batista and Pinochet, and wars provoked by the US government. Latin America continues to suffer from this involvement: here you can talk about the "Lost Decade", economic failure, lack of justice, and widespread poverty. Latin America did not deserve to be victim of US foreign policy. US was consciously aware of the desires and actions of its funded leaders (Kissinger attending 1978 World Cup with Argentine military triumvirate). Can bring up any clear violations of human rights funded by United States (see terms).

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How did US foreign policy influence US-Latin American realtions from the years 1945 to 1988?

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-Truman Doctrine -Carter & Human Rights -Reagan Doctrine

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Truman doctrine on US foreign policy influence US-Latin American realtions from the years 1945 to 1988?

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Originally specific to Greece and Turkey but eventually extend around the world. Sought to protect the entire globe outside the Soviet block from Communism which included Latin America. Influenced Eisenhower to intervene in Guatemala, Kennedy in Cuba, and on for decades. Latin America was especially volatile because of proximity to America. Most influential doctrine on Latin American relations during the Cold War.

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Carter & Human Rights on US foreign policy influence US-Latin American realtions from the years 1945 to 1988?

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On the surface, was an attempt to humanize US Foreign Policy in interest of universal human rights. Carter does rollback a little bit on militarism in Latin America, intervention was less common and less talked about. For example, he gave control of the Panama Canal back to the Panamanians. He also had negative feelings to the Salvadoran paramilitaries. He did not succeed in completely humanizing or creating a more moralistic foreign policy but he did support a gradual change.

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Reagan Doctrine on US foreign policy influence US-Latin American realtions from the years 1945 to 1988?

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Reagan's practice of intervening in Third World Nations to protect American interests. Not completely different than containment, but expanded Third World intervention and explicitly professed this belief. This results in an increase of interventions in Latin American affairs during the 1980s seen by Reagan's involvement in Grenada, Nicaragua, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, and others. Important to reference expansion of Salvadoran and Guatemalan Civil Wars, as well as Iran Contra Affair.

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To what extent is the following statement true: "United States foreign policy from 1945-1988 Latin America tended to represent its own interests at the expense of the countries it influenced." [Case Study Country: Cuba]

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True: Funding of Batista represents US economic interests - casinos, prostitution, mafia, etc. The embargo placed when Cuba allies with Soviet Union - or when Cuba challenges US geopolitical interests. The Cuban Missile Crisis meant to mantain US supremacy in the Western Hemisphere. The Bay of Pigs shows the extent to which America would go to prevent Soviet influence in the hemisphere. False: Funding Batista helped mutual economic interests for Cuban and American businessmen and protects the country from horrors of communism. The Cuban Missile Crisis was Kennedy's successful attempt to prevent nuclear war from destroying the world; something in mutual interest of the world. The Bay of Pigs sought to help Cuba achieve democratic leadership and elections.

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True: Dominican Republic was an important economic ally due to sugarcane fields, Trujillo defended these interests. Trujillo was also stridently anti-communist. Trujillo, however, completely violated the alleged American conception of democracy and thus no argument can be made that it was for democratic means. Trujillo's importance is highlighted by the United States' quick involvement after his death. False: Generic argument of United States intervention protecting hemisphere from Communism. The United States eventually (offiically) wanted to allow democracy in the Dominican. If this country was analyzed, the student would probably go with the true side because there is not much evidence against it.

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Early Soviet Involvement in Latin America

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Soviets sent aid and exchanged students with Latin American countries, showing the friendship between many Latin American nations and the Soviet bloc. For example, Leon Trotsky found easy refuge in Mexico after he was exiled by Stalin.

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Appeal of Marxism in Latin America

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Appeal of Marxism in Latin America - Marxism had a great appeal because of the region's centuries-long struggle against imperialism. The countries continued to suffer from economic and cultural domination by the Spanish elite. Furthermore, a humongous lower class existed that sought to struggle against the priveleged few.

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Guerilla Warfare

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Guerilla Warfare - War largely practiced by rebel movements that focuses on hit-and-run tactics on a large military force. Successfully utilized in Cuba and attempted in other Latin American nations.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

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Cuban Missile Crisis - tense situation in 1962 between the Soviet Union dealing with its plan to place missiles in Cuba. Resulted in Kennedy's blockade of the island.

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Bay of Pigs

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Bay of Pigs - Kennedy sent a force of ex-Batista officials and CIA trained fighters to oust Castro from power in 1961. This miserably failed.

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Torrijos-Carter Treaties

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Torrijos-Carter Treaties - treaties in which Carter promises Panama control over the canal after almost a century of American ownsership in 1977.

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Salvador Allende

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Salvador Allende - Marxist politician elected democratically by the Chilean people, but died during the military coup lead by Pinochet in 1973. Causes of his death are unknown; it was believed for decades that he committed suicide as the junta advanced, but recent cases and investigation by the Chilean government has hinted that he was executed.

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Ernesto "Che" Guevara

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Ernesto "Che" Guevara - Argentine revolutionary that participated most notably in the Cuban Revolution, as well as numerous others. He was a passionate Marxist, but sought to distance himself from Soviet communism. He forever turned to the anti-imperialist Marxism when he witnessed America's intervention in Guatemala in 1954. He was executed in 1967 in Bolivia by the Bolivian Army following CIA orders.

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Fulgencio Batista

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Fulgencio Batista - Military leader of Cuba from 1933-1944 and 1952-1959. He was ousted from power by Fidel Castro's revolutionary forces and took refuge in the Dominican Republic. He and his allies were supported financially by the United States in times when it saw risk in Cuba.

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The "Dirty War"

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The "Dirty War" - State-sponsored violence lead by Jorge Rafael Videla that targeted alleged left-wing activists that included writers, students, allegel sympathizers, and many others. The resulted were 30,000 of the "disappeared" ones.

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The "Disappeared"

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The "disappeared" - Victims of the Dirty War that were not executed but literally "disappeared" by the hand of the government. Many of these victims were children of alleged enemies of the state. These children, after birth, were given to families friendly to the junta. Many children later discovered that their parents were not their true parents, and this lead to social crisis in Argentina.

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"Socialism and Man in Cuba"

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"Socialism and Man in Cuba" - Essay written by Guevara describing the socialist model of Cuba. This was before he broke with Castro in 1965.

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Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

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Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) - An insurgent group in Colombia formed in 1964 that is labeled Marxist-Leninist and is opposed by the United States. It has a lot of influence on the drug trade in recent decades and less on ideological goals.

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Sandinista National Liberation Front

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Sandinista National Liberation Front - Left-wing political party in Nicaragua that promised to come to power in the 1980s. Enemy forces were funded by reagan to prevent this.

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Bogota Conference

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- the 9th Pan-American Conference, taking place in Bogota, Colombia in 1948. It was symbolic in that the Cold War was just beginning and the US tried to lay out plans for this new world system.

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The New Frontier and The Great Society

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The 1960's provided a salient contrast to the conformist and calm decade of the 50's. Social commotion and a united sense of American ambition culminated in Kennedy's program that developed the title of the New Frontier. Kennedy's ambitious domestic program fought a conservative southern coalition but managed to have a significant social impact. These include the signing of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the integration of the University of Mississippi, and the setting of the framework for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After his assassination in 1963, Lyndon Johnson continued Kennedy's attempts to eradicate poverty and swore he would be "the best friend the Negro ever had," in attempts to create what was dubbed as the Great Society. Significant pieces of legislation passed include the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which he passed over the Southern conservative opposition that had hindered Kennedy. While including several successes, the end of these presidencies left behind a feeling of mediocre accomplishment and created a conservative backlash that helped to bring Nixon and other Republicans to high government positions.

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Compare and contrast Kennedy's New Frontier program and Johnson's Great Society program.(Point for The Same)

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Both Kennedy's New Frontier and Johnson's Great Society circulate around the belief that federal government has a responsibility towards the welfare of its people. They both rank as one of the most top comprehensive presidential programs to actively fight social ills in society. Kennedy's administration passed a Housing Act that worked towards urban renewal, increased minimum wage, helped administer loans and grants to "distressed areas" with the Redevelopment Act of 1961, and increased Social Security Benefits. Johnson similarly worked tirelessly to fight poverty and revitalize cities. His program included healthcare to the elderly and impoverished under Medicare and Medicaid, the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, a type of national Peace Corps called VISTA, and a preschooler program titled Head Start.

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Compare and contrast Kennedy's New Frontier program and Johnson's Great Society program.(Point for Different)

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Kennedy never took a bold stance to fight racism, claiming he did not want to be the "poster-boy for Civil Rights". Johnson took much greater efforts; his era saw the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and an Immigration Act that treated all nationalities equally. While Kennedy is credited with many of the accomplishments of Johnson's administration because of his likability and Johnson's skyrocketing expenses, Johnson passed more legislation that attempted to help the people. Kennedy had greater congressional and societal support - possibly because of his likability and charisma - while Johnson bore the brunt of a failing Vietnam war.

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Did Kennedy's New Frontier programs successfully respond to the demands of the people? (Points for Yes)

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In 1961, Kennedy added to the Fair Labor Standards Act which gave the power to regulate and fight abuses in big business and also raised minimum wage by 25%. He helped make housing more affordable, which would help a generation of baby boomers in the near future. He also passed the Redevelopment Act of 1961 and helped gain support for a space program that would prove valuable for the country's technical and scientific reputation and the country's spirits. Not only this, but his youthful attitude and promise to get the country "moving again" gave America a much needed revitalization to lift the country out of the doldrums of the 1950s.

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Did Kennedy's New Frontier programs successfully respond to the demands of the people? (Points for No)

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Kennedy's attempt for medical care were not passed through Congress until Johnson's presidency. In truth, he was never able to overcome the southern bloc in Congress, which prevented increasing federal aid to education and establishing a Department of Urban Affairs. Most of his successes regarded Foreign relations, such as the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, Alliance for Progress programs involving Latin American aid, and the creation of the Peace Corps.

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Can Johnson's presidency be considered an overall success when regarding his goals and promises? (Points for Yes)

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Johnson finished what Kennedy could not. Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Revenue Act of 1964 through a stymied Congress.He also made several pieces of groundbreaking legislation of his own, including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1966, and the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. The Immigration Act of 1965 also helped fight discrimination against non-European immigrants and treated all nationalities equally when considering migration to the US. The scope of his program was extensive, including aid to those in poverty, protection of the eldery, education of the young, consideration for the environment, and cosmetic improvement to America overall.

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Can Johnson's presidency be considered an overall success when regarding his goals and promises? (Points for No)

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The high cost of Johnson's program debilitated his administration's reputation and his war on poverty was not extensive enough to make lasting change. The government bureaucracy prevented its success and many criticized the Great society as a waste of precious resources. However ambitious Johnson's program was, they were realistically underfunded or managed too poorly to be effective. Also important is the criticism that Johnson acquired for his actions in Vietnam; congressional and societal blame rested on his shoulders and often ill feelings were aimed also at his domestic program. While the Great Society did help to reduce the number of Americans in poverty in the 1960s, it did so by government expense, creating a deep hole of debt that would become highly burdensome very quickly.

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To what extent did Kennedy's New Frontier carry out the ideals of Truman's New Deal?

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Similarities:The New Frontier, at its core, sought to revitalize a nation suspicious of Communism and prepare them for a society of "unknown opportunities and perils". Similar to the New Deal, it's main goal was to improve the welfare of the people. Differences:Kennedy, however popular he would grow to be, did not hold a popular mandate that a president should secure to begin a significant series of changes. Congress blocked many of the bills that would have been similar to Truman's New Deal.

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To what extent did Johnson's Great Society programs carry out the ideals of Truman's New Deal?

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Similarities:Lyndon Johnson's program similarly wanted to aid a public that demanded welfare. Medicare and Medicaid would become cornerstones of social services provided still today. Johnson's war on poverty is Truman's New Deal at heart: both seeking to help those in greatest need. Johnson also helped to create job opportunities with the Job Corps and loans to employers who would hire those who could not normally be employed. Differences:The high costs and inefficiency of Johnson's programs tainted the success he had, but the goals of the Great Society almost perfectly matched those of the New Deal

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Election of 1960

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included the first televised debates between Kennedy and Johnson, Kennedy wins by a close margin and Nixon won mores states.

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Election of 1964

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Barry Goldwater runs as the Republican candidate by offering a "choice, not an echo", but many found him too candid on sensitive issues. Johnson wins by a landslide.

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Peace Corps

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Peace Corps: created in 1961 by Kennedy to send volunteers who provide technical and educational aid around the world.

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Trade Expansion Act of 1962

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Trade Expansion Act of 1962: Considered Kennedy's greatest legislative accomplishment, this led to tariff cuts between the US and the Common Market of Europe averaging 35%.

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Area Redevelopment Act of 1961

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Area Redevelopment Act of 1961: This victory of the Kennedy administration provided around $400 million in grants and loans to areas of distress in America.

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The Revenue Act of 1964

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The Revenue Act of 1964: Originally Kennedy's plan but jammed in Congress. Johnson pulls it through. In essence, it was a tax cut to stimulate consumer spending and once passed, provided a healthy boost to the economy.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Also originated from Kennedy's administration but brought to life by Johnson. It outlawed racial discrimination in voter registration and hiring. It consequently made the South supporters of the Republican party.

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Head Start Program

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Head Start Program: Also one of Johnson's Great Society Programs for disadvantaged preschoolers.

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American Medical Association

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American Medical Association: It supported Johnson's idea of health insurance for the elderly which culminated into the Medicare program.

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Medicare

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Medicare: Provides health care for the elderly.

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Medicaid

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Administers grants to states that help provide health care for those living under the federal poverty line.

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Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965

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This act treated immigrants from all countries equally and lifted any existing discriminatory quotas. Instead, caps were universal: 170,000 people at most could be admitted from outside the western hemisphere and 120,000 people at most from within. It also eradicated any limit of entry to immediate family members of US residents. As a consequence, Asians and Latinos became the largest immigrant groups.

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The Warren Court

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Influential cases of the 1960s Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Defendants of felonies must be provided a lawyer regardless of their ability to pay. Escobedo v. Illinois (1964): Defendants accused of crimes must be able to consult a lawyer before police interrogation. Miranda v. Arizona (1966): An accused person must be informed of their right to remain silent, their right to know that anything said can be used against them in court, and the right to have a defense attorney present during police interrogation.

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The Other America (1962): Written by Michael Harrington,

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This piece exposed poverty to Americans and spurred discussion of solutions in Washington DC.

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Politics of the 1970s

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The 1970's were a time of change for America, as the Vietnam war came to a close, foreign policy drastically changed. This along with oil shortages and other domestic problems made the 1970s a time of turmoil and political unrest throughout the world. As politics changed throughout the world America was forced to change both its foreign and domestic policy's. increased spending and the war with Vietnam led to protests and riots on a massive scale. As the 1970's came to an end the political turmoil began to settle allowing presidents to focus on more domestic policy.

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What are the same political changes took place from the 1960's and 1970's.

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Many domestic policies that began in the 1960s carried over into the 1970s.The Vietnam war along with its massive spending and anger it caused also carried over into the 1970s.

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What are the different political changes took place from the 1960's and 1970's.

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During the 1960s many domestic policies were put into place. Lyndon Johnson called for the creation of a great society in which many new domestic policies addressing health care, education. urban problems and transportation were created the increased spending on these programs coupled with the spending in Vietnam caused deficits to soar. this changed drastically in the 1970s in 1975 the Vietnam war came to a close leading to less spending and lower deficits. Nixon's congress was largely democratic while he was largely republican this made it extremely hard for Nixon to pass any domestic policies, because of this Nixon focused most of his energy on foreign policy. Nixon visited with some of Americas worst enemies bring many nations closer to peace than ever before.

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Were the political changes made during the 1970's positive or negative for Americans. (Points for Positive)

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during the 1970s little was done to help America. Nixon's primarily Democratic congress would have made it very hard for Nixon to work on domestic policy which forced Nixon to think about the Foreign policy. During the 1970s Nixon visited both Chin and the Soviet Union which were both thought to be Americas greatest enemies. Pictures of Nixon dining with both leaders shown on television and in newspapers and magazines helped show Americans that both of these nations were not totally bad, because of this Nixon brought Americans back from the brink of nuclear war and helped to unify the superpowers.

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Were the political changes made during the 1970's positive or negative for Americans. (Points for Negative)

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Because Nixon was focused on Vietnam and foreign policy he had little time for domestic policies and domestic spending. As Vietnam cause major deficits and grew more unpopular more riots broke out and many were violent. the later part of the 1970s showed both high inflation and high unemployment leading to stagflation.

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Stagflation

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Caused when inflation is high and economic growth rate is low.

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1970s Presidents

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Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter.

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1970 Iran Hostage Crisis

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66 United states citizens were taken captive when Iranian militants overtook the united states embassy

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Camp David Accords

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Signed by Anwar Al Sedat the Egyptian president, overseen by Jimmy Carter. Basis for peace between Egypt and Israel

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Gold Standard

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the gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit is a fixed weight of gold. Americas gold standard ended in 1971.

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George Wallace

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Ran for President Four times 1972 assassination attempt left him paralyzed from the waste down. he ran as a democrat three times and as an American Independent Party once

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President Gerald Ford

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38th president of member of the Republican party, elected after Nixon's resignation. Presided over the worst economy since the Great Depression, foreign policy was marked by an increased role of congress and the corresponding power curb, for presidential powers. Pardoned Nixon destroying any future he had as a politician

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President Jimmy Carter

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39th president received Nobel Peace Prize. Member of Republican party. Established department of energy and education as president. He put a very strong emphasis on human rights throughout his presidency.

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Did the Reagan Administration help Women and Minorities (Points for Yes)

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Yes- Appointed the First women to the Supreme Court, Sandra Day O Connor. Also he didn't introduce any new anti-immigration laws which allowed the flow of immigrants to the US to increase. Immigrants from Asian countries grew most during this period, this turned out to be very beneficial for the U.S. in later years because of the phenomenon of "brain drain" which explains that the best and brightest of many of the Asian countries would migrate to the U.S. looking for better jobs and overall standard of life. Because of these "brain drain" immigrants U.S. companies have greatly benefited from having some of the smartest individuals in the world working for them.

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Did the Reagan Administration help Women and Minorities (Points for No)

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No- Failed to support equal rights amendments and legislation. Cut spending on public spending which much of the urban poor relied on. Cut support for civil rights enforcement. Also under the Reagan administration unemployment and poverty rates actually increased. Much of the profit of Americas booming economy was being funneled directly to the top 1% richest Americans, of which very few were minorities. As the rich got richer, the poor not only got more poor but also lost sources of welfare, lost housing to closed public housing or gentrification, and lost sources of food because the Reagan administration greatly cut food stamp funding.

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What are the Cornerstones of Reagonomics?

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Tax Cuts Budget Cuts Defense Build Up

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Tax Cuts of Reagonomics

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Passed the Economic Recovery Tax Act in 1981 which was a major tax cut on income and capital tax. Also passed a second tax cut with the Tax Reform Act in 1986 which again reduced tax rates and also reduced the amount of tax brackets. Reagan wanted tax cuts because he believed in supply side economics, if the rich have more money they will invest more money into the economy. The money will then trickle down to the middle and lower classes through new jobs and such.

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Budget Cuts of Reagonomics

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Cut spending in education, housing, food stamps, and civil rights enforcement. Budget cuts were absolutely necessary because the only way to manage the growing federal deficit at the time while tax's were being lowered was to also lower spending.

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Defense Build Up of Reagonomics

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Sponsored expensive defense programs such as the Strategic Defense initiative which inteded to create a complex anti-missile system in outer space. Reagan throughout his early presidency believed such expensive military buildup programs were necessary because he believed the axis of evil in Soviet Russia was doing the same.

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How successful was the Reagan Administration Economically

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Economic: Successful- Brought the U.S. economy out of the rut it was in in the late 70's. Also Reagan was able to bring inflation under control and did bring down taxes as promised. Failure- Created a massive federal deficit. Caused the Black Monday stock market crash to occur which sent the country into a recession. Unemployment remained high throughout his administrations run.

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How successful was the Reagan Administration Politically

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Political: Successful- Created the longest sustained period of peace for the U.S., successfully able to negotiate a nuclear disarment treaty with the Soviet Union, contained communism, and brought the U.S. back as the most powerful country in the world. Failure- Interfered in foreign issues in the middle east and central america which made the U.S. seem overbearing. Also aired out more corruption within the U.S. government with the Contra affair, which led to more distrust of the government and low voter turnouts.

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How successful was the Reagan Administration Socially

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Social: Successful-Named Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female Supreme Court justice. Failure-Cut educational and public housing spending. Refused to enact equal rights or civil rights legislation. Gave to funding to Aids research and also continued to deny gay rights.

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Post Reagan Politics

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In the years after Reagan America witnessed the fall of communism, economic depressions and enormous deficits, the war on terror and bubbling social issues. Four presidents stepped up to challenge and attempted to address America's social, political and economic troubles. George H.W. Bush faced the collapse of communism as well as the gulf war, ballooning federal deficits and a sinking economy, ignited womens' rights controversy by nominating Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, and eventually lost reelection to Clinton. Clinton successfully dealt with a prospering economy and created budget surpluses, however he was nearly undone by the failure of his health care bill, the 1994 Republican Revolution and scandals. George W Bush ushered in the new century with a large tax cut and education reform, but his attention was soon transformed to foreign policy after the September 11th terrorist attacks and the subsequent war on terror.

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What led to the Democratic resurgence of the early 1990's

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The democratic resurgence was caused by George Bush beginning to appear weak on foreign policy, due to Sadam Hussein remaining in power, a faultering economy with about 20 percent of the workforce unemployed for some part of 1991, a growing national debt, as well as an upset right wing due to Bush breaking his no new taxes pledge and a widening gender gap accentuated by the Clarence Thomas hearings.

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What led to the subsequent Republic landslide of 1994.

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The republican landslide was caused by democrats becoming dissolusioned and republicans emboldened by the failure of Clinton's health care reform, welfare-reform, and middle class tax cuts. It was accentuated by the president waffling on major issues and squabbling between congressional leaders and the white house.

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Compare and contrast the Republican and Democratic positions on foreign policy, economics and social issues in the Post Reagan Era

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Foreign Policy - Both parties support American Exceptionalism, and America remain involved somewhat abroad, with Democrats being slightly more supportive of diplomatic means, humanitarian issues, and international organizations while Republicans are more supportive of military action and American Security(tighter immigration laws, interrogation of criminals). Economics- Republicans advocate a smaller federal government with lower taxes, while democrats prefer a larger national government that disperses more social and economic programs on the poor. Social Issues - Democrats tend to be more socially liberal (pro-choice, for gay marriage, for Affirmative Action ect.), while Republicans tend to be more conservative, for individual rights, and for traditional family values.

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Has the war on terror and president Bush's policies been effective at reducing terrorist threats on the United States? (Points for Yes)

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Yes - President Bush's policies, while the might infringe upon civil liberties successfully have prevented future terrorist attacks through increasing security at airports, challenging nations that support Islamic extremists and tightening our borders. Our nation has not suffered an attack anywhere near in scope to that of September 11, and it is Bush's policies that are responsible.

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Has the war on terror and president Bush's policies been effective at reducing terrorist threats on the United States? (Points for No)

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No - President Bush's policies infringed upon civil liberties, allowed discrimination, caused useless wars that diplomacy could solve, and made America appear a menace to its enemies.

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Clinton was often accused of being the most republican democratic president ever by liberals. Was Clinton a conservative or a liberal president? (Points for Liberal)

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Liberal - In Clinton's first 2 years he pushed through higher taxes, attempted to pass a universal healthcare bill, raised the minimum wage and broadened access to health insurance. He fought the majority of the Republican's demands once they gained control of congress.

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Clinton was often accused of being the most republican democratic president ever by liberals. Was Clinton a conservative or a liberal president? (Points for Conservative)

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Conservative - Clinton compromised with republicans and infurated liberals by passing NAFTA, reforming welfare, and agreeing to a slew of other compromises.

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Clinton was often accused of being the most republican democratic president ever by liberals. Was Clinton a conservative or a liberal president? (Points for Moderate)

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Moderate- Clinton overall was a very pragmatic leader. He was a moderate 4 term governor of Arkansas, and won the 1992 Democratic National Convention by saying he would bring the Democratic party back to the center. He arrived in Washington after winning the 1992 presidental election, and attempted to pass some moderately-liberal legislation (such as Universal Health Care). Following a drubbing in the 1994 elections, Clinton moved to the center and embraced several Republican proposals. Although he reached across the isle to pass things such as NAFTA and welfare reform, he stood in the way of the majority of the Contract With America.

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War on Illegal Drugs

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Bush announced his intention to combat the growing issue of illegal drug use. He created the drug czar and the Office of National Drug Control Policy, and new federal spending programs to control drug use. These programs were modest however, and the majority of the burden was expected to fall on states and local authorities.

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President H.W. Bush's Achievements (Collapse of Communism)

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Collapse of Communism - In 1989, Gorbachev began loosing the Soviet Regime through his policies of Glasnost (reducing censorship), perestroika (loosening of central economic planning), and backing off Soviet imperial ambitions. These revolutionary changes culminated in the communist regimes in Eastern Europe (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Western Germany) disintegrating, and the tearing down of the Berlin wall. This revolutionary changes, upset the communist hardliners who attempted and failed a coup de etat. Most of the Soviet Socialist Republics (SRR) declared their independence, and the communist party apparatus was dismantled.

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President H.W. Bush's Achievements (Reduction of Nuclear Weapons)

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Reduction of Nuclear weapons - In late 1991, Bush announced the United States would destroy all its tactical nuclear weapons on land and at sea, take its long range bombers off 24-hour alert status and initiate talks with the Soviet union for reducing ICBMs. Gorbachev reciprocated these cutbacks.

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President H.W. Bush's Achievements (Panama)

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Panama - In Panama, general Noriega had positioned himself as the head of the Panamanian government by selling secrets to the US government while also engaging in arms laundering and drug smuggling. The CIA looked the other way for a little while, but after 2 American juries had indicted him, and the Panamanian president was ousted for trying to fire Noriega, Bush decided it was time to act. He had 5 military forces strike at strategic locations, and within hours Noriega had surrendered.

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President H.W. Bush's Achievements (Gulf War)

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Gulf War- Saddam Hussein had invaded Kuwait after the country increased their production of oil (against OPEC's request). The UN voted unanimously for economic sanctions, and America followed by several other nations, such as Britain and Egypt dispatched planes to Saudi Arabia. After peace talks failed, 31 nations including US, France and Britain began operation desert storm, whereby they outflanked Iraq by invading along the Saudi Arabia border and within 6 weeks forced a cease-fire.

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President H.W. Bush's Achievements (Clarence Thomas)

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Clarence Thomas- Following the retirement of Thurgood Marshall, Bush named Thomas to replace him. Thomas generated controversy over his extremely conservative positions such as questioning the minimum wage, school busing for desegregation and affirmative action programs. The controversy grew after, a law professor Anita Hill stepped forward and claimed she had been sexually assaulted by Thomas. In the ensuing hearings, which included several senators savagely questioning Hill, Thomas was confirmed 52- 48.

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President H.W. Bush's Achievements (Breaking "No New Taxes" Pledge)

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breaking "no new taxes" pledge- In 1989, Bush decided controlling the federal deficit was more important than breaking his no new taxes pledge, and agreed to a bipartisan proposal that raised taxes.

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President H.W. Bush's Achievements (Patrick Buchanan)

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Patrick Buchanan- Bush's primary challenge in 1992, who along with the "Christian Right", advocated a return of "family values", and throwing out "the biggest spender in America's history", Bush.

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President H.W. Bush's Achievements (Cultural Conservatism)

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Cultural Conservatism- A growing group libertarian Republicans and independents that disliked social liberalism, affirmative action, and advocated rolling back social programs.

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President H.W. Bush's Achievements (Christian Coalition)

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Christian Coalition- A group of evangelical Christians and orthodox Catholics who encouraged religious conservatives to vote, and run for office. They advocated a return to traditional family values, smaller government and would play an important role in ensuing elections.

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1992 Election

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Democrats nominated Bill Clinton, a moderate, pragmatic four term governor from Arkansas who advocating moderating the party and chose Albert Gore as his running mate. They stressed economic issues and defeated Bush by 43-39 in the popular vote and 370-168 in the popular vote. Ross Perot, earned 18 percent of the vote with is simple explanations to economic issues.

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Clinton's Economic Program

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Budget Repair Bill NAFTA 1994 Health Care Reform

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Clinton's Economic Program: 1994 Health Care Reform

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1994 Health Care Reform- Clinton felt the United States should adopt a universal medical insurance to reduce the overall costs of health care and make it available for all. Hillary Clinton headed the health care task force, and throughout 1994, it remained the cornerstone of Clinton's domestic agenda. The bill however was opposed by several vested interests, and was defeated after Republicans began filibustering it.

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Clinton's Economic Program: NAFTA

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NAFTA Clinton with support of Republicans and some Democrats created the largest free trade area in the world, by removing tariffs between Canada, Mexico and the US. Supports said the bill would open foreign markets to American goods, while opponents felt it would force American jobs to countries with cheaper labor.

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Clinton's Economic Program: Budget Repair Bill

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Budget Repair Bill- Clinton narrowly passed a "budget repair bill" that included spending cuts and tax hikes.

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Contract With America

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Contract with America - A 10 point contract that outlined republicans attempt to reduce governmental regulation, environmental conservatism, term limits for congress, welfare reform, balance budget amendment ect.

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Personal Responsibility and Work Act (1966)

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Personal Responsibility and Work Act - The bill turned over welfare programs to the states, and limited the amount of time during which a person could receive welfare benefits.

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1996 Election

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Republicans nominated Senate majority leader Bob Dole. However Clinton retained a large lead in the polls with an improving economy and no major foreign policy crises, and ended up winning 379-159 in the Electoral College.

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Clinton Scandals

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Whitewater Monica Lewinksi Clinton Impeachment Clinton Acquittal

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Whitewater

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n 1978, as governor of Arkansas, Clinton invested in a resort project on the White River. The investment turned out to be a fraud and Kennith Star was appointed to independent counsel in an investigation of the Whitewater case. Starr's investigation however, did not discover evidence the Clintons were involved in the Fraud.

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Monica Lewinski

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Another scandal erupted when it emerged Bill Clinton had an affair with Monica Lewinski. Clinton at first denied this claim, and then did an about face and confirmed it.

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Clinton Impeachment

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Starr submitted the reports of his investigation, and he found the president guilty of wrongdoing. The House of Representatives began their impeachment investigation, and eventually approved two articles of impeachment - lying under oath and obstruction of justice.

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Clinton Acquittal

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The senate after reviewing the case fell well short of the 2/3rds majority needed for impeachment.

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Clinton Foreign Policy: Haiti

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Haiti had gone through several successive coups, but in 1990, they elected Aristide to the presidency. When a Haiti General Ousted him, Clinton pressured the UN to achieve a compromise. At first the negotiations were leading nowhere, however after Clinton convinced the UN to pass a force resolution and sent Carter to negotiate, the military leaders agreed to quit, and Aristide returned.

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Clinton Foreign Policy: Middle East

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In 1993, Clinton sponsored agreements between Israel and the PLO. The agreements provided that Palestinian self-rule would be allowed on the Gaza Strip in exchange for peace. The agreements suffered a blow, when Israeli prime minister Rabin was assassinated, and Conservative hard-liner Netanyahu was elected. Clinton, however in 1998, managed to gather PLO leader Arafat, Netanyahu and King Hussein of Jordin at Wye Mills to sign the Wye River Accord, whereby Israel surrendered land for security terms.

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Clinton Foreign Policy: Balkans

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When Yugoslavia imploded in 1991, Serb minorities stirred up civil wars in Croatia and Bosnia. President Clinton resorted to dropping in food and medical supplies. In 1995, America convinced Croatia, Bosnia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslovia to agree to a peace plan where Bosnia would remain a single nation but be divided into a Muslim- Croat state and a Bosnian-Serb state. Violence again erupted in Kosovo, when Yugoslav president Milosevic decided to reassert Serbian control over the providence. When the Albanian Kosovars resisted, the Serbian soldiers ruthlessly suppressed them and launched an "ethnic cleansing" program. NATO relying on US aid, launched an air strike and forced Milosevic to sue for peace.

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2000 Election

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Republicans nominated 2 term Texas governor, and former president Bush's son, George W. Bush. Bush advocated reducing the power of the federal government, and a more humble foreign policy. Democrats on the other hand nominated Vice President Al Gore, who advocated an active federal government, preserving social security and protecting the environment. The independent candidacy of Buchanan, who ran his campaign on critism of NAFTA and Nader, who campaigned on more robust attempts to protect the environment and reforming campaign finances. The election results were contested for weeks. Although Gore had won the popular vote, Florida remained too close to call. After, a recount and the court case Bush v Gore, Bush was deemed the winner of Floridas' electoral votes by a 537 margin, and thus won the Electoral college 271-267.

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Bush's 2001 Tax Cut

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In 2001 Bush's top goal was a 1.6 trillion dollar tax cut. Congress cut this slightly to 1.35 trillion over 11 years and Bush signed it into law.

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No Child Left Behind: Bush

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Another of Bush's top priorities was education reform. In early 2002, Congress pass and Bush signed no child left behind. This bill required state's set new standards to ensure all children are proficient at reading and math by 2014, mandated all teachers be highly qualified in their field by 2005, allowed children in low-preforming schools to transfer, required states to submit annual reports of students' scores, provided financial and technical assistance to schools, and stated that if low preforming schools did not improve, the federal government would issue sanctions culminating in the state overtaking the school. This was criticized by states for insufficient funding, and because poor school districts would be hard-pressed to meet the guidelines.

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Bush's Environmental Policy

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The Bush administration refused to sign the Kyoto protocol (an international agreement limiting carbon dioxide emissions) and attempted to roll back environmental regulations which they felt harmed business. The administration did however take several steps to support the environment, such as supporting the EPA's order to force General Electronic to spend hundreds of millions of dollars to remove toxins from the Hudson River.

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September 11th, 2001

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Islamic terrorists hijacked and crashed commercial airlines into the New York World Trade Centers, the pentagon and a failed attempt on the white house (that crashed in the Pennsylvania countryside). The largest terrorist attack in American history resulted in over 3,000 American deaths and created grief and chaos. The economy went into free fall - airlines laid people off, insurance companies struggled to pay off nearly 30 billion in damages and the stock markets pummeled. War on Terror - President Bush responded to the attack with great poise and announced a war on terror for freedom and security.

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Afghanistan

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On October 7th, after the Taliban refused to turn over bin Laden, the US and its allies launched Operation Enduring Freedom, bombing military installations and al Qaeda training camps. On November 13, Northern Alliance troops took Kabul, and less than a month later, the Taliban regime collapsed completely. In December, the feuding factions signed a UN- brokered peace agreement, under Karzai. The US government continued to search for bin Laden, while the Afgan government began rebuilding it's tattered nation.

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Preventing Terrorism at home- Bush's Plan

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Bush created the Office of Homeland Security to prevent future terrorist attacks as well as the Transportation Security Administration which assumed responsibilities for screening airline passengers.

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Patriot Act

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Another attempt to prevent a terrorist attack was the Patriot Act, which gave government agencies the right to listen to conversations between prison inmates and their lawyers, and also allowed terrorists to be tried in military courts. Civil liberties groups voiced some concerns that it violated constitutional rights, but the bill was generally accepted in a post September 11th world.

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Bush Doctrine

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Bush stated that deterrence would not prevent terrorist attacks, and that preemptive attacks would be necessary.

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War in Iraq

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After Iraq force UN weapons inspectors out of the nation in 1998, US increasingly became concerned that Iraq had developed either chemical or biological weapons. UN passed resolution 1441, and Iraq allowed UN inspectors again. US, Great Britian and Spain, unhappy with Iraq's stalling tactics proposed a new UN resolution that would allow for military action. France, China, Russia and Germany all opposed the bill and the US removed the resolution. Bush then ordered Sadam Hussein leave Iraq, and when he refused began Operation Iraqi Freedom. 250,000 American troops along with 50,000 British captured Bagdad within 3 weeks at the expense of under 200 American casualties. Rebuilding post-war Iraq however was extremely difficult. Hussein and many of his lieutentants who avoided capture as well as several Islamic jihadists streamed into Iraq to wage a campaign of terror. American casualties soon skyrocketed past 3,000(by 2006), as did the costs. The attack strained Anglo - American relations with Germany, France and Russia, and the Middle East was still under unrest. In 2004, George Bush was forced to admit there were in fact no WMDs in Iraq.

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2004 Elections

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Republicans renominated Bush, while Democrats nominated Massachusetts senator John Kerry. The election was surrounded by mudslinging- Kerry said the Iraq war was hurting the war on terror and pointed out the record budget deficits, while Bush said Iraq was helping America's long term security. Bush narrowly won the election 286-251 by carrying Ohio. This election was also notable because it witnessed a large growth in voter turnout- an increase of over 15 million voters from 2000.

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Bush Supreme Court

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Supreme Court Justice O'Connor retired in 2005, and being the moderate vote on the court, it set off a discussion as to where the court should lean. Bush nominated Roberts, a social conservative with impeccable legal credentials to replace her. He easily passed confirmation. In September, Chief Justice Rehnquist died, and Bush nominated Roberts for his position and his longtime friend Meyers for the other opening. She however was labeled a mediocrity, and removed herself from nomination. Bush instead nominated Alito, a favorite of conservatives to the spot.

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Hurricane Katrina: Bush

answer

In the Summer of 2005, New Orleans was struck by hurricane Katrina. The cities levies failed and the city experienced flooding. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and local officials were caught off guard, and Bush received a large amount of criticism for the response to the disaster.

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1990-1991: Gulf War

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Iraq suffered many economic problems after the Iran-Iraq war. The country's infrastructure had been devastated, and the country suffered from high war debts. Kuwait was an easy target for Iraq; it had refused to forgive Iraqi war debts and was accused of increasing oil production despite an OPEC consensus not to. Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990. The rest of the world responded quickly: President George H. W. Bush initiated Operation Desert Shield, ostensibly for the defense of Saudi Arabia. Shortly thereafter, with the backing of UN authorization, and the coalition which had provided troops and personnel for Operation Desert Shield attacked Iraq in Operation Desert Storm. The war was quick and decisive; a cease fire was called six weeks after it had begun. The war officially ended on February 28, 1991.

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To what extent was the Gulf War a victory for the United States?

answer

The Gulf War was an absolute victory for the US. The military operation was quick and decisive, and Kuwait was liberated. All of the operation's goals were successfully accomplished.

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Iran-Iraq War

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War that brought Iraq to the situation in which Saddam Hussein felt the need to invade Kuwait.

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Factors that led to the growth of the Sunbelt

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Many factors have accounted for population growth of the Sunbelt region, including the mild climate, low tax rates, and the religious movement. The mild climate, along with the development of air conditioning, drew many people to the Sunbelt states during the prosperity following the Second World War. The low tax rates of the Sunbelt states also contributed to the movement of many people. The low tax rates also generated high rates of economic growth, which led to many businesses relocating headquarters to this region of the country. The religious movement, meanwhile, led to the rise of large groups of evangelical Christians moving to the Sunbelt states, and they have received a lot of attention politically as a resu

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The 1960s

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The 1960s was one of the biggest decades of Social Changes for multiple minorites in the United States. African Americans, Mexican American, Native Americans and Gays witnessed unprecedented improvements socially and politically during this decade. African Americans saw the most improvement, which guided leadership from the two most influential civil rights activists of all time, Martin Luther King and Malcom X. Mexican Americans also gained new rights and greater respect and saw impressive leadership skills from Cesar Chavez. Native Americans, being in the worst shape of all of the minorities, and having been the most discriminated against in the nations past, were showed greater respects during this time period and focused on getting thier opinions heard and their freedoms restored. Gays also began their fight for equality starting with the Stonewall Riots which lead to the encouragement of gays to come out and show pride in who they were. The 1960s became a decade of social change in the United States when new freedoms were earned, and equality was finally given.

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How the African American Movement of the 1960s was led by common Americans

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The Greensboro sit-ins led to massive amounts of support for the civil rights movement for African Americans. This demonstration was led by four college students who had no idea what would come of their seemingly small contribution to the movement. The SNCC was a student-run organization that also focused in on the movement towards more social and political equality for Civil Rights. The March on Washington was also one of the most influential demonstrations of the movement, and even though this was the sight of MLKs "I have a dream" speech, it would not have gathered that much attention if it was not for the 200,000 black and white activists. All of the members of the Black Panther party, the Black Power party, and MLKs non-violent party were the backbones to the movement. Without the support of all of the people, the civil rights movement for African Americans would never have amounted to what it did.

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How the African American Movement of the 1960s was led by leaders

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Without Martin Luther King, Malcom X, and many other popular leaders of the civil rights movement, many of the rights gained through the movement if not all, would never have had happened. With JFK as president of the U.S., he made it socially acceptable to now support the African Americans on their fight for civil rights. MLK took a lead role in the movement after the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, and encouraged his supporters to use non-violent jestures to achieve their main goal of social and political equality. Malcom X also held a great authority in the African American civil rights movement. Although encouraging separatism between the two races, Malcom X led to new organizations and even more support among African Americans for their equality. Without the popular leaders during the 1960s, such as Martin Luther King, Malcom X, and John F. Kennedy, the civil rights movement would have had no organization, no leaders, and no clear goal and therefore would have achieved very little.

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Improvements for Mexican Americans

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Although the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement shadowed much of the African Americans Civil Rights Movement, the Mexican Americans still fought their own battles and won their own wars. Faced with extreme discrimination during the 1960s politically, economically, and socially, many Mexican Americans had had enough. One group that fought for the civil rights of Mexican Americans were the Young Chicanos for Community Action. This was a social service group designed to promote greater self-reliance and local involvement within chicano neighborhoods. They also protested the disproportionate number of Hispanics being killed in the Vietnam war, and demanded improvements in their neighborhood schools. Although the African Americans were the main ones affected by the civil rights act and the voting act during the 60s, all other minorities felt accomplished after that legislation was passed. The Mexican Americans gained many new freedoms through those two acts including less discrimination and slightly more equal opportunity in the workforce. Not only were the Mexican Americans able to share in what the African American Civil Rights Moviement was able to achieve, but they were also able to organize on their own. Cesar Chavez organized a nation-wide consumer boycott of grapes, which eventually led to higher wages for grape-picking employees and improved working conditions. Although African Americans may be considered to be the main receivers of social, political, and economic equality during the 1960s, many other minorites including Mexican Americans were not forgotten and made many other gains for themselves during this time.

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Did JFK exhibit a strong commitment to the civil rights movement in the 1960s? (Points for Yes)

answer

JFK sent the first Civil Rights Bill to Congress in 1963, only to get it rejected by the senate. Even though it was rejected, the idea and creation of this bill lead to the eventual passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 JFK talked to many of the Civil Rights Movement leaders, including Martin Luther King, and Malcom X JFK appointed many new members to congress that were for civil rights including his own brother Robert Kennedy Although JFK did not directly effect the Civil Rights Movement, he did not fight against it JFK, during his campaign, made it socially acceptable for whites to fight with the African Americans for their social, political and economic freedoms

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Did JFK exhibit a strong commitment to the civil rights movement in the 1960s? (Point for No)

answer

JFK had ordered the Freedom Riders to "cut it out" because he would rather focus on foreign affairs than deal with protesters in his own country. He also did not want to deal with the angry whites in the south that were the aggresors in the attacks on the Freedom Riders Robert Kennedy, JFKs brother, was the main Kennedy who was focused on the Cvil Rights Movement for minorities. He worked more closely with the leaders of the movement and was usually the one that sent in federal officails when the riots were escalated to a point where peoples lives were in danger Although the first Civil Rights Bill was introduced under JFK, the bill was eventually rejected in the Senate. Once Lyndon B. Johnson was president was when legislation began to be passed. The Civil Rights Act of 1963 prohibited racial segregation in public facilities such as bus terminals, restaurants, theaters, and hotels, and outlawed racial discrimination in the registration of voters and the hiring of employees. Also passed under LBJ was the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which ensured all citizens the right to vote and suthorized the attorney general to dispatch federal examiners to register voters. Included in the Voteing Rights Act was that in states or counties where fewer than half the adults had voted the act suspended literacy tests. It was more JFKs legasy that he left behind which influenced the increased legislation passed during LBJ's presidency.

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Greensboro Sit-Ins

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4 black college students sat in at Woolworths "white-only" lunch counter in Greensboro North Carolina on Feb 1, 1960. Sit-in movement spread as a reaction to this sit in.

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Freedom Riders

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Congress of Racial Equality sent out group of black and white activists on buses to enforce banned segregation on buses and trains. Faced with brutal attacks in Alabama, Robert Kennedy eventually sent in federal marshals to protect freedom riders

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Black Power

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African Americans "visited violence and destruction on themselves in an effort to destroy what they could not stomach and what civil rights legislation seemed unable to change." Came out of urban blacks in the North. A separatist philosophy. Only a small following (most African Americans supported MLKs nonviolence theory). Helped African Americans take pride in their racial heritage. Forced MLK, mainstream black leaders and organizations to launch a movement to focus attentio on the poor inner-city blacks who needed jobs, housing, and legal rights.

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Malcom X

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Most articulate spokesman for black power. Founded an organization committed to the creation of alliances between African Americans and the nonwhite peoples of the world. Focused on a Separatism.

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Counterculture of the 1960s

answer

The 1960s maybe wasn't a time of change in moral code, but more of a time that allowed freedom to express personal moral code through protests, sit-ins, sex, drugs, music, fairs, riots, and overall expression of tension felt from the Vietnam War. With everything occurring at once, the 1960s became a frame in time for people to look back in history as a place where the hippie movement flourished amongst many Americans, which can be caused by several possible instances like Woodstock, maturing of Baby Boomers, and clashing of viewpoints and overall tension due to the Vietnam War. Together, all of the examples and different occurrences of this counterculture movement was a major time period in history and whether it stemmed out from this or that, it definitely is a big part of our culture; even today.

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Was Woodstock a significant influence in the growth of the counterculture of the 1960s? (Points for Yes)

answer

During Woodstock, many gathered together to come in unity for the purpose of many essential and central staples of the counterculture movement. Altogether, participants were what everyone looked at as the main influence of this movement and it kept the idea of counterculture fresh in everyone's mind, even though it was far into the 1960s.

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Was Woodstock a significant influence in the growth of the counterculture of the 1960s? (Points for No)

answer

Even though Woodstock was a very large staple of the counterculture of the 1960s, to say it was a significant influence in the growth of the counterculture would be a false statement. Late into the 1960s, Woodstock was a huge-scale event that was known as a basic summary for the counterculture movement, not necessarily something that spurred on growth. The casual sex, drug use, and other such activities occurring at Woodstock showed the essential ideals of the hippies. The culture was definitely exemplified through the music, "nude" swimming in the lakes, and free spirited actions, but not defined by the Woodstock event itself. All of the tensions and personalities that correlated with hippies and people of the countercultural movement were let go during Woodstock, but not spurred on by Woodstock. Considering Woodstock led to the Altamont Speedway, Woodstock didn't influence the growth of counterculture, but in fact, dramatically slowed down the growth of counterculture of the 1960s. The Altamont Speedway was an event that grew too old, too fast, and caused a counter-productivity to occur. It became a fad and more of the same old thing, except now with blatant hatred and violence stapled as the sole summary of the event.

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Were the Baby Boomers, the youth of the time, most influential in this counterculture movement? (Points for Yes)

answer

The middle-class, wealthier white folk known as the "hippies" derived from the Baby Boomers due to differing viewpoints from their parents (the older generation) and a new outlook on the world. This outlook was one that focused on free will and a free spirited lifestyle that gave power to the people and what they desired to do, how they desired to do it. However, many hippies had a very negative connotation by most due to their lifestyles and most ended up in dead-ends so they resulted in pan-handling and other such activities to support themselves. This wasn't well-liked amongst most, but definitely stirred up much talk and influence during this counterculture time period. During this time, the Baby Boomers were more accepting of controversial issues like premarital sex, feminism, educational value for all, racial equality, and overall, basic social rights. Compared to their parents, their openness to these issues were very influential on the overall America.

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Were the Baby Boomers, the youth of the time, most influential in this counterculture movement? (Points for No)

answer

Even though out of the Baby Boomers grew most hippies, the Vietnam War was still most influential in the growing involvement of Americans during this counterculture movement. The radical standpoints that a lot of Americans stood for during this time period was one that was caused by the radical happenings going on with the Vietnam War, not necessarily just because the Baby Boomers had different viewpoints differentiating from the older generation.

question

Did tensions and clashing viewpoints concerning the Vietnam War primarily spur on the development of counterculture of the 1960s and growth of the hippie population? (Points for yes)

answer

Refusal of obeying draft letters caused rising tensions and jail time for many students. The education of this time period was growing and much more of the youth were attending colleges and universities, therefore not eligible for the draft. However, the SSS turned that around and it upset many students. Upset by what was happening overseas in the war in Vietnam, war protestors gathered together to chant and express strong dislike for the war effort. There was a major resistance of the war effort and was exemplified through burning of draft cards, clever yet profound chants/slogans, and sit-ins in general that led to many arrests. Excessive force used in the Columbia University instance aroused intense anger from much of the student body, which led to the formation of a strike that led to the shutting down of the school for the remainder of the semester. This specific event buoyed several clashes between students and enforcement throughout the country.

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Did tensions and clashing viewpoints concerning the Vietnam War primarily spur on the development of counterculture of the 1960s and growth of the hippie population? (points for no)

answer

The Beatniks were a more influential role in instigating the formation of high tensions and development of counterculture of the 1960s. Their motives for finding themselves was solely based on freedom of self will and free spirit. Although the Vietnam War was a big aspect of tension of this time, the Hippies were already growing due to the Beatnik influence primarily.

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Beatnik

answer

a person who rejects or avoids conventional behavior, dress, etc. (dictionary.com). The Beatniks spurred on the formation of the Hippies with their views of free spirits and peace.

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Hippies

answer

mostly well-educated, middle-class young whites primarily alienated by the Vietnam War, racism, political and parental demands, runaway technology, and a state of mentality that refused to relate the good life with material goods

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How successful was the New Left?

answer

Successful: The New Left was successful because it did help to stop the Democrats from being elected and continuing the war becasue of the protests at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago which made the Democrats look very bad. Not Successful: The New Left was not successful because it lost support for its cause when it became more militaristic and started taking over colleges, this forced people to shy away from the movement which caused the New Left and SDS to dissolve.

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Silent Majority

answer

Silent Majority- Nixon's campaign in 1968 that said that the majority of people were middle class, silent and represented the majority of the people who were tired of protesting, Vietnam and Civil Rights.

question

Tet Offensive

answer

Tet Offensive- An offensive in Vietnam by the Viet Cong where the VC defied a truce for the holiday of Tet and attacked many southern cities and held them before being defeated by US forces. This was a turning point in Vietnam because it changed the public opinion of the war.

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My Lai Massacre

answer

My Lai Massacre- A massacre of almost an entire village in Vietnam which sparked even more protest of the war.

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1968 as a Turning Point

answer

The 1960s was one of the most turbulent decades in American History. No single year emphasized this more then 1968. 1968 was a turning point in American life because many opinions about a wide range of topics from Vietnam to political allegiances changed very quickly and protest movements took off like no other movement in American history and commanded the attention over anything else on the home front. Protest movements and Vietnam don't even tell the whole story because of the assassinations of Dr. King, the most influential Civil Rights leader in US history, and Robert Kennedy, who many believed would have been elected president. The 1960s ended with a crescendo because of the turbulence of 1968.

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Domino Theory

answer

The idea that if 1 nation fell to communism, the ones around it would probably do the same.

question

Analyze the reasons for the decline of the American Economy in the 1970s.

answer

OPEC Stagflation Nixon Ford Carter

question

Analyze the reasons for the decline of the American Economy in the 1970s: OPEC

answer

OPEC:The OPEC cartel refused to sell oil to the United States because of Nixon's decision to aid Israel after a Syrian-Egyptian attack. They raised their prices by 400% causing a huge spike in costs for US companies. The result was increased costs, lowered production, a sharp decline in Aggregate Supply, and inflation along with unemployment.

question

Analyze the reasons for the decline of the American Economy in the 1970s: Stagflation

answer

Stagflation: For most of the 1970s, inflation was in double digits while citizens suffered from a lack of jobs.It caused panic in the White House as Nixon, Ford, and Carter all tried different policies to combat this problem. None of them seemed to work.

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Analyze the reasons for the decline of the American Economy in the 1970s: Nixon

answer

Nixon: Erratic policies. First reduced deficit with tax hikes and budget cuts, but Congress refused policies. Federal Reserve reduced money supplies and interest rates, but the stock market then plunged. Finally froze all wages and prices for 90 days in 1971, and took the US off gold standard which increased the money supply.

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Analyze the reasons for the decline of the American Economy in the 1970s: Ford

answer

Ford: Neither reduced taxes nor increased spending. Plunged economy into recession. Would not fight inflation through price control. Ineffective "Whip Inflation Now" buttons. Did nothing.

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Analyze the reasons for the decline of the American Economy in the 1970s: Carter

answer

Carter: Unsure of economic policies. First tried to fight unemployment with tax cuts and increased spending, but inflation rose too. Switched and delayed tax cuts to stop inflation. It wasn't until Volcker rose the Federal Reserve rates to 20% that inflation started to fall.

question

How beneficial was international free trade to the United State's economy between the years of 1950 to 1999?

answer

50s and 60s: See "Free Trade" up above 70s: Free trade in the 70s definitely the US economy when America became reliant on foreign oil, but it also helped strengthen the economy when Nixon agreed to sell grain to the Soviets. The grain deal helped out American farmers, who could keep their crop prices high. 80s: While it hurt the Reagan Administration's image, the Iran-Contra affair was beneficial for the US economically. By selling to both sides during the Iran-Iraq war, US companies were raking in profits off their unethical deals. 90s: Free trade undoubtedly helped the United States by this point as NAFTA created one of the largest free-trade blocs in the world. Both the specialization and the increased demand helps the United States maintain its position as world leader in economics. 2000s: The United States continued its free trade policies by agreeing to CAFTA. However, at this point, the US trade imbalance has grown large enough to be quite disconcerting. As the debts pile up, the US might need to rely less on imports to sustain its standard of living, or simply let the standard of living drop.

question

Whip Inflation Now

answer

President Ford's idea for stopping inflation due to sheer will of the people. Became a colossal failure, and Ford was often made fun of for his attempt.

question

Paul Volker

answer

Chairman of the Federal Reserve under Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan, Volcker battled stagflation through extremely high federal funds rates. The peak was at 20%. He's often attributed for stopping stagflation as inflation dropped from 14% in 1981 to 3% in 1983.

question

Marshall Plan

answer

A plan starting in 1947 to help Europe rebuild by providing them monetary capital. The United States ended up giving $13 billion dollars to its European allies to help them jump start their economy again. The money circulated back as Europeans spent it buying US goods. It helped the US economy in the 1950s overall.

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Dot-Com Bubble

answer

A speculative bubble over internet companies that caused assets to rise at an incredible pace. However, the internet companies did not produce the necessary profit to match the speculation. The bubble burst in 2000, slowing down the US economy and helping to send it into a recession.

question

Housing Bubble

answer

The most recent speculative bubble over housing prices. Many Americans bought houses they couldn't afford using lax credit and adjustable rate mortgages. The result was a steep drop in prices when mass foreclosures came about. It sent America into the recent "Great Recession."

question

The Great Recession

answer

The term for the recession of the late 2000s. American unemployment rates during this time rose to 10% once again. GDP growth was slow, and sometimes even negative.

question

How did Johnson respond to the ailments of the 60's?

answer

Social - He passed the Housing Act in 1968 to ban discrimination in housing and gave subsidies to low-income households. - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned segregation and job discrimination. - He drastically reduced the poor-rich gap between the whites and the minorities Economic - The Economic Opportunities Act of 1964 assisted the impoverished by giving them education, job training, and community development - Johnson also opened up many job openings by creating the Peace Corp and the Job Corp in 1964 -The of 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act helped fund public education and created Head Start which helped millions of kids - The Social Security Act of 1965 created Medicaid and Medicare and gave healthcare to citizens. Political - To combat Communism, Johnson invaded Vietnam

question

How effective was Johnson's Great Society?

answer

Effective - His education and highway legislation proved to be very popular - Johnson's social services was helpful in improving the health and education of the indigent - Made gains in the environment as efforts were made to clean air and water Not Effective - Medicare led to a moral hazard (hospitals were able to act recklessly and not be required to suffer the consequences) and hospitals let costs skyrocket and had Medicare cover it - A majority of the poor were helped by welfare payments instead of being given productive jobs. - Welfare fraud also chipped at the efficiency of Johnson's programs

question

How did the anti-war movement affect Johnson's stance on Vietnam?

answer

The anti-war movement had a tremendous affect on the politics of Lyndon Johnson. Johnson was very sensitive to criticism and the Doves and the Hawks made him very timid to do anything. The demonstrations against the war helped garner support against escalation. Johnson lacked the political capital necessary to send more troops in, instead he downplayed the disaster that was occurring in Vietnam. In 1967, the march on the Pentagon was able to directly influence policy to become less hawkish. Then once the Tet Offensive revealed to everybody the truth of the progress in Vietnam, anti-war movement was able to take flight and create enough of an impact to end Johnson's presidency.

question

What was Johnson's response to the call for more civil rights?

answer

He denounced the KK - Passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which eliminated job discrimination - In 1965, Johnson passed the Voting Rights Act to ban discrimination in voting. - Nominated the first black supreme court justice - Johnson's Immigration Act in 1965 abolished the national-origin quota

question

War on Poverty

answer

the unofficial name for Johnson's effort to eliminate poverty through the use of programs in the Great Society

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Voting Rights Act

answer

Banned discrimination in voting. Led to a large increase in black voters.

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Gulf of Tonkin

answer

the incident the escalates the war. In 1963 a U.S. boat, the USS Maddox, is hit and Johnson uses this as an excuse to mobilize troops for war.

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Economic Opportunities Act of 1964

answer

Economic Opportunities Act of 1964 - An economic bill that intended to help the economy and people by providing education, health, and general welfare to the poor.

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Immigration Act of 1965

answer

Immigration Act of 1965 - this immigration act removed the national-origin quota which had been used since 1924

question

Tet Offensive

answer

a military campaign in 1968 by North Vietnam with the objective to bomb military and civilian command and control centers in the South

question

Lyndon Johnson

answer

Lyndon Johnson played a key role in American politics. Johnson was born and Texas and began his political career as a House representative. After serving in WW2 he won a bid for a senate seat and became the Democratic Senate majority leader. His success in the Senate made him an ideal running mate. He rose to power after JFK's assassination. During his presidency he was tasked with dealing with two daunting tasks, Vietnam and civil rights. Afraid to look weak, Johnson invaded Vietnam. Progress was very limited in Vietnam and his image took a major hit after the Tet Offensive. On civil rights he included several bills into his Great Society, which strived for equality. They included two landmark pieces of legislation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which banned discrimination and segregation primarily in jobs and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which banned discrimination in voting. Another important focus of the Great Society was its War on Poverty. Many benefits were included for the indigent including the Housing Act of 1968, Economic Opportunities Act of 1964, and the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act But in the end, the negative publicity from the Vietnam war would oust him out of the White House and crush his initiatives that he sought for in the Great Society.

question

Henry Kissinger

answer

b. 1923. Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America

question

Pentagon Papers

answer

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

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Paris Accords of 1973

answer

This promised a cease-fire and free elections regarding the Vietnam War; following the armistice between N Vietnam and the US.

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Strategic Arms Limitations Talks

answer

In 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union culminated four years of SALT by signing a treaty limiting the deployment of antiballistic missiles (ABM) and an agreement to freeze the number of offensive missiles for five years

question

Southern Strategy

answer

The Southern Strategy was a term that described the Republicans' move to campaign in the south after it had broken with the Democrats over civil rights. This was the beginning of the Republican domination of the south American sees today in national politics.

question

Warren Burger

answer

The Supreme Court justice durning the Nixon admistration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremly controversal case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.

question

United States v Nixon

answer

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive priveledge was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions

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War Powers Act (1973)

answer

Law passed after Vietnam that requires the president to withdraw troops from battle after 60 days unless he reieves congressional authorization

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Khmer Rouge

answer

A Communist Organization Formed in Cambodia in 1970

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Jimmy Carter

answer

President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

question

Panama canal treaty

answer

1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

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