Apologia Biology Module 7 Study Guide – Flashcards
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Genetics
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The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring.
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Genetic Factors
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The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA.
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Environmental Factors
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Those "nonbiological" factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices.
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Spiritual Factors
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The factors in a person's life that are determined by the quality of his or her relationship with God.
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Gene
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A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein or a portion of a protein, thereby causing a trait.
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Messenger RNA
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The RNA that performs transcription.
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Anticodon
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A three-nuleotide base sequese on tRNA.
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Codon
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A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.
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Chromosome
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DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell.
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Mitosis
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A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cell.
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Interphase
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The time interval between cellular reproduction.
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Mother Cell
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A cell ready to begin reproduction, containing duplicated DNA and centrioles.
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Centromere
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The region that joins two sister chromatides.
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Karyotype
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The figure produce when the chromosomes of a species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs.
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Diploid Cell
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A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs.
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Haploid Cell
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A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.
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Diploid Number (2n)
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The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell.
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Haploid Number (n)
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the number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell.
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Meiosis
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The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n).
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Gametes
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Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.
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Virus
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A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own.
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Antibodies
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Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents.
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Vaccine
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A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen.
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A DNA strand has the following sequence of nucleotides: guanine, cytosine, adenine, adenine, thymine, guanine. What will the mRNA sequence be?
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Cytosine, guanine, uracil, uracil, adenine, cytosine.
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A DNA strand has the following sequence of nucleotides: guanine, cytosine, adenine, adenine, thymine, guanine. How many amino acids will the mRNA code for?
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Two
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A DNA strand has the following sequence of nucleotides: guanine, cytosine, adenine, adenine, thymine, guanine. How many codons will the mRNA have?
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Two
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A DNA strand has the following sequence of nucleotides: guanine, cytosine, adenine, adenine, thymine, guanine. What are the anticodons on the tRNA's that will bond to the mRNA?
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Guanine, cytosine and adenine: adenine, thymine and guanine.
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What are the names of the two phases of protein synthesis?
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Transcription and translation
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Protein synthesis is occurring in a ribosome. Is this a part of transcription or translation?
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Translation
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List in order the four stages of mitosis.
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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The diploid number of a cell is 16. What is its haploid number?
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8
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The haploid number of a cell is 9. What is its diploid number?
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18
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What is the difference between a gamete and a regular animal cell?
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Regular animal cells are diploid; a gamete is haploid
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List in order all the stages of meiosis.
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Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.
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Which is closer to mitosis, meiosis I or meiosis II?
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Meiosis II
