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Agglomeration

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the action or process or regions or areas collecting in a mass usually for certain advantages.

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Barriadas

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another name for squatter settlements that are residential developments that take place on land that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants. Many LDC's can't house their poor do to overpopulation and other factors and therefore the poorest in the are create residential developments for them to stay there until they are able to improve their own situations.

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Bid-rent theory

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a geographical economic theory to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance toward the CBD increases

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Blockbusting

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a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will move into the neighborhood.

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CBD (central business district

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the area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered. CBD is one of the most busiest areas in a city where there is a high population density.

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Census tract

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an area delineated by the U.S. Bureau Census for which statistics are published;in urbanized areas census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

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Centrality

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the functional dominance of of cities within an urban system.

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Centralization

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the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group

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central-place theory

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a theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market area for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

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Christaller, Walter

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created the central-place theory

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city

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conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics. Many activities and services are offered in an urbanized area such as a city.

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colonial city

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compared to older cities, these cities typically contain wider streets and public squares, larger houses surrounded by gardens, and much lower densities.

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commercialization

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the transformation of an area of a city into an are attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.

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commuter zone

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the fifth ring in the concentric zone model that is beyond the continuous built-up area of the city.

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concentric zone model

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a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

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counter-urbanization

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net migration from urban to rural areas

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decentralization

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the process of dispersing decision-making closer to the point of service or action

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deindustrialization

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a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industry in a country or region, especially heavy industry or manufactoring

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early cities

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cities of the ancient world that help geographers study how cities or society in general have developed over time.

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economic base

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a community's collection of basic industries..

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basic industries

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industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

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cityscapes

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the urban equivalent to landscape.

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non-basic industries

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industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community.

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edge city

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a large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

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emerging cities

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cities currently without much population but increasing in size at a fast rate.

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employment structure

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how the workforce is divided up between three main employment sectors

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ethnic neighborhood

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a neighborhood in which the people who live there share physical, mental, and cultural traits

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Favela

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The Brazilian equivalent of a shanty-town, which are genarally found on the edge of the city

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Female-headed household

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a household in which the most powerful individual is a female

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festival landscape

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a landscape of cultural festivals

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gateway city

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a city that serves as a link between on country or region and others because of its physical situation.

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gender

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the social differences between men and women rather than the anatomical differences that are related to sex

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gentrification

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the invasion of older, centrally located working class neighborhoods by higher income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well-located residences.

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ghetto

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during the middle ages, a neighborhood set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews. Now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.

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great cities

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cities that are important to society and have a great ammount of power

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high-tech corridor

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made up of thousands of high tech businesses and industries.

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hinterland

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the area surrounding a central place from which people are attaracted to dur to its usefulness to humans

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hydraulic civilization

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any culture having an agricultural system that is dependent upon large scale government-managed waterworks.

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indigenous city

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city that is indigenous.

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In-filling

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the use of vacant land and property within a built-up area for furthur construction or development

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Informal sector

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economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government.

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infrastructure

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the fundamental facilties and systems serving in a country, city, or area, such as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools.

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Inner city

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residental areas that surround the CBD.

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Invasion and succession

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a model of change used in urban ecology to represent the effects of immigration on the social structure of an urban area.

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lateral commuting

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commuting between two suburbs

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medieval cities

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cities that existed during the time frame of the middle ages

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megacities

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a recognized metropolitian area with a total population in excess of 10 million people

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megalopolis

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an area of adjacent metropolion statistical areas that overlap

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metropolitian area

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in the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000 population, the country within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

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Multiple Nuclei Model

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a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

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Multiplier Effect

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the expansion of the money supply.

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neighborhood

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the area or region around or near some place or thing.

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office park

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an area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together. All of the work that goes on is commercial, not industrial or residental

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peak land balue intersection

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the region within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerence.

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planned communities

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any community that was carefully planned from its inception an is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area.

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posindustrial city

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a city in which an economic transition has occured from a manufactoring based economy.

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Postmodern Urban landscape

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predictions of what urban areas will look like in the future.

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Primate city

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the largest settlement in a country, IF it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

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racial steering

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refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers

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rank-size rule

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a pattern of settlement in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

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restrictive covenants

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covenants that are restrictive

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sector model

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models of sectors

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segration

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the seperation of two different races

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settlement form

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form of settlement.

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site/situation

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location of a trend

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slum

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a heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor.

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social structure

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social organization based on established patterns of socaial interaction between different relationships

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specialization

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seperation of tasks within a system.

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squatter settlement

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look at barriadas

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street pattern

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grid, dendrtic, access, control.

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suburb

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residential areas on the outskirts of a city or large town

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suburbization

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describes the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities.

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symbolic landscape

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landscape that depicts symbols

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tenement

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an apartment building, especially one meeting minimum standards of sanitation, safety or maintenance up keep.

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threshold

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the minimum number of people needed to support the service.

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town

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settlement smaller than a surburb but isn't completely rural.

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underclass

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a group of society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society.

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underemployment

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employed at a job that does not fully use one's skills or abilities

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urban growth rate

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the rate at which an urban area grows

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urban function

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the purpose of an urban area.

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urban hearth area

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an area where large cities first excisted

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urban heat island

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a metropolitian area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas.

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urban hierachy

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a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions

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urban hydrology

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study of water in Urban areas and how to treat it.

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urban morphology

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the study of the physical form nd structure of urban places

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urbanization

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the process by which population of cities grow.

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urbanized population

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population that lives in urban areas.

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world cities

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most important centers of ecomonic power and wealth

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zone in transition

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the second ring in the concentric zone model in which there are industries and poor-quality housing located.

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zoning

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a law that limits the permitted use of land and mazimum density of development in a community.

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redlining

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a process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within boundries.

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shopping mall

answer

large building with dozens of stores inside, usually located in a city.

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