question

Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany was slowed by

answer

the steady success of the Weimar regime

question

Which development of the 1920s made it easier for ordinary people to obtain new consumer goods such as refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves?

answer

Installment buying allowed families to pay for goods over time.

question

The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in March 1917 and the collapse of the Romanov dynasty in Russia led to

answer

the creation of the Provisional Government, made up of aristocratic and middle-class politicians from the old Duma.

question

What did the German high command do in October 1918 to deflect blame for Germany's total defeat away from the military?

answer

They helped create an inexperienced civilian government and then claimed that weak-willed civilians had dealt the military a "stab in the back" by forcing a surrender.

question

The Russian civil war pitted which two groups against each other?

answer

The pro-Bolshevik "Reds" against the "Whites," who were made up of an array of forces that wanted to turn back the revolution, including the tsarist military leadership

question

In the 1920s, radio broadcasts were

answer

initially heard in public theaters and halls but soon were heard in private homes when receivers became inexpensive enough for consumers.

question

Following the official end of hostilities on November 11, 1918, the world experienced another devastating blow with the death of some one hundred million more people as a result of

answer

an influenza epidemic.

question

In 1916, the battles at Verdun and the Somme not only accounted for more than two million soldiers dead and wounded, but they also reflected

answer

military leaders' belief that the war could be won with a single overwhelming victory.

question

Among all the combatants the world over, which country suffered the greatest number of casualties, with some 7.5 million dead during World War I?

answer

Russia

question

Why did right-wing parties have less influence in France and Britain than elsewhere in Europe?

answer

Parliamentary institutions were better established in France and Britain, and their upper classes were not plotting to restore authoritarian monarchies.

question

How did women's participation in the war effort on the home front affect debates over gender roles?

answer

The press praised women's patriotism, but many objected to women in the workplace, fearing they would lose their femininity, steal men's jobs, and cause social disorder.

question

U.S. president Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points called for

answer

a fair settlement for Germany and a restructuring of the European system that emphasized open diplomacy, arms reduction, and self-determination for national groups.

question

Which of the following was true of post-World War I European economies?

answer

Although the European economies were weakened, the war forced them to modernize, pushing industry to become more productive and efficient.

question

The Italian Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) placed its greatest emphasis on which of the following principles?

answer

"Virile" action and nationalist opposition to undesirable groups and ways of life

question

Why was World War I called a "total war"?

answer

The entire industrial capacity of participating states, along with all civilian and military personnel, was mobilized to fight the war.

question

The novels of James Joyce and Virginia Woolf

answer

illuminated the fast-moving inner lives of their characters.

question

In many European countries, women were "rewarded" for their efforts in World War I with which of the following new rights?

answer

The right to vote

question

Why was the League of Nations weakened at the outset?

answer

The United States, the Soviet Union, and Germany did not or could not participate.

question

What did the Dawes Plan (1924), the Treaty of Locarno (1925), and the Young Plan (1929) attempt to accomplish?

answer

The correction of some of the more punitive provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

question

In 1921, after three years of fighting Irish republicans, the British drew up a treaty that

answer

made Ireland a self-governing dominion and let Northern Ireland retain seats in the British Parliament.

question

Why did Russia's Provisional Government lose popular support?

answer

It failed to any win military victories.

question

What techniques did soldiers in the trenches adopt to manage the extreme conditions and miseries of prolonged trench warfare?

answer

They developed strong bonds of male camaraderie with their fellow soldiers that overcame traditional class and race distinctions.

question

Throughout Europe, the experience of veterans who returned home after World War I was

answer

almost universally negative, as even in the victor countries soldiers arrived home to face enormous social changes and few jobs open to them.

question

In April 1917, the Germans moved to destabilize Russia by

answer

providing safe rail transportation back to Russia for V. I. Lenin and other Bolsheviks.

question

What was the single most significant aspect of German military policy in terms of its provocative effect on the United States and subsequent U.S. involvement in the war?

answer

Unrestricted submarine warfare

question

What role did colonized peoples under European rule play in World War I?

answer

They fought on battlegrounds in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe as uniformed soldiers for their colonial rulers.

question

The "cult of the offensive," a strategy that officers on both sides in World War I wholeheartedly adopted, was uniquely unsuited to

answer

the advanced weaponry developed since the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War.

question

What major issue challenged the stability of the Weimar Republic from the beginning?

answer

The Weimar government relied on street violence, paramilitary groups, and protests rather than parliaments to solve political problems.

question

How did Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) break with his war communism policy?

answer

It reversed the policy of absolute nationalization and allowed some free-market activity.

question

What changes did Lenin and the Bolshevik government institute in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution in the fall of 1917?

answer

They used troops to take over the government, limited elected candidates to members of the Communist Party, abolished private property, and nationalized factories.

question

Which of the following best describes the new republics of eastern Europe during the 1920s?

answer

They struggled to accommodate the arrival of hundreds of thousands of postwar refugees, most of whom had neither land nor jobs.

question

Although the combatants in the Great War had individual objectives, in the end they all had which common aim?

answer

To secure wealth and power for the postwar era

question

Future German leader Adolf Hitler first gained attention in Germany for what political event?

answer

The Beer Hall Putsch in Munich

question

What impact did World War I have on European colonialism?

answer

It convinced Europeans of the necessity of their colonies but also pushed colonized peoples who had fought in the war to demand more rights and even independence.

question

What allowed Benito Mussolini, the leader of the Fascists in Italy, to become prime minister in 1922?

answer

His followers marched on Rome and forced the king to make him prime minister.

question

In his last will and testament, Lenin asked his comrades to find a way to remove which Communist Party leader from power?

answer

Joseph Stalin

question

Which of the following countries remained a monarchy after World War I ended?

answer

Great Britain

question

What was one of the lasting effects of World War I?

answer

Certain military terms and soldiers' slang entered common usage, such as lousy, trenchcoat, rank and file, and basket case.

question

Which of the following was a major source of discontent in the cities across Europe in the spring of 1917?

answer

Food shortages and deteriorating living conditions

question

One of the main tasks of the League of Nations was the administration of the mandate system, which entailed

answer

exercising political control over the former colonies and territories of Germany and the Ottoman Empire, which the Europeans claimed were not yet capable of self-governance.

question

Which countries made up the Allied Powers at the outbreak of World War I?

answer

France, Great Britain, and Russia

question

Which of the following is an example of how European governments mobilized civilians on the home front to help fight World War I?

answer

War ministries set up boards to draft both men and women to work in factories to keep industrial production moving.

question

What was the major tactical strategy at the heart of the German military's Schlieffen Plan?

answer

To aim a concentrated blow against France that was expected to achieve that nation's defeat in six weeks, accompanied by a light holding action against Russia to the east

question

The Peace of Paris, which was composed of a cluster of individual treaties negotiated between 1919 and 1920, redrew the map of Europe in which of the following ways?

answer

The treaties broke up the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires, separating Austria and Hungary and creating several weak, independent states in central Europe, such as Czechoslovakia and a reconstructed Poland.

question

What does the artwork of George Grosz and other members of the Dada movement reflect?

answer

Postwar rage and revulsion at the apparent failure of civilization

question

The inflation in 1923 that made German currency worthless occurred when the German government printed trillions of marks in an effort to

answer

ensure that workers were paid and keep up with reparations payments, even though the government knew the currency was valueless.

question

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed by Germany and Russia early in 1918,

answer

pulled Russia out of the war and changed the balance of World War I.

question

Of all the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, the one that generated the most outrage in Germany was the

answer

so-called war guilt clause.

question

Which country initially sided with the Central Powers but ended up joining the Allies in 1915 in hopes of postwar gain?

answer

Italy

question

What impact did the total war have on gender roles?

answer

Women were more independent, joined formerly male occupations, adopted practical hairstyles and clothing, and sought greater political and social freedoms.

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