APEH Chapter 18 Book Quiz – Flashcards

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question
Some of the more influential economic reforms of the eighteenth century were suggested by a group of economists in France called the physiocrats. What reforms did they support?
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They urged the government to deregulate the grain trade, make the tax system more equitable, and abolish urban guilds that prevented free entry into the trades
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What new texts did abolitionists use in their petitions and campaigns to end the slave trade and slavery in the New World?
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Firsthand accounts of slavery written by freed slaves
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What role did eighteenth-century Parisian salons play in the spread of Enlightenment ideas?
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They gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-controlled universities by providing a forum for philosophes to discuss ideas
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The Gordon riots that devastated much of London in 1780 demonstrated the fact that
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Popular demonstrations did not always support reform or religious toleration
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Voltaire's campaign to restore Jean Calas's reputation helped to bring about the extension of civil rights to French Protestants as well as what additional reform?
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The abolition of the legal use of torture
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Oxford-educated John Wesley (1703-1791) was the founder of which of the following reform movements?
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Methodism
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What was Empress Catherine II's response to the Pugachev rebellion, a massive uprising by the long-oppressed serfs of Russia in 1773?
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She increased the nobles' power over their serfs and harshly punished anyone who criticized serfdom
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Why did the Seven Years' War have such a significant impact on American-British relations?
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The war removed the threat of French invasion from the north, which made the colonists less dependent on British naval might and thus more willing to act on their grievances
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Why did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theory of "the social contract" pose a direct threat to the perceived legitimacy of eighteenth-century governments?
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It argued that individuals in a community entered into a contract with one another, not with their ruler
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Over the course of the eighteenth century, what was the trend in the number of out-of-wedlock births?
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They quadrupled, as more women began to move to cities and out of the control of their families
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The artistic and architectural style known as neoclassicism gained popularity in the eighteenth century thanks to what cultural phenomenon?
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The rise of "grand tours," in which upper-class youths traveled to Greek and Roman ruins
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Why did Louis XVI restore the parlements in 1774, despite the fact that they had been abolished by his predecessor, Louis XV?
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He succumbed to the demands of the aristocrats, who viewed the dissolution of the parlements as an attack on privilege
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In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France officially acknowledged its defeat overseas, ceding which of its territories to Great Britain?
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Canada
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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the most influential German thinker of the Enlightenment, established the doctrine of idealism, which was based on
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The belief that true understanding can only come from examining the ways in which ideas are formed in the mind
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How did the Encyclopedia contribute to Enlightenment goals of social reform?
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It promoted the spread of knowledge that could be used to make informed decisions about social problems
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Who among the following leaders was the only enlightened ruler to end the personal aspects of serfdom?
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Joseph II of Austria
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The eighteenth-century belief that God created the universe to follow set, logical principles but does not intervene in its functioning is known as what?
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Deism
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What was the opinion of Enlightenment writers on the role of religion in society?
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They did not necessarily oppose organized religion, but they strenuously objected to religious intolerance
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What new artistic movement developed in the eighteenth century in reaction to what some saw as the Enlightenment's excessive reliance on the authority of human reason?
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Romanticism
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In his 1755 book The Natural History of Religion, the Scottish philosopher David Hume made what argument about religion?
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That belief in God was rooted in fear and superstition
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In 1772, the territory of Poland-Lithuania was divided among which three European states?
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Prussia, Russia, and Austria
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By the mid-eighteenth century Prussia had vastly increased the size and efficiency of its army, vaulting itself to great power status with the
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Institution of the "canton system."
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Adam Smith's concept of laissez-faire economics argued that
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In order to maximize the effect of market forces and the division of labor, the economy should be free of government intervention and control
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Which event dramatically changed the outcome of the Seven Years' War?
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The death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia, after which her successor immediately reversed her anti-Prussian policy, allowing Frederick the Great to escape a crushing defeat
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Although eighteenth-century food riots were a direct response to the lack of available food, they were also a reaction to
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The lower classes' lack of access to the political system and their desire for government regulation of the price of grain
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In the late eighteenth century, European women greatly benefited from the expanding interest in
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Reading and books
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What main critique of organized Christianity did Voltaire include in his influential Philosophical Dictionary (1764)?
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That Christianity had been the prime source of fanaticism and brutality among humans
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Although most intellectuals of the Enlightenment publicly embraced the doctrine of religious toleration, many of them were still intolerant of which group?
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Jews
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Why did Masonic lodges continue to multiply throughout the eighteenth century, despite the condemnation of Freemasonry by the papacy in 1738?
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They offered a kind of secular religion and a way of declaring one's interest in the Enlightenment and reform
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What label have historians given to eighteenth-century rulers who aimed to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their absolutist powers?
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Enlightened despots
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In 1784, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant used which of the following phrases to represent what he felt the Enlightenment stood for?
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Sapere aude ("Dare to know")
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Why did the Enlightenment flourish in France?
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The political atmosphere in France was ripe, as the French monarchy alternated between encouraging ideas for reform and harshly censuring criticisms
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Which Enlightened absolutist, whose reforms and accomplishments included the abolition of torture and the support of religious toleration, boasted, "I am the first servant of the state"?
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Frederick II of Prussia
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Of all the various positions espoused by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), why is his theory of the primacy of "the general will" the most difficult to comprehend and apply to society?
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Rousseau's theory advocated the subordination of individual conscience to the good of the community at large without providing any legal protections for individual rights
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Why do many historians and philosophers consider the Enlightenment to be the origin of modernity?
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It advanced the secularization of European society and the idea that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should govern social and political life
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What did the writers of the Enlightenment call themselves?
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Philosophes
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How did the rise of public opinion as a force independent of court society influence European politics in the eighteenth century?
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It forced leaders, including monarchs, to engage with their citizens and take reform and opposition to reform seriously
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The militarization of Prussian society in the late eighteenth century led to which of the following effects?
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It kept the peasants enserfed to their lords and blocked the middle classes from access to estates or high government positions
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The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774), by the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), is considered to be a reaction against the Enlightenment because its hero
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Indulges in intense love, intense melancholy, and suicide
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Why was the nobility of western Europe more open to the new ideas of the Enlightenment than the nobility of eastern and southern Europe?
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Western European nobles had sometimes married into middle-class families and formed with them a new elite, united by common interests in reform and new cultural tastes
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