AP World History Vocab Chapters 1-13 – Flashcards
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Paleolithic
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-period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans -1st
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Neolithic
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-period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s) -2nd
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Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution(s)
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-the change from food fathering to food production -(8000-2000 BCE)
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megalith
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-structures and complexes of very large stones -constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes -Neolithic times
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city-state
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-a small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory -(Characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.)
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Hammurabi
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-Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BCE) -conquered many city-states in S and N Mesopotamia -best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.
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ziggurat
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-a massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks -associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities -function unknown
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cuneiform
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-system of writing -wedge-shaped symbols represent words or syllables -originated in Mesopotamia -used for Sumerian and Akkadian -later adapted to represent other languages of W Asia -literacy of this confined to small group of admins
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papyrus
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-reed that grows along banks of Nile -from it produced a coarse paper-like writing medium -for Egyptians and surrounding areas
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hieroglyphics
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-system of writing where picture symbols represent sounds, syllables, or concepts -used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt -confined to small group of admins
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loess
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-light silt deposited by wind and water -fertile soil of Yellow River Valley -not compact, gives Yellow River color
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divination
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-techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of gods by interpreting natural phenomena -China use cracks of oracle bones -Greece use flight of birds through sky
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Mandate of Heaven
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-Chinese religious and political ideology -developed by the Zhou -chief deity grant power to ruler of China -if ruler fail to do what best for people can be replaced
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Legalism
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-Chinese -political philosophy that emphasize unruliness of human nature -justified state state control -Qin used to validate authoritative nature of regime
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Confucius
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-Kongzi -doctrine of duty and public service influence Chinese thought and code of conduct for gov officials -hierarchy and duty
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Dao
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-PATH OF NATURE -Chinese school of thought by Laozi -alternative to Confucian emphasis of hierarchy and duty -world always changing -accept world as they find it
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yin/yang
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-complementary factors help maintain equilibrium of world -1st with female--dark passive qualities -2nd with male--light active qualities
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Akhenaten
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-Egyptian pharaoh -earliest instance of monotheism -built new capital of Amarna -impose worship of sun-disk (Aten- supress traditional gods) -letters from under his rain preserve official correspondences
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Minoan
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-civilization of Aegean island of Crete -people engaged in far-flung commerce in Med -cultural influence on early Greeks
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Israelites
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-people of Israel -freed from Egyptians by Moses -40 years in desert
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monotheism
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-belief in existence of single divine entity -Akhenaten and Yahweh
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diaspora
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-communities of given ethnic groups living outside their homeland -means dispersal -eg. Jews
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Carthage
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-city founded by Phoenicians about 800 BCE -major commercial center and naval power in Med -defeated by Rome
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satrap
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-governor of province in Persian Empire -responsible for protection of province and forwarding tribute to central admin -farther out = more freedom
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Cyrus
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-founder of Persian Empire -conqueror -Iran and subject people traditions -Persians and Medes in admin -respected institutions and beliefs of subject peoples
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Zoroastrianism
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-Iran religion with prophet Zoroaster -single deity-- Ahuramazda -ideas of heaven and hell, etc. -influence Judaism, Christianity, more
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polis
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-Greek term for city0state -urban center and agricultural territory under its control -characteristic of Greek political organization -some oligarchic and some democratic
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hoplites
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-heavily armed Greek infantry -fight in close-packed formation -middle and upper class, own equipment -superior force
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tyrant
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-someone who seize and hold power in violation of normal procedure and tradition of community -Greek -take advantage of disaffection of middle class -contribute advancement of democracy
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Pericles
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-aristocratic leader who guide Athens state from transformation to democracy for male citizens -construct Acropolis -expansions led to Peloponnesian War
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trireme
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-Greek and Phoenician warship -sleek, light -170 oars in 3 vertical tiers -manned by skilled sailors -short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers
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Hellenistic Age
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-time when Greek culture spread across W Asia and NE Africa -conquests of Alexander the Great
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Alexander
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-king of Macedonia in N Greece -conquer Persian Empire -found many Greek-style cities -spread Greek culture across Mid East
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Roman Republic
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-Period when Rome ruled by Roman Senate -A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president
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paterfamilias
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-male head of houshold
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latifundia
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-large estates in ancient Rome -purchase farmers who are in army's land and run it by slaves -cash crops -make Italy dependent on foreign grain
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princeps
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-term used for 'emperor' of Rome -after Republic -really an empire -'first among equals'
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Augustus
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-name for Octavian -found Roman Principate, military dictatorship -defeat all rivals -time of stability and prosperity
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pax romana
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-'Roman peace' -refer to stability and prosperity of Roman Empire -spread of culture, technology, and religion
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aqueducts
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-water carrying elevated or underground -use gravity to carry water from source to location-- usually to city -Romans use
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Jesus
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-Jew, reform Jewish beliefs and practices -Executed as a revolutionary by Romans -hailed as Messiah and son of God by followers -central figure in Christianity-- developed after death
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Constantine
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-Roman emperor -reunite Roman Empire, move capital to Constantinople and Christianity favored religion
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Shi Huangdi
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-founder of Qin dynasty and Chinese Empire -ruthless conquests -standardization of practices -forcible organization of labor for military and engineering tasks -terracotta warriors
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gentry
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-Chinese class of prosperous families -next in wealth below rural aristocrats -admin personnel -privileged group and made gov more efficient and responsive
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atman
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-breath -immortal essence separated from body at death -reborn in another body -Vedic belief
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karma
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-residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a spirit and determines form it will assume in next life cycle -India elite use to encourage acceptance of social position and duty
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Vedas
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-early Indian sacred knowledge -religious texts passed down orally for a long time -main source of info of Vedic period
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jati
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-smaller social classes within the larger varna castes
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Brahmins
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-Indian priest class (highest ranking)
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moksha
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-Hindu concept of spirit's liberation from endless cycle of rebirths -achieved through discipline, meditation, and acts of devotion to gods -spirit merge with divine force and animates of universe
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Buddha
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-Siddhartha Gautama -Indian prince renounce wealth and social position -become enlightened and spread beliefs through India and Asia
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boddhisattva
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-person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings
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Ashoka
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-Third ruler of Mauryan Empire in India -convert to Buddhism and broadcast beliefs on stones and pillars -- earliest surviving Indian writing
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theater-state
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-state that acquires prestiege and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies -attract and bind subjects to the center -eg. Gupta in India
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Silk Road
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-caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asian and Iran
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stirrup
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-device for securing a horseman's feet -enable to wield weapons better -1st in N Afghanistan
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savanna
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-tropical or subtropical grassland -treeless or clumps of trees -extensive in sub-Saharan Africa,
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Sahel
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-belt south of Sahara -"coastland" in arabic
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Bantu
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-name for group of sub-Saharan African languages and people who speak them
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Shi'ites
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-Muslims who believe God vests leadership of Islam community in Ali -religion of Iran
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Sunni
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-Muslims who believe Islam community should select own leadership -most common Islamic belief
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Mecca
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-city in W Arabia -birthplace of Muhammad -ritual center of Islamic religion
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Muhammad
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-Arab prophet -founder of Islam
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umma
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-community of all Muslims -against traditional Arabia -- usually held together by kinship
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caliph
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-chief Muslim leader of Islamic empire -successor of Muhammad
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Islam
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-religion by prophet Muhammad -based on his works compiled in Quran -recognize one god, Allah
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Muslim
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-someone who follows Islam religion -submits to will of God
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Mamluks
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-Turkic military slaves important to Islamic military system -Abbasid Caliphate -eventually found own state (Egypt and Syria)
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ulama
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-Muslim religious scholars -work with Islamic law
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Charlemagne
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-emperor of Carolingian Empire -encompasses all of Gaul, and parts of Germany and Italy -illiterate but sponsor intellectual revival
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medieval
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-'middle age' -Europe between 500-1500 -between Greco-Roman and Renaissance
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schism
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-formal split within religious community -Christianity
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manor
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-medieval Europe -large self-sufficient landholding -consisting of lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land
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serf
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-medieval Europe -agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property -obligated to perform set services for lord
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fief
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-medieval Europe -land granted in return for sworn oath to provide specific military service
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vassal
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-medieval Europe -sworn supporter of king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord
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papacy
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-central admin of Roman Catholic Church -Pope is head of this
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monasticism
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-living in religious community away from secular society -adhere to rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty -prominent in medieval Christianity and Buddhism -primary literary centers
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Crusades
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-armed pilgrimages to Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule -end to western Europe's isolation from intellect and culture
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pilgrimage
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-journey to sacred shrine by Christians -seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins -other religions too (Muslims to Mecca)
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Li Shimin
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-one of Tang founders, second emperor -expanded empire into Central Asia
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Grand Canal
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-1100 mile waterway linking Yellow and Yangzi rivers -begun during Han period and completed during Sui
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tributary system
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-in Han Empire -countries in E and SE Asia not under direct control acknowledge superiority of Chinese emperors -in exchange trading rights or strategic alliances
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Uighurs
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-Turkic-speakers who control own centralized empire in Mongolia and C Asia
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junk
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-large flatbottom sailing ship from Tang, Ming, and Song Empires -designed for long-distance commercial travel
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movable type
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-type where each individual character is cast on separate piece of metal -replaces woodblock printing
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Fujiwara
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-aristocratic family that dominated Japanese imperial court between 800-1100
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Champa rice
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-quick maturing rice can allow two harvests in one growing season -from Champa to India and then China as tribute
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chinampas
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-raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields
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khipu
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-system of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information
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ayllu
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-Andean lineage group or kin-based community
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mit'a
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-Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations
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Teotihuacan
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-powerful city-state in central Mexico
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Tenochtitlan
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-capital of Aztec Empire -Mexico City constructed on ruins
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tribute system
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-system where defeated peoples forced to pay a tax in form of goods and labor -subsidized development of large cities -Inca and Aztec important
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Genghis Khan
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-Temujin's title meaning oceanic or universal leader -founder of Mongol Empire
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Yuan Empire
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-Chinese Mongol Empire by Khubilai Khan
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Timur
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-member of prominent Jagadai Khanate Mongol family -control much of C Asia and Iran -Mughal Empire in India
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Golden Horde
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-Mongol khanate founded by Batu -S Russia and adopt Turkic language and Islam
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Il-Khan
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-khan based in Persiam founded by Hulegu -control much of Iran and Iraq
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tsar
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-Russian title for monarch -first used by Ivan III
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lama
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-Tibetan Buddhism teacher
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Zheng He
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-imperial eununch and Muslim -Ming emperor Yongle send on voyages through Indian ocean to gain tributary states
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Yongle
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-Zhu Di, 3rd Ming emperor -building of Forbidden City -sponsor Zheng He voyages -reopen China borders to travel and trade
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bubonic plague
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-bacterial disease of fleas transmitted to rodents and humans -spread through Mongols
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kamikaze
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-'divine wind' -Japanese credit with blowing Mongol invaders away form their shores
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monsoon
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-seasonal winds of Indian Ocean -caused by changes in temperature between rapidly heating and cooling landmasses and slow changing ocean waters -sailors use winds to ride for trade
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Ibn Battuta
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-Moroccan Muslim scholar -most widely traveled individual of his time -wrote of visits to Islamic lands
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Delhi Sultanate
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-centralized Indian empire of varying extent -created by Muslim invaders
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Mali
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-empire created by indigenous Muslims in W Sudan of W Africa -trans-Saharan gold trade
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Mansa Musa
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-ruler of Mali -pilgrimage from Egypt to Mecca establish empire's reputation for wealth
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dhow
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-ship of small to moderate size -used in W Indian Ocean -triangular sail and sewn timber hull
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Swahili Coast
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-E African shores of the Indian Ocean
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Timbuktu
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-city of Niger River -founded as seasonal camp by Tuareg -part of Mali empire -center for trans-Saharan trade & Islamic learning
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Malacca
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-port city in SE Asia -trading center on Strait of Malacca
