AP World History Period 5 Framework Notecards – Flashcards
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How did Industrialization affect seemingly unrelated fields like social structures, culture, and the economy?
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Industrialization led to the further stratification of social classes and gender roles, the assimilation and diffusion of many diverse cultures, and an overall boom in the global economy.
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What combination of factors were neassary to begin the Industrial Revolution?
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Geographic location, geographical distribution of natural resources, demographic transition, improved agricultural productivity, protection of private property and companies, well-facilitated transportation, accumulation of capital
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What "fueled" (both literally and metaphorically) the Industrial Revolution?
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The development of more productive machines, like the steam engine, and fossil fuels to power the machines, like coal and oil
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How did factories charge the nature of labor itself?
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Labor had become concentrated into a single location, and led to an increasing degree of job specialization
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Where did factories start and where/how did the factory system spread?
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Factories began within northwestern Europe and spread to other parts of Europe, North America, Russia, an Japan as a result of Europe becoming a dominant power in the world
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What was the "2nd Industrial Revolution?"
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The "second industrial revolution" was the refinement and improvement of technologies and production methods that led to the further advancements in industry
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How did the Industrial Revolution influence world trade overall?
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New patterns of global trade that integrated the global economy together arose as industries looked for new markets and raw material
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What ruw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas?
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"Cash crops" - cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meat, tobacco, coffee
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As industrial production arose, what type(s) of production declined?
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Agricultural-based economies declined as industrialized economies arose
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What "new" markets did industrialized states look/create for their exports?
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Areas that had a high demand for a product that industries could create for a cheaper price
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What role did monetary and precious metals play in the Industrial Revolution?
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Led to the developnent of large mining centers as demand for precious metals ans the need for specialized metals for industrial production increased
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How did industrialists legitimize the economic changes of the Industrial Revolution?
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Industrialists utilized financers and expanded and improved financial institutions
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What financial institutions facilitated industrial production?
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Stock markets, insurance agencies, banks, liability corporations, investors
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How did the Industrial Revolution affect the scale of business and overall economic activity?
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Economic activity reached a global level as big business companies conducted business worldwide
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What were the important developments in transportation during the Industrial Revolution?
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Railroads, steamships, canals, telegraphs
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How did workers respond to the Industrial Revolution, and how did their vision of society compare to the industrialists?
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Workers combined into unions, in which they sought to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain fair wages
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How did governments respond to the tremendous economic changes of the Industrial Revolution?
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Some nations acted conservatively and resisted the change while other states promoted industrialization
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How and why did some governments reform their practices because of the Industrial Revolution?
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The global capitalist economy showed its flaws through the negative effects of industries and governments responded with reform
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How did the Industrial Revolution affect social and demographic characteristics?
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New social classes, new family and gender roles, rapid urbanization, demographic transition in industrialized states
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What are the similarities and differences between colonialism and imperialism?
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Colonialism is where a country brings settlers to the country they conquer and rule it; imperialism is where a country forcibly rules over another country
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How did imperialism affect Europe's influence around the world?
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Led to European growth and influence throughout the world (88% conquered by Europe), new ideas of nationalism, formation of anti-imperial resistance and new national identities
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Which states increased their influence and control over their pre-existing colonies, and which saw their influence decrease?
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States with existing colonies saw increased influence and control while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined
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What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand their empires?
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Warfare, diplomacy, settler colonies, economic imperialism
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How did imperialism help, hurt, or change various states?
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Some states saw the emergence of newer, reformed states; expansion of land borders in neighboring territories
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How did anti-imperialism affect the Ottoman Empire's territories?
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Led to the weakening and shrinking of the state and the emergence of new states
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What were the effects of nationalism on various peoples and regions?
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New communal and cultural identities and the intermingling of different cultures and peoples
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How did imperialists justify imperialism?
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New racial ideologies and nationalist beliefs
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How did both the Enlightenment and colonized peoples' actions affect political developments after 1750?
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New revolutionary ideas for the establishment of new nations
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How did political rebellions affect the political structures and ideologies around the world?
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Formation of new states, development of new ideologies, influenced later revolutionary and anti-imperial movements
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What role did the Enlightenment play in making political revolutions & rebellions possible?
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New thoughts made people question life and led to revolutions and rebellions to build new governments based on those ideals
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How did Enlightenment thinkers affect understandings of the relationship between the natural world and humans?
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Encouraged the observation and influence in all spheres of life, applied new ways of understanding human relationships with nature
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How did the Enlightenment evaluate the role of religion in public life?
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Sought secularization; idolized moral thought over revelation from religious teaching
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What new political ideas rose?
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Individual rights, natural rights of life, liberty, and property, social contract with governement
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What social & political norms did Enlightenment thinkers challenge? What were the effects of their questioning?
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Social contract with governemnt, inalienable rights for all; expansion of rights to women, slaves, and serfs
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What is the basis of national identity and nationalism?
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New sense of commonality and patriotism based on race, religion, language, social customs, and territory
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How did governments use these new ideas on their populations?
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Used it to provide identity to the state, unite diverse populations
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How did subject peoples relate to their ruling governments?
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Subjects were discontent with new nationalist ideas an challenged imperial governments
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How did rebellions and revolutions in the Americas and Europe reflect Enlightenment ideals?
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Saw the institution of Enlightenment ideals, like the social contract between government and the people, inalienable rights, freedoms
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How did slaves' resistance affect existing authorities in the Americas?
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Slave societies challenged American policies and existing authorities
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What was the relationship between nationalism and anti-colonialism?
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Increasing questions about nationalist policy and authority led to anti-colonial movements
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How did religion influence nationalism?
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Religion served as a part of the nationalist, supreme race; also served as unity for states and rebels that wanted to take over nationalist states
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How did imperial governments react to nationalistic rebellions?
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Frequent rebellion led to reformation of imperial policy to accommodate for a majority of the empire
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What other new ideologies did the Enlightenment stimulate?
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New ideologies that were based on the flaws of Enlightenment-inspired ideologies
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What new political ideologies developed from c.1750-1900?
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Liberalism, socialism, communism
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What people or issues did Enlightenment thinkers ignore or overlook?
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Women's rights and suffrage
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How did migrations in this period compare to earlier periods?
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Larger scale due to the building of transoceanic empires and new opportunities in reformed lands
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What were the main social, economic, and political causes and effects of this new age of migration?
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Need for resources, better opportunity in America; different, diverse societies, challenges in fostering national identities
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How did the Industrial Revolution affect migration patterns during this period?
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Internal: rural to urban society; external: country to country in search of labor/better life
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What were the causes of world population growth?
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Changes in food production, better medical conditions
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How did new modes of transportation affect migration?
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People able to relocate to city more efficiently
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Why did people migrate?
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Look for work, live better lives
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What were the economic motives behind migration?
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Search for work, coerced labor, establish new markets
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What types of migration were voluntary vs. involuntary?
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Voluntary: look for better jobs or better lives; involuntary: slavery, indentured servitude, coolie labor
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How permanent were migrations?
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Some migrate seasonally (golondrinas), other relocated permanently
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What were the social consequences and reactions to 19th century migrations?
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Largely diverse society that was hard to maintain
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How were gender roles affected by migration?
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Males usually labored while females took new roles in home society
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How did migrants preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes?
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Created ethnic conclaves (ie. Chinatown) to facilitate migrants and transplant cultures into new society
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How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants?
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Some were not tolerant and attempted to regulate the flow of immigrants
