question

Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution

answer

Transition period in which groups of people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life (8000-3000 B.C.E.)

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Nebuchadnezzar

answer

Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon as a showplace of architecture and culture (Hanging Gardens)

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Hittites

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Babylons fell to this group of people after the Kassites

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Great Royal Road

answer

Longest of the Persian roads (approx. 1600 miles)

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Lydians

answer

Came up with the concept of using coined money to conduct trade, rather than the barter system

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Phoenicians

answer

1). Established powerful naval city-states all along the Mediterranean 2). Developed a simple alphabet that used only 22 letters as opposed to the more complex cuneiform system

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Hebrews

answer

Significant for their monotheistic Jewish beliefs

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Queen Hatshepsut

answer

First female ruler known in history; ruled for 22 years during the New Kingdom; credited with greatly expanding Egyptian trade expeditions

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Mohenjo-Daro/Harappa

answer

Two major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; held more than 100,00 people (enormous, by ancient standards)

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Caste System

answer

Social hierarchical system in India established by the Aryans

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Shang China

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Rose in the Huang He River Valley; very isolated and believed that they were at the center of the world

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Patriarchal Structure

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Familial structure which was headed by the eldest male

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Mandate of Heaven

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Zhou Dynasty; heaven would grant the Zhou power only as long as its rulers governed justly and wisely

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Bureaucracy

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Way of organizing government tasks by department; allowed different parts of the government to specialize and stabilize

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Djenne-Djeno

answer

Believed to be the first sub-Saharan city; not hierarchically organized

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Olmec/Chavin

answer

Two early civilizations in the Americas; the former in Mexico and the latter in the Andes

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Tikal

answer

Most important Mayan political center; populated by around 100,000 people

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Chichen Itza

answer

Tiered temple of the Mayans, resembling the Egyptian pyramids and Mesopotamian ziggurats

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Chandragupta Maurya

answer

Founded the Mauryan Empire by unifying smaller Aryan kingdoms into a civilization

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Ashoka Maurya

answer

Chandragupta's grandson; converted to Buddhism after battle at Kalinga

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Rock and Pillar Edicts

answer

Reminded Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives; commissioned by Ashoka

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Chandra Gupta the Great

answer

Founder of the Gupta Empire

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Gupta Empire

answer

More decentralized and smaller than the Mauryan Empire, but referred to as the Golden Age, due to advances in mathematics, arts, and science

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Qin Dynasty

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Short-lived Chinese dynasty which came after the Zhou, but was noted for the Great Wall

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Qin Shihuangdi

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First emperor of the Qin Dynasty; recentralized feudal kingdoms and standardized laws, currencies, weights, measures, and systems of writing

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Wu Ti

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"Warrior Emperor" who greatly enlarged the Han Empire to central Asia

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Polis

answer

Greek city-states which shared a common culture and identity

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Athens/Sparta

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Two main city-states; former was the cultural center of Greece, while the latter was highly agricultural and militaristic

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Draco/Solon

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Aristocrats who worked to create the democracy in Athens and to ensure fair, equal, and open participation

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Persian Wars

answer

United all the Greek city-states against their common enemy, Persia

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Golden Age of Pericles

answer

Led by Pericles, who established a democracy, rebuilt Athens after Persian deconstruction (Parthenon), established Delian League, and philosophy and arts flourished

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Delian League

answer

League comprising of Athens and other city-states

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Socrates/Plato/Aristotle

answer

Greek philosophers whose processes were more revolutionary than the ideas themselves

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Homer

answer

Wrote the Illiad and the Odyssey prior to the Golden Age

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Peloponnesian War

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War between Athens and Sparta which eventually made it vulnerable to outside attacks (despite the Spartan victory), which were seized by the Macedonians

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Philip III of Macedon

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Led the Macedonians to conquer Greece; respected Greek culture and allowed it to flourish

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Alexander the Great

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Philip's son who widely expanded Macedonian dominance

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Antigonid

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Alexander's Empire: Greece and Macedon

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Ptolemaic

answer

Alexander's Empire: Egypt

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Seleucid

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Alexander's Empire: Bactria and Anatolia

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Hellenism

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The culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece

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Patricians

answer

Land-owning noble men

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Plebeians

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All other free men

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Twelve Tables of Rome

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Codified set of Roman laws; "innocent until proven guilty"

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Pater Familias

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Social structure of Roman family; eldest male; patriarchy

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Carthage

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City-state in North Africa with powerful ambitions of its own, and became Rome's first enemy

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Punic Wars

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Between Rome and Carthage; first war was to gain control of Sicily, second war began by an attack instigated by Hannibal; third war was instigated by Rome and burned Carthage to the ground

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Hannibal

answer

Carthiginian general considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all time

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First Triumvirate

answer

Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar

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Caesar

answer

"Emperor for Life"; resulted in assassination by angry senators

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Second Triumvirate

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Octavius, Marc Anthony, Lepidus

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Octavius

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Rose to power and assumed the name of Augustus Caesar, and became emperor; Rome became the capital of the Western world under him; established the rule of law, a common coinage, civil service, and secure travel for merchants

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Pax Romana

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Period of Roman peace for 200 years

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Paganism

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State religion of Rome

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Constantine

answer

First Christian Roman Emperor

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Edict of Milan

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Issued by Constantine to end the persecution of Christians

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Diocletian

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Emperor of Rome; brought armies back under imperial control; divided empire into two regions run by co-emperors; capped prices to deal with inflation

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Constantinople

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City ordered by Constantine over the Greek city of Byzantium

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Visigoths

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Germanic people who had adopted Roman law and Christianity; pressures faced by Rome of invasions by this group

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Silk Road

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Stretched from China to the Roman Empire

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Medina

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Mohammad and his followers fled to this city to escape persecution; "hijra" (first year in Muslim calendar)

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Abu Bakr

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Became caliph after Mohammad's death

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Theocracy

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Government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided

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Charles Martel

answer

Frankish leader who stopped the Muslim advance in Europe

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Shia Islam

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Holds that Ali, Mohammad's son-in-law, was the rightful heir to the empire

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Sunni Islam

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Holds that the four rightly guided caliphs should lead

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Baghdad

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Capital of the Abbasid Dynasty and one of the great cultural centers of the world

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Mohammad al-Razi

answer

Published a mathematical encyclopaedia which was unlike anything compiled before it

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Sufis

answer

Islamic mystics who were its most effective missionaries

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Mamluks

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Turkish slaves who revolted and established a new capital at Samarra, Iraq. This was one of the final blows to the Islamic caliphates

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Mongols

answer

Defeated the Abbasids

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Middle Ages

answer

Period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance

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Orthodox Christianity

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Brand of Christianity established in the Byzantine Empire

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Justinian

answer

Under this emperor, the former glory and unity of the Roman Empire was somewhat restored in Constantinople

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Justinian Code

answer

Codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive

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Hagia Sophia

answer

Cathedral built by Justinian

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Battle of Tours

answer

Defeat led by Charles Martel, of Muslim advancing armies

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Merovingian Dynasty

answer

Declining Frankish dynasty

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Carolingian Dynasty

answer

Founded by Charles Martel; put his sons forth as successors

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Pepin the Short

answer

Martel's son who chose to have his succession certified by the pope, a significant step that sent the clear signal that an empire's legitimacy rested on the Roman Catholic Church's approval

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Charlemagne

answer

"Charles the Great"; built the Holy Roman Empire

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Otto the Great

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His coronation marked the beginning of the name of the Holy Roman Empire

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Nobles

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Beneath the king in the European feudal structure; in exchange for military service and loyalty to the king were granted power over sections of the kingdom

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Vassals

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Lesser lords who controlled smaller sections of nobles' land; land could further be split to subordinate vassals and so on

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Peasants/Serfs

answer

Below the vassals; worked the land

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Manors

answer

Estates that were granted to the vassals (originally called fiefs)

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Three-Field System

answer

Centered on the rotation of three fields: one for the fall harvest, one for the spring harvest, and one not-seeded fallow harvest (the latter allowing the land to replenish its nutrients)

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Code of Chivalry

answer

Honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect. Most of the lords and knights followed this code

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Primogeniture

answer

When a lord died under the feudal system, his land and title were passed down to his eldest son

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Burghers

answer

Middle-class merchants who became politically powerful during the Middle Ages

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Hanseatic League

answer

Alliance which controlled trade throughout much of Northern Europe

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Crusades

answer

Military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the eleventh through fourteenth centuries to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity

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Scholasticism

answer

Academic progress which sometimes came into conflict with the Church because it relied on reason rather than faith as its basis (people thought more openly and universities were found)

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Pope Innocent III

answer

Issued strict decrees on church doctrine. Heretics and Jews were frequently persecuted and a fourth Crusade, which was ultimately unsuccessful, occurred under him

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Inquisition

answer

Formalized interrogation and persecution progress of heretics, under Pope Gregory IX

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Universal Church/Church Militant

answer

Name given to the Church due to its pervasiveness and ultimate power

question

Thomas Aquinas

answer

Famous Christian realist who made significant inroads in altering Christian thought. Wrote the Summa Theologica, which outlined his view that faith and reason are not in conflict, but that both are gifts from God and each can be used to enhance the other

question

Interregnum

answer

Time between kings

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William the Conqueror

answer

Since his time, England followed a tradition of a strong monarchy

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Magna Carta

answer

(1215) Document which reinstated the feudal rights of the nobles, as well as extending the rule of law to other people in the country, namely the growing burgher class. Nobles forced King John to sign it. Laid the foundation for the Parliament

question

Joan of Arc

answer

Farm girl who claimed to have heard voices that told her to liberate France from the hands of the English. French authorities supplied her with military backing, and she forced the British to retreat from Orleans, but was later captured by the French, tried by the English, and burned at the stake by the French

question

Hundred Years' War

answer

(1337-1453) Between England and France, which eventually resulted in England's withdrawal from France

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Bourbons

answer

Series of royal monarchs under whom France became unified and became a major power on the European continent

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Queen Isabella

answer

Ruler of Castille, under whom Spain was united

question

Ferdinand

answer

Heir to the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon. His marriage to Isabella led to the unification of Spain in a single monarchy

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Spanish Inquisition

answer

Consequences for non-Christian Spaniards were tragic; consequences for the Spanish monarchy were huge (unified and energized, led to colonization)

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Tatars

answer

Group of Mongols from the east, under Genghis Khan. They ruled a large chunk of Russia for two centuries, leading to a cultural rift and that further split Eastern and Western Europe

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Czar

answer

Ivan III declared himself this and expanded the Muscovy territory

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Ivan the Terrible

answer

Had centralized power over the entire Russian sphere, and ruled ruthlessly, using the secret police against his own nobles

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Emperor Xuanzong

answer

Ruler of the T'ang Dynasty; expanded Chinese territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea

question

Song Dynasty

answer

China was reunified after the fall of the T'ang under this dynasty and its leader, Emperor Taizu

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Yuan Dynasty

answer

Established by the Mongols in China, and lasted less than a century

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Ming Dynasty

answer

Established after the Mongols were driven from China; restored traditional Chinese rule

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Tribute System

answer

Under the T'ang Dynasty; independent countries including Vietnam, Korea, Tibet, and various Central Asian tribes acknowledged the supremacy of the Chinese emperor and sent ambassadors to the city with gifts

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Junks

answer

Chinese ships, which were the best of their time

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Wu Zhao

answer

The first and only Empress of China after the death of her husband.

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Foot Binding

answer

A woman's feet would be bound shortly after birth in an effort to keep them small

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Yamamoto Clan

answer

First important ruling family of Japan; first and only dynasty to rule Japan

question

Shinto

answer

"Way of the gods"; goal was to become part of the kami (nature and all forces of nature) through certain rituals and customs as well as obedience and proper behaviour

question

Prince Shotoku

answer

Borrowed bureaucratic and legal reforms, which were modeled on the successes of the T'ang Dynasty

question

Taika Reforms

answer

Prince Shotoku's reforms which were enacted after his death

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Fujiwara

answer

One of the most powerful Japanese families in whom the real power had shifted to. The ostensible leader was the emperor. Japan experienced golden age under them; Japanese women and literature

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Shogun

answer

Chief general; Japanese feudalism; ostensible power lay in emperor, but the real power lay in the shogun

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Daimyo

answer

Owners of large tracts of land (counterparts of European lords)

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Code of Bushido

answer

Strict code of conduct followed by Japanese samurai (similar to the code of chivalry in Europe)

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Delhi Sultanate

answer

Islamic invaders who set up shop in Delhi under the sultan

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Mongol Empire

answer

Stretched from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe

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Hordes

answer

Small, independent empires of the Mongol Empire

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Golden Horde

answer

Region of modern-day Russia under the Mongol Empire

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Kublai Khan

answer

Ruled Mongol China; Genghis Khan's grandson

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Pax Mongolica

answer

Peaceful domain of the Mongols in conquered areas which existed after their ruthless conquests

question

Timur Lang/ Tamerlane

answer

Destroyed the Delhi Sultanate, but it was restored again and the Mongols left

question

Mongolize

answer

Chinese were not allowed to do this under the Mongols, and instead kept their own identity

question

Axum

answer

Converted to Christianity in the fourth century, and then many converted to Islam in the seventh century (illustrate that the people of this kingdom were constantly in contact with the Mediterranean world)

question

Swahili Coast

answer

East coast of Africa which was populated by Bantu-speaking peoples who settled into the lives of farmers, merchants, and fishermen

question

Mansa Musa

answer

One of the greatest Malian rulers, who built a capital at Timbuktu and expanded the kingdom well beyond the bounds of Ghana

question

Sonni Ali

answer

Songhai ruler who led the largest empire in West Africa

question

Oral Literature

answer

History and stories were passed from one generation to the next in African communities

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Temple of the Sun/ Machu Picchu

answer

Display Incan skill in building, stone cutting, and mining

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Quipu

answer

Set of knotted strings used by the Incas for communication; they never developed a writing system

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First Crusade

answer

Initiated by Pope Urban in a response to the Seljuk Turks, who took control of the Holy Land

question

Vernacular

answer

Native language

question

Machiavelli

answer

The Price; suggested that a monarchy should be distinct from the church and that a leader should act purely in self-interest of the state rather than on the basis of vague moral tenets

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John Calvin

answer

Frenchman who led a powerful Protestant group by preaching an ideology of predestination

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Calvinism

answer

Greatly influenced religious development in Scotland under John Knox, and in France with the growth of the Huguenots

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King Henry VIII

answer

Did not have a son as heir to his throne and sought to abandon his wife, Catherine of Aragon

question

Church of England/ Anglican Church

answer

Established by Henry VIII in order to solve "the king's problem"

question

Ignatius Loyola

answer

Founded the society of Jesuits, which was influential in restoring faith in the teachings of Jesus as interpreted by the Catholic Church

question

Jesuits

answer

Practiced self-control and moderation, believing that prayer and good works led to salvation

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Council of Trent

answer

Series of meetings which reaffirmed Catholic dogma

question

Nicolaus Copernicus

answer

Developed the heliocentric theory

question

Galileo

answer

Copernican model took off under him

question

Ptolemaic Model

answer

Geocentric model; model which was sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church

question

The Index

answer

A list of banned heretical works; Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World

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Prince Henry the Navigator

answer

Came from Portugal's royal family, who greatly financed exploration

question

Bartholomew Dias

answer

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope

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Vasco da Gama

answer

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope, explored East African kingdoms, and established trade relations in India

question

Treaty of Tordesillas

answer

Established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal line that runs through the Western Atlantic Ocean; everything east of the line belonged to Portugal, everything west of the line belonged to Spain

question

Amerigo Vespucci

answer

He explored South America on several trips around 1500; realized that the continent was huge and not part of Asia; America was named after him

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Ponce de Leon

answer

In 1513, he explored much of Central America for Spain, laid sight on the Pacific Ocean

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Ferdinand Magellan

answer

In 1519, he sailed around the tip of South America to the Pacific Ocean for Portugal. He made it as far as the Philippines, where he died; his crew continued, however, and became the first to circumnavigate the globe

question

Giovanni da Verrazzano

answer

In 1524, he explored the North American coast for France

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Sir Francis Drake

answer

In 1578, he became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe

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John Cabot

answer

In 1597, he explored the coast of North America for England

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Henry Hudson

answer

Beginning in 1609, he sailed for the Dutch, looking for a North-west Passage to Asia. He explored the Hudson River and made claims to the area for the Dutch

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Sternpost Rudder

answer

Invented in China during the Han Dynasty, this allowed for better navigation and control of ships of increasing size

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Lateen Sails

answer

Invented during the early Roman Empire, allowed ships to sail in any direction, regardless of wind

question

Astrolabe

answer

Sailors used this portable navigation device, developed in the Hellenic world, to help them find their way

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Magnetic Compass

answer

Borrowed from the Chinese, this instrument of navigation allowed sailors to determine direction without staying in sight of land

question

Three-Masted Caravels

answer

Large ships employed significantly larger lateen sails and could hold provisions for longer journeys in their large cargo rooms

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Hernan Cortes

answer

Landed on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, and found himself at the heart of the Aztec Empire

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Montezuma

answer

Aztec ruler who first mistook Cortes for a god

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Francisco Pizarro

answer

Set out in search of the Incas with 200 men

question

Peninsulares

answer

At the top of the encomienda system--Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies

question

Creoles

answer

People born in the colonies to Spanish parents

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Mestizos

answer

Those with European and Native American ancestry

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Mulattos

answer

Those with European and African ancestry

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Viceroys

answer

Governors who ran the Spanish empire and established the encomienda system

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Middle Passage

answer

African slaves were forced to endure this route to the Americas

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Age of Exploration

answer

Made possible by new financing schemes that now form the basis of our modern economies

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Joint-Stock Company

answer

An organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors

question

Muscovy Company

answer

English company that monopolized trade routes

question

Dutch East India Company

answer

Controlled routes to the Spice Islands

question

Mercantilism

answer

A country actively sought to trade, but tried not to import more than it exported

question

Charles V

answer

The international importance of Spain grew under him--a Hapsburg

question

Hapsburg

answer

A family that originated in Austria and through a series of carefully arranged marriages, created a huge empire stretching from Austria and Germany to Spain

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Ferdinand I

answer

Brother of Charles V, who gained control over Austria and the Holy Roman throne of Germany

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Philip II

answer

Son of Charles V, who conferred the throne of Spain and jurisdiction over Burgundy (France), the Netherlands, as well as Spain's claims in the New World

question

Henry VIII

answer

Established the Act of Supremacy and established the Church of England

question

Elizabeth I

answer

Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, who oversaw a golden age of the arts

question

Elizabethan Age

answer

1558-1603 boasted a commercial expansion and exploration and colonization of the New World

question

James I

answer

Came to power after the death of Elizabeth I, and attempted to institute reforms that brought together the crowns of England and Scotland, yet widespread problems persisted

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Charles I

answer

Son of James I, who, out of desperation for money, signed the Petition of Right

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Long Parliament

answer

Sat for twenty years and limited the absolute powers of the monarchy

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Oliver Cromwell

answer

Leader of the Roundheads who defeated Charles I

question

English Commonwealth

answer

Oliver Cromwell was its leader

question

Lord Protector

answer

Title given to Cromwell during his reign of the Commonwealth

question

Stuart Restoration

answer

When Parliament invited Charles II to take the throne and restore a limited monarchy

question

Habeas Corpus Act

answer

Protects people from arrests without due process, signed by Charles II

question

Glorious Revolution

answer

James II was driven from power by Parliament, and was replaced by William and Mary

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English Bill of Rights

answer

Signed by William and Mary after the Glorious Revolution, Protestant rulers

question

Henry IV

answer

Issued Edict of Nantes

question

Edict of Nantes

answer

Created an environment of tolerance

question

Cardinal Mazarin

answer

Richelieu's successor

question

Cardinal Richelieu

answer

Played an important role as the chief advisor to the Bourbons

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Jean Baptiste Colbert

answer

Appointed by Louis XIV to manage the royal funds (he was a mercantilist)

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Louis XIV

answer

Ruled under divine right, and famously declared, "I am the State"

question

War of Spanish Succession

answer

1701-1714 proved to be a disaster for the grand plans of France

question

Philip V

answer

Grandson of Louis XIV who was able to rule Spain

question

Peace of Augsburg

answer

Intended to bring an end to the constant conflicts between Catholics and Protestants that engulfed the region during the Reformation and counter-reformation

question

Thirty Years' War

answer

Began when the Protestant territories of Bohemia challenged the authority of the Holy Roman Catholic emperor

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Peace of Westphalia

answer

The independence of small german states was affirmed, and Prussia became the strongest of them

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Ivan III

answer

Refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared Russia free of Mongol rule

question

Cossacks

answer

Peasant-soldiers who expanded Russian territories in the 16th-18th centuries well into Siberia and the Caspian Sea

question

Time of Troubles

answer

One pretender to the throne would be killed by another pretender and yet another

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Michael Romanov

answer

Elected czar by the feudal lords--his dynasty added stability to the empire

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Peter the Great

answer

Westernized Russia by building its first navy and founded his eponymous city

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Catherine the Great

answer

More enlightened policies of education and western culture were implemented in Russia

question

Osman Bey

answer

Founded the Ottoman Empire

question

Janissaries

answer

Enslaved children by the Ottomans, who turned them into fighting warriors

question

Selim I

answer

Much of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire occurred during his reign--Istanbul became the center of the Islamic civilization

question

Suleiman the Magnificient

answer

Built up Ottoman military and actively encouraged the development of the arts

question

Babur

answer

Invaded India and defeated Delhi Sultanate, thereby establishing the Mughal Empire

question

Akbar

answer

Babur's grandson who was able to unify much of India by governing under a policy of religious toleration

question

Angola

answer

Established by the Portuguese for the sole purpose of expanding their trade in slaves from the interior

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King Alfonso I

answer

King of Kongo who was especially successful at converting his people to Christianity

question

Zheng He

answer

Chinese navigator who led fleets throughout southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, all the way to East Africa, a century before the Europeans did the same

question

Tokugawa Shogunate

answer

A strict and rigid government that ruled Japan until 1868

question

Edo Period

answer

Also known as the Tokugawa period

question

National Seclusion Policy

answer

Prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad, and prohibited most foreigners from visiting Japan

question

Kabuki

answer

Japanese theater which gained popularity during the Edo period

question

Enclosure

answer

Public lands that were shared during the Middle Ages were closed by fences, which allowed for private farming and private gain

question

Urbanization

answer

Natural outgrowth of the increased efficiencies in farming and agriculture--cities grew

question

Domestic System

answer

An inefficient, highly labor-intensive system in which cotton was woven into cloth in homes or small shops in Britain

question

Flying Shuttle

answer

Invented by John Kay, this sped up the weaving process

question

Spinning Jenny

answer

Invented by John Hargreaves, this was capable of spinning vast amounts of thread

question

Cotton Gin

answer

Invented by Eli Whitney, this allowed massive amounts of cotton to be quickly processed in the Americas and exported to Europe

question

Steam Engine

answer

Improved by James Watt, this invention was revolutionary because steam could not only be used to generate power for industry, but also for transportation

question

Steamship

answer

Built by Robert Fulton

question

Steam-Powered Locomotive

answer

Built by George Stephenson

question

Telegraph

answer

Invented in 1837 by Samuel Morse, this allowed people to communicate across great distances within seconds

question

Telephone

answer

Invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell

question

Lightbulp

answer

Invented in 1876 by Thomas Edison--allowed factories to run all night

question

Internal Combustion Engine

answer

Invented in 1885 by Gottlieb Daimler

question

Radio

answer

Invented in the 1890s by Guglielmo Marconi

question

Airplane

answer

Invented in 1903 by Orville and Wilbur Wright

question

Interchangeable Parts

answer

Eli Whitney's system in which machines and their parts were produced uniformly so that they could be easily replaced when something broke down

question

Assembly Line

answer

Henry Ford's system in which each factory worker added only one part to a finished product, one after another

question

Adam Smith

answer

Wrote that economic prosperity and fairness is best achieved through private ownership

question

Free Market System

answer

Capitalism; Smith argued would best meet the needs and desires of individuals as a whole

question

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

answer

When governments remove themselves entirely from regulation

question

Karl Marx

answer

German economist and philosopher who spent a good part of his adult life in poverty, pointed out that the factory workers had genuine opportunities but were being exploited as a consequence of capitalism

question

Socialism/Communism

answer

Result of impact of Marxism

question

Labor Unions

answer

Vehicles through which thousands of employees bargained for better working conditions, or threatened to strike, thereby shutting down the factory

question

Factory Act of 1883

answer

Limited the hours of each workday, restricted children from working in factories, and required factory owners to make working conditions safer and cleaner

question

Mobility

answer

The ability of a person to work his way up from one social class to the next--became more commonplace during the second half of the 19th century

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Women's Suffrage Movement

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Successfully gave women the right to vote in 1920 (United States) and 1928 (Britain)

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Social Darwinists

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Applied Charles Darwin's biological theory of natural selection to sociology

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Rudyard Kipling

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Summed up Social Darwinism in his poem "White Man's Burden"

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British East India Company

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Joint-stock company that operated like a multinational corporation with exclusive rights over British trade with India

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Robert Clive

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Raised an effective army that ridded the Indian subcontinent of the French

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Bahadur Shah II

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Last of the Mughal rulers who was sent into exile, thereby ending the Mughal Empire for good--Queen Victoria was Empress of India

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Indian National Congress

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Formed by well-educated Indians, and would begin the path toward independence

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Opium War

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Britain and China fought a war over opium trade in the first of these wars

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Treaty of Nanjing

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China was forced to sign the first of what became known as the "unequal treaties," by which Britain was given considerable rights to expand trade with China

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White Lotus Rebellion

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Led by Buddhists who were frustrated over taxes and government corruption

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Taiping Rebellion

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Led by a religious zealot claiming to be the brother of Jesus, recruited an army nearly a million strong and nearly succeeded in bringing down the Manchu government

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Self-Strengthening Movement

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Manchu Dynasty tried to get its act together in the 1860s

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Sino-French War

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Chinese lost control of Vietnam to the French, who established a colony there called French Indochina

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Sino-Japanese War

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Japan defeated China in this war, and became a rising imperial power

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Treaty of Shimonoseki

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China was forced to hand over control of Taiwan and grant the Japanese trading rights similar to those it had granted the Europeans

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Spheres of Influence

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Not quite colonies, but were areas in which the European powers invested heavily, built military bases, and set up business, transportation, and communication operations

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Open Door Policy

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United States pledged its support of the sovereignty of the Chinese government and announced equal trading privileges among all imperial powers

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Boxers

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Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists organized with other groups in response to the Manchu government's defeats and concessions to the Western powers and Japan

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Boxer Protocol

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China was forced to sign this, which demanded that China not only pay the Europeans and Japanese the costs associated with the rebellion, but also to formally apologize for it as well

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Commodore Matthew Perry

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Came from the United States to Japan in a steamboat, something the Japanese had never seen before and shocked them into realizing that their isolation had resulted in their inability to compete economically and militarily with the industrialized world

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Treaty of Kanagawa

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West won concessions from Japan through treaties such as this, as they grossly favored the United States and other countries

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Meiji Restoration

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Ushered in an era of Japanese westernization, after which Japan emerged as a world power

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Russo-Japanese War

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Victorious Japan kicked Russia out of Manchuria and established its own sphere of influence there--Japan was now not just an imperial power, but also a world power

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Boer War

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When the Boers discovered diamonds and gold in the Transvaal, the British quickly followed, fighting a series of wars for the rights to the resources--British reigned supreme, and all of South Africa was annexed as part of the British Empire

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African National Congress

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Educated South Africans formed this in an effort to oppose European colonialism and specific South African policies

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Muhammad Ali

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Defeated French and Ottomans, and gained control of Egypt--although it was technically still part of the Ottoman Empire, this viceroy wielded almost exclusive control

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Abbas I

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Grandson of Muhammad Ali, under whom Ali's westernization attempts were temporarily halted, but later reinvigorated under subsequent rulers

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Suez Canal

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Connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean, eliminating the need to go around the Cape of Good Hope--because the British had a huge colony in India, this became more important to the British than anyone else

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Protectorate

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Essentially a colony, except the local people remained in political power

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French and Indian War

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Seven Years' War; British victory changed the boundaries of the two empires' worldwide possessions, pushing French territory to the north while English territories expanded westward into the Ohio River valley

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George Grenville/Charles Townshend

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Passed very unpopular laws on behalf of the British crown

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Revenue Act/Stamp Act/Tea Act

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Intended to raise additional funds for the British crown

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Thomas Paine

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In his pamphlet "Common Sense," he assailed the monarchy as an encroachment on Americans' natural rights and appealed to the colonists to form a better government

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Estates General

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Governing body that hadn't met for 175 years, but called by Louis XVI in order to raise taxes

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National Assembly

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The Third Estate declared themselves this

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

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Adopted by the National Assembly--a document recognizing natural rights and based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, the American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Convention

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Under the new constitution, this was the new governing body, and it quickly abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic

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Jacobins

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Radicals who led the Convention to imprison the royal family and behead the king for treason

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Committee of Public Safety

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The Convention threw out the constitution and created this, an all-powerful enforcer of the revolution and murderer of anyone suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies

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Maximilien Robespierre

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This man and the Jacobins led the Committee of Public Safety

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